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Knowledge of the insect microbiota remains largely unexplored. The intestinal microbiome of Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius, 1883) (Hemiptera, Margarodidae) was determined in the current study. This species is the main source of pine honey production. A pool of 100 samples were selected, representing the distribution of M. hellenica in the province of Mugla, Turkey. API Staph tests were used to assess Gram-positive bacteria, while API 20NE and API 20E tests were used to assess Gram-negative bacteria. As a result, 33 Gram-negative and 15 Gram-positive isolates were obtained from samples collected from 44 different locations. Among Gram-positive, 14 out of 15 belonged to Staphylococcus spp. Among Gram-negative, 22 out of 33 belonged to Aeromonas spp. This is the first study intended to determine the intestinal microbiome of M. hellenica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Molasses is an agro-industrial by-product that could be used as inexpensive carbon source to reduce the culture media cost for enzyme-producing microorganisms. Objective: To evaluate four combinations of carbon and nitrogen sources for industrial production of BfrA by Pichia pastoris BfrA4X. Materials and Methods: Medium composition was evaluated in an orbital shaker and increased discontinuous cultures. The culture was scaled up to a 42-L fermenter based on a constant volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa). Enzyme activity and biomass yield was evaluated. Results and Discussion: When increased discontinuous cultures was carried out in a 7.5-L fermenter with MYH medium, an overall BfrA yield of 118 ± 1 U/mL of fermentation culture was obtained, similar to the yield of 120 ± 7 U/mL yield obtained for SYE medium. The culture was expanded to a 42-L fermenter, with MYH medium a higher overall BfrA activity of 167 ± 8 U/mL was obtained. Conclusions: Cane molasses is a low-cost feedstock that could be used for the economic scale-up of efficient BfrA production by P. pastoris BfrA4X, based on constant kLa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El uso de ensilados es considerado como estrategia de alimentación en los sistemas de producción animal con rumiantes en periodos de estiaje. El objetivo fue evaluar el rendimiento y valor nutritivo en forraje y ensilado de pasto Mulato II (Urochloa híbrido) y dos aditivos, a diferente edad de rebrote. Se evaluaron edades de 3, 6 y 9 semanas y aditivos (cáscara de naranja y melaza) en ensilados: 1) Mulato II (ME); 2) Mulato II + cáscara de naranja; 3) Mulato II + melaza y 4) Mulato II + cáscara de naranja + melaza, mediante un diseño de bloques completos al azar. Las variables fueron: rendimiento (kg ha-1) de materia seca total (MST) y por componente morfológico, altura de planta (AP, cm), índice de área foliar (IAF), PC, FDN, FDA y lignina en forraje y ensilado; pH, grados brix y MS (%) en ensilados. Al cosechar el forraje a la edad de rebrote de nueve semanas se obtuvo el mayor rendimiento de MS (7 508 kg ha-1), mientras que, el contenido de PC fue mayor en la semana tres de rebrote (201 g kg-1), superando en 10 y 29% a lo encontrado en la sexta y novena semana. Los ensilados con aditivos presentaron los valores mayores de PC y menores de FDA, FDN y pH. A mayor edad de rebrote se obtienen mayores rendimientos de MS, pero el valor nutritivo disminuye, sin embargo, el uso de la cáscara de naranja y melaza en ensilados de pasto mejora el valor nutritivo.

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objetivo. Evaluar lactosuero como fuente de mesófilos con actividad ácido láctica en medio de cultivo complejo con almidón de sagú (Canna indica L.). Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron tres medios de cultivo para bacterias mesófilas de lactosuero diferenciados por la inclusión de almidón de sagú (Canna indica L.) (0, 0.5 y 1%). Los tratamientos control fueron suero refrigerado (-4°C) y sin refrigerar (18°C). Se evaluó el crecimiento de mesófilos, pH, nivel de acidez, y sólidos solubles totales con intervalos de 24 h durante 5 días; y concentración de ácido láctico al finalizar el ensayo. Resultados. El pH y los sólidos solubles totales (°Brix) disminuyeron en todos los tratamientos, el porcentaje de acidez aumentó con el tiempo y al finalizar el ensayo el mayor contenido de ácido láctico fue de 32.5 y 37.2 g/L para las formulaciones con 0.5 y 1% de almidón de sagú respectivamente. El crecimiento de mesófilos fue bajo en la formulación con 1% de almidón y alto en el suero sin refrigerar. Conclusión. El lactosuero es una buena fuente de mesófilos con actividad ácido láctica lográndose hasta 37.2 g/L de ácido láctico en medio de cultivo complejo con inclusión de 1% de almidón de sagú.

El compost es una forma principal para degradar desechos de origen orgánicos; no obstante, todo el procedimiento requiere de largos tiempo de maduración por lo cual, es indispensable la búsqueda de formas rápidas para descomponer y transformar estos desechos en subproductos con alto valor agronómico. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de sustancias azucaradas en la descomposición de sustratos orgánicos para elaborar compost. Las sustancias investigadas fueron azúcar, melaza y jugo de caña (Saccharum officinarum), mezclados con un sustrato orgánico compuesto por 30% estiércol, 50% panca de maíz, 10% de restos de leguminosa, 9% de tierra y 1% de ceniza. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, con 16 unidades experimentales, un testigo absoluto y cuatro repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron días para la descomposición, temperatura, humedad, peso del sustrato y contenido de nutrimentos. La melaza mezclada con residuos orgánicos disminuyó 6 días (9.68%) el período de descomposición, con relación al testigo (62 días). El tratamiento con melaza añadida presentó el mayor descenso de temperatura (8.7 ºC), aunque no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos, al inicio y al final del ensayo. El contenido de humedad entre los tratamientos osciló entre 56.5 y 59.0%, sin embargo, las diferencias no fueron significativas. El tratamiento con melaza fue el que presentó la mayor pérdida de peso (10.8 kg) durante la descomposición del sustrato orgánico; no obstante, no hubo diferencias en el pH y contenido de nutrimentos (B, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, N, P, S, Zn, M.O.). El tratamiento con mayor concentración de nutrimientos fue el conformado por sustancias orgánicas y melaza, por lo cual, se recomienda su uso o integración para acelerar el proceso de descomposición en el compost.

In order to select a non-conventional culture medium for the growth of Pichia guilliermondii LEVICA-27 as an activator additive for ruminal fermentation, two trials were carried out in which YPG medium was used (yeast extract 10 g/L, peptone 10 g/L and glucose 20 g/L) as control medium. In the first, seven culture media were evaluated for yeast growth at 24 hours of fermentation. While in the second, growth kinetics was performed in the selected medium of the first test. In addition, in the latter, the maximum specific growth rate, the biomass doubling time, and the stoichiometric balance of the selected medium were determined. At 24 hours of fermentation, there were not differences between the media studied and the YPG medium (p=0.073). Therefore, the latter can be replaced without affecting the strain growth in 24 h. In the kinetic study, there was a higher microbial concentration at 12 h (P<0.0001) in the medium containing molasses and urea. The maximum specific growth rate was lower (P=0.0260) and the biomass doubling time was higher (P=0.0283) with respect to the control. The selected medium constitutes an adequate option for the production of LEVICA-27, since it allows obtaining good cell concentration, covering the nutritional requirements and includes fewer components in its preparation. This offers economic and operational advantages for obtaining the additive at production scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aroma and fragrance compounds have broad applications in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, these compounds are mainly produced by chemical synthesis. An alternative, sustainable and promising route for the natural production of flavour compounds is microbial transformation processes. In this work, we obtained the production of different aroma compounds in significant concentrations, such as isoamyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol, ethyl acetate and acetaldehyde, among others, from agribusiness by-products (sugarcane molasses) and using Pichia fermentans. These were subsequently concentrated by pervaporation and microencapsulation by spray drying using different encapsulating agents. The results showed that when these techniques were applied to two iced beverages, they produced an odour of fruity notes, especially those of banana. In addition, woody and alcoholic notes were identified by the panellists. Finally, the best encapsulating agents were dextrin (73.49 ppm) and the dextrin and maltodextrin mixture (72.58 ppm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal Civil Engineering / Revista de Ingeniería Civil is the property of ECORFAN-Mexico S.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this work was the optimization of lipid production by an oleaginous yeast strain using agroindustrial by-products obtained from the dairy and sugar industries as carbon sources. Screening (Plackett-Burman) and optimization (Box-Behnken) designs were used to determine the influence of the components of the culture medium on the percentage of accumulated lipids and the biomass concentration, as well as to optimize the composition of the culture medium, respectively. The triglycerides concentration was determined by the sulfo-phospho-vanillin method. The regression equations obtained during optimization predicted maximum values of lipid accumulation of 65 % and biomass concentration of 13 mg/mL, results comparable to those obtained by other researchers and which point to the industrial applicability of this strain in technological systems aimed at biodiesel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to evaluate different techniques for reducing suspended dust in mining roads. After searching for some information to fulfill this purpose this purpose we experimented with five products such as: molasses, magnesium hydroxide, TGC, sodium chloride and bischofit, some of them applied for this purpose on roads. Dust measurement data were collected and compared with previous data taken by environmental specialists and the E-Sampler dust collection device by using the assistance of the Comet software. The bischofit product revealed the best results in the areas previously treated with soil-salt; however it is not possible to apply it during the snowy season because of the insecurity it generates when the road becomes very slippery.

The disintegration of the Cuban sugar industry after the Soviet Union's demise, as depicted in the film Melaza (dir. Carlos Lechuga,2012), serves as a point of departure for a more general analysis of the materiality of Cuba's post-sugar afterlife. Against the backdrop of sugar mills shuttered as a result of the 2002 "restructuring", I analyse the film's aesthetic rendering of the multilayered archaeology of loss: from the dissolution of the utopian dreams to the daily precarity of common livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of bioproducts with agricultural applications requires that the results obtained at the laboratory level can be scaled up. The objective of this work was to scale the production of a microbial based bioproduct obtained by static fermentation of a mixed culture. A mixed batch culture was carried out with a mixture of molasses and whey in water as sources of nutrients and inoculum. The global growth kinetics were estimated through the biomass as well as the variations of pH and °Brix. Based on the results, a laboratory scale-up (5 liters) and a pilot plant scale (24, 200 and 2100 liters) were carried out. The microbial biomass increased over time, the pH and °Brix decreased. The values were adjusted to a second order polynomial model, with regression coefficients R2> 0.8. Both pH and °Brix showed a significant negative correlation with biomass and between them. The pH and °Brix could be used as indicators to monitor the development of the fermentation and to control the product. The fermentation process can last between 7 and 10 days. With the design conceived and maintaining the proportions of raw materials, it was possible to scale the production process of the microbial based bioproduct from the laboratory to the pilot plant. The characteristics of the bioproduct measured through the pH, °Brix, color and odor indicators were preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los residuos originados en la industria azucarera pueden convertirse en subproductos de elevado valor económico tales como la melaza. Esta es empleada en la producción de bioetanol, obteniéndose un residuo líquido llamado vinaza, el cual se produce en una relación media de 10 a 15 litros por cada litro de alcohol producido. Debido a la elevada Demanda Biológica de Oxígeno (DBO) que la caracteriza, cuando es volcada a los cursos de agua consume el oxigeno disuelto y provoca elevada mortandad de la flora y la fauna acuática. También es de importancia el alto contenido de sales solubles, con predominio relativo de potasio (K+). En Tucumán, las alternativas de manejo de este efluente son su disposición en suelos cultivados con caña de azúcar y en suelos no productivos. Al ser necesario conocer su impacto en el suelo se llevó adelante una experiencia, en condiciones controladas, cuyo objetivo general fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de distintas dosis de vinaza en las propiedades físicas y químicas de un suelo de la provincia de Tucumán; y como objetivo específico, evaluar la lixiviación del ión K+ hacia capas más profundas del perfil del suelo. Se trabajó con columnas de suelo inalteradas, de 60 cm de longitud, extraídas en la localidad de Los Zelaya, Departamento Leales, en un diseño completamente aleatorizado. Se evaluaron cinco dosis de vinaza equivalentes a 0, 10, 50, 100 y 150 m3 de vinaza por hectárea, con tres repeticiones, procurando simular el efecto de tres años de uso del efluente, intercaladas cada una de ellas con un riego con agua. Se recolectaron los lixiviados y analizaron pH, sales y potasio soluble y en las muestras de suelo, extraídas cada 10 cm de profundidad, se analizaron pH, conductividad eléctrica, materia orgánica, potasio intercambiable, densidad aparente y conductividad hidráulica. Los resultados arrojaron incrementos significativos en el pH y en la salinidad para los primeros 30 cm del suelo, y el potasio intercambiable aumentó significativamente en todas las profundidades analizadas, con el incremento de las dosis de vinaza aplicadas. En materia orgánica, densidad aparente y conductividad hidráulica no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas. El pH y las sales en los lixiviados mostraron incrementos significativos después de las tres aplicaciones de vinaza. El potasio soluble se incrementó significativamente en el tratamiento de dosis más elevada. El incremento del ión potasio no provocó alteraciones en las propiedades físicas del suelo. El aumento en la concentración de sales solubles en el suelo podría considerarse de riesgo en el caso que este fuera destinado al cultivo de caña de azúcar, por lo que dicho parámetro debería seguirse en el tiempo y profundidad. Se debería considerar también la lixiviación de las sales hacia capas más profundas, incluso si podrían llegar a la napa freática.

Se diseñó un medio de cultivo para la multiplicación de una cepa bacteriana solubilizadora de carbón (BSC3); como sustratos se utilizaron tres residuos agroindustriales: melaza de caña, lactosuero y cabecilla de arroz. Mediante diseños de superficie de respuesta Box-Behnken se evaluaron dos rangos de concentraciones para cada sustrato (2–10% y 0–6%), de esta forma se obtuvo la combinación adecuada para la producción de biomasa de BSC3. Se construyeron curvas de crecimiento bacteriano para determinar algunos parámetros cinéticos (velocidad específica de crecimiento [µ], tiempo de duplicación [Td] y producción final de biomasa), que fueron comparados con el crecimiento de la cepa en un medio de cultivo control, también se caracterizó elementalmente (CHN) el medio optimizado. Las concentraciones óptimas para la obtención de biomasa de BSC3 fueron: 6% melaza, 2,5% lactosuero más un contenido mínimo de sales, con un pH de 6,5. Los parámetros cinéticos en este medio fueron: biomasa final=3,2 g.L-1, µ=0,0206 h-1, Td=33,64 h, y en el medio control: biomasa final=3,4 g.L-1, µ=0,0139 h-1, Td=49,85 h, lo cual muestra que el medio permitió un incremento en la velocidad de crecimiento y un menor tiempo de duplicación de BSC3, de esta forma el medio optimizado permitió la multiplicación de BSC3 y le permitió conservar su actividad solubilizadora de carbón.

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This work was carried out in the Plant Protection Laboratory at the Agronomy Faculty of the Agrarian University of La Habana and its objective was to evaluate mass production and conservation of isolate Ma-005 belonging to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin, which was obtained from a soil sample of the "El Guayabal" property, in the municipality of San José de las Lajas, using the insect bait technique. In this study, it was evaluated: biomass production in liquid culture media, production of conidia in solid substrates and conidia conservation in different oils. The greatest biomass production was reached when the molasses-yeast ratio in the substrate was 10:30 or 20:30 g L-1 with an incubation time of 72 h. Among the evaluated solid substrates, rice and sorgo were the most favorable for conidia production. All used oils kept the conidia viability over the 70 % for six months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La melaza se comporta como un fluido no newtoniano, es decir: no existe una relación constante entre el esfuerzo y la velocidad de rotación debido a características propias de su composición (contenido de gomas, polisacáridos, etc.); por ello, la determinación directa de viscosidad aparente no arroja un valor confiable. El cálculo de la viscosidad de un fluido no newtoniano involucra los parámetros de índice de flujo (n) e índice de consistencia (K). El objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar mediciones de viscosidad aparente y el cálculo de la viscosidad real como fluido no newtoniano. Se evaluaron ocho muestras de melaza de distintos ingenios de la provincia de Tucumán recolectadas durante la zafra 2015. Los resultados de viscosidad real se encontraron en un rango de 22,26 a 213,34 [Pa.s] y se comparo esta con la viscosidad aparente, con un error relativo que varía entre 6,09% a 51,02%. Se puede concluir que la metodología propuesta resulta útil para el cálculo de viscosidad real en melazas de ingenios de Tucumán, corroborando el comportamiento no newtoniano de este tipo de fluido.

Nutritional blocks (NB) are a supplement strategy for ruminants, and regional food ingredients such as mango (Mangifera indica L.) are included in their preparation. Due to its rapidly fermentable sugars, mango pulp (MP) may be used to substitute sugar cane molasses in the elaboration of NB. The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate the kinetic of gas production in vitro and the fermentative characteristics of the partial substitution of sugar cane molasses (Saccharum officinarum L.) with MP in the elaboration of NB. The experimental design was completely randomized and the treatments were MP0, MP10, MP20 and MP30, which was the level of substitution of molasses with MP. The variables determined in the sample of each treatment were: dry matter (DM), crude protein, ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). The biodigesters with 0.5 g of sample from each treatment and 50 mL of culture medium were maintained at 39 °C for 72 h. The variables calculated in the biodigesters were: maximum gas volume (Vf), gas production rate (S), time lag (λ), production of total gases and methane (CH4), volatile fatty acids (VFA), degradation of dry matter (DEGDM) and of NDF (DEGNDF) at 72 h. The MP0 produced Vf, of total gases and higher DEGDM and degradation of NDF (DEGNDF) at 72 h. The MP0 produced Vf, of total gases and highest DEGDM (p≤0.05). MP0 and MP10 presented higher S and lower λ (p≤0.05). There were no differences among treatments (p>0.05) for DEGNDF, CH4 and VFA. The partial substitution of mango pulp for sugar cane molasses in nutritional blocks decreased the maximum volume of gas produced, degradation of dry matter, total gases and increased colonization time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study was to evaluate different techniques for reducing suspended dust in mining roads. After searching for some information to fulfill this purpose this purpose we experimented with five products such as: molasses, magnesium hydroxide, TGC, sodium chloride and bischofit, some of them applied for this purpose on roads. Dust measurement data were collected and compared with previous data taken by environmental specialists and the E-Sampler dust collection device by using the assistance of the Comet software. The bischofit product revealed the best results in the areas previously treated with soil-salt; however it is not possible to apply it during the snowy season because of the insecurity it generates when the road becomes very slippery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was carried out in the Plant Protection Laboratory at the Agronomy Faculty of the Agrarian University of La Habana and its objective was to evaluate mass production and conservation of isolate Ma-005 belonging to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin, which was obtained from a soil sample of the "El Guayabal" property, in the municipality of San José de las Lajas, using the insect bait technique. In this study, it was evaluated: biomass production in liquid culture media, production of conidia in solid substrates and conidia conservation in different oils. The greatest biomass production was reached when the molasses-yeast ratio in the substrate was 10:30 or 20:30 g L-1 with an incubation time of 72 h. Among the evaluated solid substrates, rice and sorgo were the most favorable for conidia production. All used oils kept the conidia viability over the 70 % for six months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se evaluaron las características del ensiladodel pasto estrella africana (Cynodon nlemfluensis),y a la vez su proceso de fermentaciónal agregar la materia seca en niveles de 0%, 2%y 4% a los aditivos melaza, maíz molido o pulpade cítricos deshidratada, sobre el forraje entero,recién cortado, vertido y compactado en bolsasplásticas disponibles comercialmente. El experimentose llevó a cabo en la Estación ExperimentalAlfredo Volio Mata, de la Universidad deCosta Rica, por medio de un diseño experimentalfactorial anidado. Se obtuvieron valores promediode 23,68%, 22,21% y 23,52% de MS; 9,98%,9,89% y 10,58% de PC; 71,72%, 73,12% y 72,26%de FND; 44,95%, 47,30% y 46,73% de FAD;2,58%, 2,46% y 2,58% de EE; 10,08%, 10,31% y10,34% de CEN para los ensilados con melaza,maíz molido y pulpa de cítricos deshidratada,respectivamente. Se observó pérdidas promediode 14,97%, 16,84% y 14,82% de MS; 4,39%,5,24% y 3,82% de PC; 4,82%, 5,38% y 4,91% deFND; 3,68%, 3,90% y 3,34% de FAD; 2,46%,3,91% y 2,48% de EE; así como 3,96%, 4,02% y3,32% de CEN, para los tratamientos de melaza,maíz y pulpa de cítricos deshidratada, respectivamente.Por último, no se encontró relación entre el aditivo utilizado, o el nivel de inclusión de éste, sobre la producción de efluentes (p>0,05), al tiempo que la evaluación organoléptica de todos los ensilados analizados fue excelente.

Objetivo. Obtener, caracterizar y evaluar dos biopreparados desarrollados a partir de melaza de caña de azúcar - vinaza de naranja fermentados con levaduras y/o bacterias ácido lácticas. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cinco repeticiones por tratamiento. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: T1, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus y T2, las bacterias anteriores más Saccharomyces cerevisiae y Kluyveromyces fragilis (L-4 UCLV). En un sustrato compuesto por melaza- vinaza se inocularon los microorganismos anteriormente mencionados y estos fueron incubados a 37ºC por 24 h. Se les determinaron a los biopreparados los parámetros fisicoquímicos, microbiológico y se realizaron las pruebas in vitro para evaluar la capacidad probiótica. Resultados. Ambos biopreparados presentaron un color marrón oscuro, dulzón y con pH inferior a 4. El comportamiento bromatológicos y microbiológicos fueron mayores (p>0.05) en el T2. En ambos biopreparados la viabilidad fue superior a 92%. En pruebas in vitro, ambos biopreparados fueron resistentes a pH ácido, sales biliares, amplio espectro de actividad antimicrobiana y efecto inhibitorio a la E. coli, Salmonella spp. y S. aureus. Conclusión. Los biopreparados obtenidos a partir de melaza de caña de azúcar-vinaza de naranja fermentados con levaduras y/o bacterias ácido lácticas demostraron propiedades físicoquímicas, microbiológicas apropiadas para productos probióticos. En las pruebas in vitro, se demostró su efecto potencial como probiótico.

La melaza es el residuo agroindustrial que no cristaliza resultante del procesamiento de la caña en la obtención de azúcar refinada. Tiene una amplia gama de usos destacándose, en el país, el dado en la alimentación bovina. Sin embargo, actualmente con el problema de la sostenibilidad energética el hombre debe encontrar alternativas de fuentes que sean renovables, principalmente el área de combustibles líquidos para el sector transporte y se podría encontrar una alternativa en la melaza como fuente primaria para la obtención de biocombustibles. La Biología Sintética consiste en la síntesis de sistemas complejos de base biológica que realizan funciones que no existen normalmente en la naturaleza. Actualmente es uno de los campos de investigación más vanguardistas en el que se combinan la biología y la ingeniería. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en utilizar la melaza como sustrato principal en el cultivo bacteriano M9 para obtener alcanos de origen biológico. Las bacterias utilizadas fueron Escherichia coli K12 que se modificaron genéticamente para que expresaran la enzima Acyl-ACP Reductasa (AAR) y la Aldehído Descarbonilasa (ADC) de Synechococus elongatus PCC7942, modificación realizada con métodos desarrolladas por la biología sintética.

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Objective. Obtain, characterize and evaluate two bio-prepares developed from the sugar cane molasses - orange vinasse fermented with yeast and/or lactic acid bacteria. Materials and methods. A completely randomized design was used, with five repeats per treatment. The evaluated treatments were: T1, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus y T2, the previous bacteria plus Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces fragilis (L-4 UCLV). The previous mentioned microorganisms were inoculated in a substratum compounded by molasses - vinasse and these were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. To the bioprepares, physiochemical, microbiological and in vitro tests was made to evaluate the probiotic capacity. Results. Both bioprepares presented a dark brown color, sweet and a pH lesser than 4. The bromatological and microbiologic development were higher (p>0.05) in T2. Both bioprepares the viability was higher than 92%. in vitro tests two bioprepares were resistant to an acid pH, bile salts, broad spectrum of microbial activity and inhibitory effect to E. coli, Salmonella spp. and S. aureus. Conclusions. The bioprepares obtained from sugar cane molasses - orange vinasse fermented with yeast and lactic acid bacteria manifested physiochemical and microbiologic properties appropriated to probiotic products. In in vitro tests, their potential was demonstrated as a probiotic. Objetivo. Obtener, caracterizar y evaluar dos biopreparados desarrollados a partir de melaza de caña de azúcar - vinaza de naranja fermentados con levaduras y/o bacterias ácido lácticas. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cinco repeticiones por tratamiento. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: T1, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus y T2, las bacterias anteriores más Saccharomyces cerevisiae y Kluyveromyces fragilis (L-4UCLV). En un sustrato compuesto por melaza-vinaza se inocularon los microorganismos anteriormente mencionados y estos fueron incubados a 37°C por 24 h. Se les determinaron a los biopreparados los parámetros fisicoquímicos, microbiológico y se realizaron las pruebas in vitro para evaluar la capacidad probiótica. Resultados. Ambos biopreparados presentaron un color marrón oscuro, dulzón y con pH inferior a 4. El comportamiento bromatológicos y microbiológicos fueron mayores (p>0.05) en el T2. En ambos biopreparados la viabilidad fue superior a 92%. En pruebas in vitro, ambos biopreparados fueron resistentes a pH ácido, sales biliares, amplio espectro de actividad antimicrobiana y efecto inhibitorio a la E. coli, Salmonella spp. y S. aureus. Conclusiones. Los biopreparados obtenidos a partir de melaza de caña de azúcar-vinaza de naranja fermentados con levaduras y/o bacterias ácido lácticas demostraron propiedades físicoquímicas, microbiológicas apropiadas para productos probióticos. En las pruebas in vitro, se demostró su efecto potencial como probiótico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the disappearance and the disappearance speed of whole hard molasses blocks in the rumen of cannulated cows fed with low quality hay. Three cows in a completely randomized design were used. Tubular plastic mesh bags, with hole size of 3 mm were used with 100 g of hard molasses blocks, incubated in the dorsal sac of rumen during different fermentation times: 30, 60, 120, 240 and 480 min. The fraction of disappearance to the wash was 2.57 %. The average disappearance speed was 213 mg.min-1 and was fitted next to D, a quadratic polynomial regression model (R2 =0.67 and 0.95, respectively), in which it reached a maximum value at 480 min (76.4 %). The remainder of 23.4 % corresponds to a particle size between 4 and 7 mm. It is concluded that the hard molasses blocks achieve a slow release of their components over time, finding material in the rumen of the cannulated cows still at 480 min of incubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la ganancia de peso vivo y la relación beneficio - costo de terneras lactantes manejadas bajo el sistema doble propósito, suplementadas con semilla de algodón y melaza, durante la época seca en la finca Picacho, municipio de Montería, departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Se utilizaron 26 terneras mestizas, divididas aleatoriamente en un grupo testigo (13 animales), que recibía el manejo tradicional de la finca y un grupo experimental (13 animales), que tomaban un suplemento alimenticio, a base de semilla de algodón y de melaza. Los animales, después de un periodo de adaptación de dos semanas, fueron pesados cada 14 días, durante 84 días. Para el análisis estadístico, se aplicó la prueba t de Student y análisis de varianza de medidas repetidas en el tiempo. La relación beneficio - costo, se obtuvo a través de la técnica del presupuesto parcial. El promedio de la ganancia diaria de peso difirió (P≤0.05) entre el grupo experimental (484g) y el testigo (346g). Los ingresos netos generados por el tratamiento experimental fueron de 80.462 pesos y para el testigo, 58.154. El incremento en el ingreso neto fue de 22.308 pesos, con una tasa de retorno marginal de 1,73 y un beneficio económico del grupo experimental sobre el testigo de 9.346 por animal. Se concluyó que el suplemento disminuyó el efecto negativo de la época seca sobre la ganancia de peso, además, de ser una alternativa económicamente viable.SUMMARY The aim of this research was to evaluate weight gain and the relation benefit - cost of lactating calves, managed under the dual purpose system, supplemented with cottonseed and molasses during the dry season in the Picacho farm in the Municipality of Monteria, Department of Cordoba, Colombia. 26 lactating crossbred calves were used, randomly divided in a control group of 13 animals that received the traditional farm management and an experimental group of 13 animals that received also the traditional farm management and supplement food based on cottonseed and molasses. After an adaptation of two weeks the calves were weighed every 14 days during 84 days. Student t test and analysis of repeated measures was used for the statistical analysis. The relation benefit - cost was obtained through the technique of partial budget. The average daily gain differed (P≤0,05) between the experimental group (484g) and the control (346g). Net incomes generated for the experimental treatment were 80462 pesos and for the control were 58154 pesos. The increase in net income was 22308 pesos, with a marginal return rate of 1,73 and an economic benefit of the experimental group on the control group of 9346 pesos per animal. In conclusion the supplement reduced the negative effect of the dry season on body weight gain and represents also an economically viable alternative.

Copyright of Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografía (RBMO) is the property of Universidad de Valparaiso, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this work, models to correlate the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens (a gram negative rod shaped bacterium) in the production of medium chain length polyhydroxy-alkanoates (PHAMCL) are analyzed. Sugarcane molasses and glucose were evaluated as carbon source by the cellular growth and production of polyhydroxyalcanoates. It was found that the molasses at concentrations lower than 60 g/L and 10 g/L of reducing sugars promotes the polihydroxialcanoate production of medium length chain. Prediction of Pseudomonas fluorescens growth was done using the primary kinetic models of Gompertz, Logistic and Baranyi. Growing kinetic parameters, such as latency (λ), maximum specific growth rate (μmax), and maximum cell concentration (ymax), were determined. Gompertz and Baranyi models showed the best fit to the experimental results, exhibiting some discrepancies in latency values. However, the three models show a correlation value R2 higher than 0.98. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinun or Kikuyuocloa clandestina) silage fermented with three additives. The objective of the study was to evaluate the characteristics of kikuyu grass silage with high humidity and the bromatologic quality when adding three different additives. These were added at three levels: molasses: 0, 2, and 4%, ground corn and citrus pulp: 5, 7 and 9% on a dry basis on the whole forage, fresh chopped and compacted in plastic bags. The experiment was conducted in 2010 at the El Pizote dairy farm, located in San Ramón, Tres Ríos, Cartago, Costa Rica. The experimental period lasted 77 days. Averages of 14.10%, 13.75%, 13.71% DM, 8.20%, 7.38%, 7.36% CP, 77.48%, 79.51%, 79.07% NDF, 39.22%, 40.12%, 39.68 % of FAD, 38.26%, 39.39%, 39.39% hemicellulose, 32.79%, 33.47%, 33.26% cellulose, 6.43%, 6.66%, 6.42% lignin, 2.23%, 1.89%, 2.04% EE and 11.53%, 11,74% , 11, 65% of total ash for silage with molasses, ground corn and citrus pulp respectively were obtained. Differences (p<0.05) were found in the amount of effluent according to the additive and the addition level. High humidity of kikuyu grass can cause that the effluents produce since the beginning until obtaining the maximum accumulation inside the bag, after 60 to 80 días of silage. That is why the bag has to be checked periodically and, if possible, drain the liquid effluents generated to avoid the process of deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]