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This paper presents a study on the perceptions of primary school teachers regarding their knowledge, usefulness, and use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in education. Likewise, the relationship between sex, age, working time and the educational center in which it is found with the perceptions about ICT is obtained. To answer these questions, a battery of 14 categorical closed questions is designed, divided into four blocks: socio-demographic information; knowledge of ICT; usefulness of ICT; and use of ICT. In the context of measuring the knowledge, usefulness and use of ICT in education, the novelty of this work relies on the design of an indicator for each of the ICT-related blocks following the methodology of Human Development Indicators created by the United Nations Development Program. In this research, 119 teachers from Spanish primary schools were chosen as the study sample to answer the questions' battery. The results show a direct relationship between knowledge, usefulness, and use, although not significant. Although teachers are aware of the usefulness of ICT, and the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the use of technological tools for planning teaching in blended or distance learning lessons, this does not mean teachers have a greater knowledge of ICT. In addition, the findings indicate a greater knowledge by teachers in public schools, which contrasts with the finding that teachers in grant-assisted schools make the most use of ICT and find it the most useful. Finally, it is also suggested that the study's methodology and approach could be applied to other contexts or countries.

Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) causes substantial economic loss to tomato production, and the Sw-5b resistance gene is widely deployed for management. Here, we show (i) the emergence of resistance-breaking (RB) TSWV strains in processing and fresh market tomato production in California over the past ten years, and (ii) evolutionary relationships with RB strains from other areas. A specific RT-PCR test was used to show the C118Y RB strain that emerged in Fresno County in 2016 quickly became predominant in the central production area and remained so through this study. In 2021, the C118Y strain was detected in the Northern production area, and was predominant in 2022. However, in 2023, the C118Y strain was unexpectedly detected in fewer spotted wilt samples from resistant varieties. This was due to emergence of the T120N RB strain, previously known to occur in Spain. A specific RT-PCR test was developed and used to show that the T120N RB strain was predominant in Colusa and Sutter counties (detected in 75-80% of samples), and detected in ~50% of samples from Yolo County. Pathogenicity tests confirmed California isolates of the T120N strain infected Sw-5b tomato varieties and induced severe symptoms. Another RB strain, C118F, was associated with spotted wilt samples of Sw-5 varieties from fresh market tomato production in southern California. Phylogenetic analyses with complete NSm sequences revealed that the C118Y and T120N RB strains infecting resistant processing tomato in California emerged locally, whereas those from fresh market production were more closely related to isolates from Mexico. Thus, widespread deployment of this single dominant resistance gene in California has driven the local emergence of multiple RB strains in different tomato production areas and types. These results further emphasize the need for ongoing monitoring for RB strains, and identification of sources of resistance to these strains.

A central debate in contemporary Latin American social sciences revolves around the enduring presence of colonial patterns, practices, and forms of domination in research methodologies and the subjective framing of societal issues. However, decolonizing initiatives are emerging, concurrently, to challenge the ways coloniality has been entwined with the expansion of capital in the 21st century. This introductory article explores the key debates surrounding colonial persistence and decolonization within the social sciences. The dossier employs a methodology centered on documentary analysis and participatory social and political reflection, particularly through experimental approaches. The articles reviewed reveal that colonial persistence and decolonization are inherently dialectical, contradictory, and conflict-ridden, manifesting across diverse social, cultural, economic, and political domains. The uniqueness of this thematic issue lies in its ability to weave together a theoretical and conceptual discourse on symbolic and imaginary aspects within culture, spanning anthropological, legal, and educational dimensions. The analysis underscores that these issues are pluralistic and deeply intertwined with struggles over land and natural resources, enriching interdisciplinary understanding of the complex dialectical relationships between social, anthropological, economic, and political factors, alongside the aesthetics of cultural practices.

La comparación de resultados económicos en la Macro ruta central de Sogamoso de la red de aprovechamiento de residuos sólidos parte de la evaluación de alternativas de investigación de operaciones, aplicables a situaciones que exigen toma de decisiones, que pasan desde la optimización de redes, la técnica de proyectos PERT/CPM, hasta el uso de software para medir eficiencia y efectividad en la búsqueda de mejores resultados. Los problemas de redes resultan ser representaciones abstractas de actividades o procesos para la determinación del camino crítico con el uso de menos recursos, en este caso económico. La Macro ruta central de Sogamoso incluye modelos de ruteo a partir de la distancia más corta donde los costos se asocian directamente con esta variable. Los modelos de ruteo considerarán a los nodos como los puntos de recogida o contenedores de punto fijo y los arcos como los caminos entre cada uno de ellos.

Scaling up the use of evidence-based practice (EBP) for autism across service sectors and regions has presented a considerable challenge indicating a clear need for continued development. The California Autism Professional Training and Information Network (CAPTAIN) integrates implementation drivers into specific procedures and methodology as an implementation strategy to support statewide scale up. The current study was designed to evaluate the impact of CAPTAIN on provider-level outcomes including attitude toward, and knowledge, fidelity and use of autism EBPs, and overall classroom quality. Overall, results indicated variability across measures, with some significant differences between CAPTAIN-trained and non-CAPTAIN-trained providers. CAPTAIN-trained providers reported more openness to EBP. Significantly more CAPTAIN-trained direct service providers reported collecting fidelity of implementation data (X[superscript 2](2, N = 1515) = 10.95, p = 0.004), collecting student data (X[superscript 2](2, N = 1509) = 14.19, p = 0.001), and reported using their primary EBP with "most or all students" (X[superscript 2](2, N = 1514) = 11.41, p = 0.003) than providers not trained by CAPTAIN. In summary, these preliminary findings show promise for the efficacy of the CAPTAIN model to increase dissemination and implementation of EBP at the classroom level.

Water sustainability involves several natural and human spheres conditioning the availability and quality of water resources and life conservation. Regarding water quality, currently emerging pollutants (EPs) are a key topic at global scale since they are difficult to remove by traditional water treatment systems. In this context, this work aims to evaluate experts’ perception of several EPs issues with a special focus on semi-arid Mediterranean areas where EPs are negatively impacting water, environmental, and agricultural systems as, in these areas, effluents from water treatment plants are widely reused in the irrigation of crops, urban gardens, and golf courses or directly discharged on natural streams. Particularly, a detailed survey composed of questions about EPs regulation, risk insight, equipment, social and economic impacts, was performed collecting 437 responses. Main results suggested that EPs existence may pose a significant risk and a destabilizing factor in wastewater reuse, with negative impacts to crop irrigation, being managers the class with more concern followed by scientifics and administratives. New EPs regulations raises uncertainty amongst experts since 29 % considered positive its creation, while 20 % estimated this fact as regular and 14 % as negative. As well, although the combination of technologies to improve EPs removal generated agreement, aspects like the treatment charges at water treatment plants or the price/bill of EPs-free water were features of ambiguity. Within EPs elimination, the three expert groups highlighted that technologies impacts in the sustainability spheres will be positive on public health (87 % of responses), social trust (75 %), and environmental sustainability (76 %). Likewise, 88 % of experts concurred that the future of wastewater reuse relies on a combination of technologies. These findings offer valuable information to water legislators and policymakers to manage water resources, especially in semi-arid areas due to the final use of treated effluents and, therefore, the great implications for agriculture, environment and human health.

En la actualidad, los espacios educativos y los contenidos pedagógicos se apoyan ampliamente en los entornos digitales y en la información que fluye a través del ciberespacio. Con la diversidad de modalidades educativas que existen en los diferentes niveles formativos, el uso constante de plataformas y recursos digitales se han vuelto indispensables. Sin embargo, en este contexto de dependencia digital, a menudo descuidamos proporcionar a los estudiantes la debida orientación sobre el uso adecuado de los medios y los riesgos asociados en el ámbito digital. Este vacío en la formación, puede generar desafíos en la capacidad de discernimiento y gestión de los datos e información que manejan los estudiantes. Por lo anterior, es importante reconocer la urgente necesidad de integrar una alfabetización ética digital en los programas educativos, como un esfuerzo significativo donde se cultive una cultura de paz, que fomente la responsabilidad y el respeto en el entorno digital.

BackgroundNutritional diagnosis involves identifying a nutritional problem, its cause, and the signs that indicate it to guide appropriate treatment. Few studies report on the most prevalent nutritional diagnoses in people living with type 2 diabetes (T2D).ObjectiveTo define nutritional diagnoses across different domains and their association with metabolic, anthropometric, and dietary parameters in individuals with T2D.MethodsA personalized nutritional intervention was conducted using the Nutrition Care Process (NCP) model, which encompasses assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation, utilizing standardized terminology from the Nutrition Care Process Terminology (NCPT). Two dietitians, trained and standardized in applying the NCP and NCPT, performed patient assessments and established the diagnoses. Patients over 18 years old with a diagnosis of T2D for less than 5 years were included.ResultsData from 2,050 patients were analyzed, of whom 55.3% were women, and 44.7% were men, with a median age of 57 and 54 years, respectively. The most prevalent nutritional diagnosis was excessive energy and carbohydrate intake. Diagnoses were distributed across domains: Intake (55.9%), Behavioral/Environmental (32.7%), Clinical (10.2%), and 1.2% without nutritional diagnosis. Significant intergroup differences were observed in anthropometric variables such as BMI, waist circumference, and body fat percentage (p

Quantum computing is a rapidly emerging and promising field with the potential to transform various research domains including drug design, network technologies, and sustainable energy solutions. Due to the inherent complexity and divergence from classical computing, several major quantum computing libraries have been developed to implement quantum algorithms, namely IBM Qiskit, Amazon Braket, Cirq, PyQuil, and PennyLane. These libraries enable quantum simulations on classical computers and execution on corresponding quantum hardware, such as Qiskit programs on IBM quantum computers. Despite the variations among these platforms, the core concepts remain the same. One notable challenge is the absence of a Python-based quantum interpreter to connect these five frameworks, a gap that remains to be fully addressed. In response, our work introduces a tool called Qinterpreter, accessible through a user-friendly web interface, the Quantum Science Gateway QubitHub, which operates alongside Jupyter Notebooks. Built using the Python Object-Oriented Programming System, Qinterpreter unifies the five well-known quantum libraries into a single framework. Designed as an educational tool for students and researchers entering the quantum domain, Qinterpreter enables the straightforward development and execution of quantum circuits across such platforms. This work highlights the quantum programming versatility and accessibility of Qinterpreter and underscores our ultimate goal of pervading Quantum Computing through younger, less specialized, and diverse cultural and national communities.

Las finanzas comportamentales han cobrado especial relevancia en la comprensión de los procesos de toma de decisiones al interior de las empresas de menor tamaño. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión sistemática de literatura de las conductas y características de los gestores de las pymes que se relacionan con su gestión empresarial y sus variables de desempeño tanto financiero como no financiero. Para ello, se parte del establecimiento del protocolo de revisión que incluye ecuaciones de búsqueda en tres idiomas, selección de indexadores, criterios de inclusión y exclusión, matrices de calidad y el proceso de extracción de información. Entre los principales hallazgos, se destaca que los rasgos de personalidad han sido los más abordados en la literatura para explicar la gestión y el desempeño de las pymes; no obstante, también se han generado algunas investigaciones que asocian sesgos de comportamiento y características propias de los gestores y propietarios con estas variables. Como principal limitante, se reconoce que solo se incluyeron resultados de los cuatro indexadores seleccionados para la búsqueda. Finalmente, esta investigación contribuye al establecimiento de un estado del arte de la literatura que aborda estas problemáticas en el contexto de las pymes

El desarrollo de un país depende enormemente del crecimiento de sus empresas, así como del grado en el que generan empleo y aportan valor a la sociedad. Por ello, es fundamental que estas se desenvuelvan de una manera óptima, aprovechando de forma eficiente los recursos y respetando lineamientos de crecimiento y sostenibilidad.

The susceptibility of carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) to infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi (Fod) poses a significant challenge to agricultural production, particularly in Colombia, a country that is a global leader in carnation exportation. This study focused on the physiological and biochemical responses of a highly susceptible carnation cultivar ‘Solex’, to the presence of Fod to better understand the underlying mechanisms of susceptibility and to enhance early disease detection strategies in carnation crops. At the biochemical level, we analyzed the content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in roots and stems; and we assessed physiological parameters such as foliar photosynthetic pigment content, stomatal resistance, maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and leaf temperature. Our research unveiled a marked decrease in metabolite production in the roots of carnation plants inoculated with Fod that was particularly evident at 4 post-inoculation days. Furthermore, we observed an early increase in leaf temperature from 1 post-inoculation day onwards, without changes in stomatal closure dynamics over time. Additionally, we recorded a significative decline in Fv/Fm, photosynthetic pigment content and dry biomass production in Fod-inoculated plants during the symptomatic phase of vascular wilting that contrasted starkly with pathogen-free controls. These findings underscored the intrinsic susceptibility of carnation plants to Fod infection, with significant implications for enhancing plant resistance and developing effective vascular wilting management strategies in crops of this flower.

The Paris Agreement's ambitious target of limiting the global temperature rise to 1.5°C remains elusive, with the world falling short of its climate commitments. The electricity sector, responsible for a substantial 39% of global carbon emissions, plays a pivotal role in curbing climate change. Transitioning to renewable energy sources is not just an environmental imperative but also a pressing economic challenge, especially for governments tasked with financing renewable projects. This study explores the economic dimensions of decarbonizing electricity grids, shedding light on the costs and benefits. This research quantifies the costs of current fossil fuel-based electricity production versus achieving net-zero emissions across ten Latin American countries by evaluating annual electricity generation costs and estimating the expenses of transitioning to renewables. We find that decarbonizing these countries’ electricity grids would lead to annual savings close to USD 21 billion annually, potentially contributing positively to their economies. The study also compares the energy policies for each of the ten Latin American nations included, evaluating the role of renewable-oriented policies in decarbonizing power generation. We also find that policies vary in effectiveness across countries, and have to be in line with geographical constraints and economic realities.

Resumen: Objetivo: Caracterizar el perfil del cuidador primario informal (CPI) de pacientes adultos con diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) y los posibles factores asociados al colapso del cuidador (CC). Diseño: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal y analítico, Emplazamiento: Unidad Médica de Atención Ambulatoria. Participantes: CPI mexicanos de pacientes adultos con DT2. Mediciones principales: Se recopilaron datos mediante un diseño prolectivo utilizando la escala de Zarit y una encuesta estructurada sobre factores sociodemográficos. Se realizó un análisis estadístico descriptivo y modelos de regresión logística univariantes y multivariantes. Resultados: El perfil del CPI es asumido por: mujeres, personas de 36-58 años, hijas, personas con un nivel educativo de secundaria y preparatoria, casados, católicos, con ingresos 5 años al cuidado de su paciente, sin capacitación y con enfermedades crónicas. Los factores de riesgo que incrementan el riesgo del CC son: ser mujer (OR = 11,03; IC 95%: 1,49-81,95), tener el antecedente de más de 5 años de haber asumido el papel de cuidador (OR = 2,65; IC 95%: 1,07-6,55), vivir en una casa propia (OR = 3,03; IC 95%: 1,04-8,82), con 6 o más habitantes (OR = 2,41; IC 95%: 1,08-5,38). El apoyo de redes se asoció como factor protector (OR = 0,15; IC 95: 0,07-0,33). Conclusiones: Se requieren programas de prevención para evitar el CC y sus complicaciones, así como, intervenciones para mejorar la calidad de vida de los CPI y la de los pacientes cuidados, incorporando estrategias para generar y/o incrementar sus redes de apoyo familiar y social. Abstract: Objective: To characterize the profile of the informal primary caregiver (IPC) of adult patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the possible factors associated with caregiver collapse (CC). Design: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and analytical study. Site: Ambulatory Care Medical Unit. Participants: Mexican CPIs of adult patients with T2D. Main measurements: Data were collected through a prolective design using the Zarit scale and a structured survey on sociodemographic factors. A descriptive statistical analysis and univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were performed. Results: The CPI profile is assumed by: women, people aged 36-58, daughters, people with a secondary and high school educational level, married, Catholic, with income 5 years to the care of their patient, without training and with chronic diseases. The risk factors that increase the risk of CC are: being a woman (OR = 11.03; 95% CI: 1.49-81.95), having a history of more than 5 years of having assumed the role of caregiver (OR = 2, 65; 95% CI: 1.07-6.55), living in one's own house (OR = 3.03; 95% CI: 1.04-8.82), with 6 or more inhabitants (OR = 2.41; 95% CI: 1.08-5.38). The support of other family members and/or friends was associated as a protective factor (OR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.07-0.33). Conclusions: Prevention programs are required to avoid CC and complications, as well as interventions to improve the quality of life of the CPI and patients in care, incorporating strategies to generate and/or increase their family and social support networks.

Abstract To evaluate the association between discrimination based on sexual orientation and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in adolescents. This was a cross-sectional study nested in a cohort performed in southern Brazil. The baseline assessment was carried out in 2010 with a sample of preschoolers (1 to 5 years). Subsequently, these individuals were reassessed, and for the present study, only the data from the final follow-up in 2020 were considered. OHRQoL was assessed by the short version of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11-14 (CPQ11-14). The discrimination due to sexual orientation was measured using item 10 of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Sociodemographic (sex, age, skin color, maternal education, household income) psychosocial (sense of coherence), and clinical variables (untreated dental caries) were also evaluated. Multilevel Poisson regression analysis was performed to verify the associations. Results are present as rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). A total of 429 adolescents were evaluated – about 67.1% of those assessed at baseline. The prevalence of discrimination due to sexual orientation was 3.3%. Adolescents who reported suffering episodes of discrimination due to sexual orientation presented overall CPQ11-14 scores 16% higher (RR 1.16, 95%CI 1.01-1.36) than their counterparts. Adolescents who reported suffering episodes of discrimination due to sexual orientation presented poorer OHRQoL.

Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma (MEITL) is a rare type of T-cell lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract that presents an aggressive course. Previously, this entity was named type II T-cell lymphoma associated with enteropathy. However, in later years it was classified as a different entity due to its particular characteristics. This neoplasm usually affects the jejunum and ileum and usually has a clinical presentation with intestinal perforation, intestinal obstruction or bleeding. Its diagnosis requires histopathological evaluation and differentiation from other types of T cell lymphomas that affect the intestine. Its prognosis is usually very poor and therapeutic options are limited and are based on induction chemotherapy followed by autologous bone marrow transplant. This article presents the first case of MEITL in Peru, in an elderly patient who presented at hospital emergency with intestinal perforation and that presented multiple relapses of the neoplasm.

The capacity of Pseudomonas sp. to degrade different pesticides has been the object of numerous studies; due to this, its dynamics was evaluated and the effect of the application of glyphosate (Roundup®) in soils of Tolima, taxonomically classified as Entic haplustolls, Typic ustipsamments, and Inceptic haplustalfs with coverage of secondary forest, stubble and sorghum crop, respectively, through the in vitro 14C-glyphosate mineralization. These soils were subjected to presence/absence of heat, and were denominated with heat treatment (HT) and without heat treatment (WHT). In both cases a solution of glyphosate Roundup SL® and radioactive was applied. The statistical design was used at random and the response parameter was the quantification of Pseudomonas sp. viable cells (cfu) during the mineralization process, for the three soils up to 120 days. It was found that adding glyphosate stimulated the increase of Pseudomonas sp., correlated significantly with the production of 14CO2. The rates of mineralization and the bacterial populations in WHT soils were significantly (P≤0.05) greater with respect to HT soils. Finally, the higher averages for mineralization and bacterial dynamics were in the soils under use of secondary forest (63% and 26.8·107).

The Philippines has imported 93% (550,000 MT) of its annual salt requirement in 2020. Such heavy reliance on salt importation may be attributed to the two decades of neglect and steady downward production trend of the local salt industry. There is a need to increase local salt production because Filipinos consume salt on a daily basis for over 14,000 uses, ranging from being a household commodity to being utilized for agricultural and industrial processes. It is therefore imperative to increase the number of areas allocated for local salt production. In this study, a suitability analysis for solar salt farm operations in Pangasinan was conducted using geospatial data and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Physical land variables (slope, land cover, distance from coastline, distance from river, and soil texture) and meteorological factors (temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed) were considered to assess the suitability of an area for salt production. Results showed that meteorological factors (62.5%) outweigh the physical land variables (37.5%) by a 25% margin, suggesting the heavy influence of climate on salt production. 4629.88 km2 (or 86.6% of the total land area of Pangasinan) was identified to be suitable for salt production with 496.01 km2 (9.5%) being moderately suitable and 3800.87 km2 (77.1%) being rated as low. The moderately suitable areas were validated using existing salt farm locations in two sites, Dasol and Alaminos City, and showed 62.13% and 28.06% overlapping areas, respectively. The main explanation for these relatively low percentage figures is the gaps in the output suitability map due to the slope and soil datasets. The concentration of the moderately suitable areas is situated along coastal municipalities of Pangasinan including Bolinao, Dasol, Alaminos City, Sual, Agno, Labrador, Infanta, San Fabian, Anda, and Bani. The findings of this study can help policymakers, relevant government agencies and stakeholders in the planning process of revitalizing the salt industry by expanding existing salt farms or constructing new ones in Pangasinan.

La capacidad de innovación de un país contribuye a mejorar su posición competitiva, por lo que el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la capacidad de innovación en México y su posicionamiento a nivel mundial. En metodología se realizó un análisis multivariado de análisis de clúster para clasificar 109 países en función al Índice de Competitividad Global, posteriormente a través del análisis de regresión lineal múltiple se diseñó un modelo estadístico de la relación funcional de México con respecto al constructo de capacidad de innovación. Los resultados derivan en una contribución significativa porque se realiza un mapeo de las economías clasificándolas en cinco clústeres y para el caso de México se obtiene un modelo de la capacidad de innovación explicada por cinco variables: población que usa internet, artículos científicos y técnicos, patentes, gasto en investigación y desarrollo en porcentaje del producto interno bruto e Investigadores. En conclusión, este artículo provee un panorama comparativo del desempeño de los países evaluados, además modela la capacidad de innovación de México. Estos hallazgos representan un diagnóstico para el diseño o mejora de las políticas públicas que fomenten la innovación y competitividad.

A partir de estudios previos de investigación, surge la necesidad de aplicar técnicas de simulación de operaciones en las micro rutas de aprovechamiento del servicio público de aseo de Sogamoso. El objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar las operaciones en el proceso de transporte, selección y clasificación de residuos sólidos aprovechables para estudios posteriores poder evaluar la rentabilidad económica de las micro rutas que optimice el manejo de los residuos desde la fuente hasta los transformadores finales. La gestión sostenible de los residuos, el uso eficiente de los recursos y la participación ciudadana en la prevención y valorización, se alinean con los objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (ODS 11 y 12). La población de estudio son los recicladores de oficio de la red de aprovechamiento de servicio público de aseo en Sogamoso, quienes conocen la información necesaria de caracterización de las operaciones para apuntar los resultados hacia el aseguramiento de la gestión sostenible de residuos con la participación ciudadana en la prevención y valorización de los residuos que se producen en la ciudad de Sogamoso.

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the correlation between components of financial inclusion and the growth of manufacturing microenterprises in Bogotá, focusing on the period from 2012 to 2016. Utilizing data sourced from the ‘Annual Survey of Micro Establishments’ provided by National Administrative Department of Statistics, the research includes an extensive literature review, a meticulous comparison of the financial inclusion components employed by these microenterprises and an evaluation of their impact on business growth using a linear panel data model with random effects. Findings suggests that microenterprises utilizing financial products exhibit sustained growth over time compared to those that do not. Furthermore, this study introduces an innovative perspective by quantitatively addressing the relationship between financial inclusion and the business growth of such companies in developing countries. As a recommendation, microenterprises should focus their efforts on establishing robust financial management practices, formalizing through RUT (Single Taxpayer Registry), adopting digitalization strategies and advocating for equitable financial inclusion policies. While the study contributes to the literature on financial inclusion, a more in-depth qualitative exploration of cultural and idiosyncratic factors is advised.

BackgroundThe increase in the number of autistic children being identified has led to increased demand on public schools to provide high-quality services. Effectively scaling up evidence-based practice (EBP) use for autistic students is challenging, given the complicated organization of special education. Teachers have significant challenges implementing autism EBP with fidelity. Factors such as implementation leadership and climate and attitudes toward EBP are linked to successful EBP use and may vary at different levels of the education system. Examining mechanisms of successful implementation is a critical step to support scale-up.MethodIn this observational study, conducted from September 2018 to March 2020, California school personnel (n = 2273) at multiple levels of the system completed surveys related to implementation climate, leadership, and attitudes toward EBP. Data were collected throughout California at the Special Education Local Plan Areas, County Office of Education, and district and school levels from educators and administrators working in public schools supporting autistic students. Multi-level modeling was conducted to characterize implementation readiness.ResultsOverall, implementation climate and leadership scores are low across levels with regional levels rated more positively than districts or schools. Attitudes toward EBP were moderate, with those working in schools having the poorest ratings and specialists/trainers and related service providers (e.g., speech-language pathologists) having the highest ratings.ConclusionsOutcomes provide a unique opportunity to compare implementation factors across organizational levels with a large, statewide sample. These data provide guidance for developing implementation interventions at multiple levels of the education system to increase readiness for effective scale-up of autism EBP in schools. Personnel and leaders at different organizational levels may need differentiated training targeting improved implementation climate and leadership. Personnel within districts and schools may experience a particular benefit from leadership support for EBP implementation.