135 results on '"Mekonnen Gebremichael"'
Search Results
2. Optimizing Precipitation Forecasts for Hydrological Catchments in Ethiopia Using Statistical Bias Correction and Multi‐Modeling
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Sippora Stellingwerf, Emily Riddle, Thomas M. Hopson, Jason C. Knievel, Barbara Brown, and Mekonnen Gebremichael
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calibration ,East Africa ,ensemble ,forecasts ,hydrometeorology ,precipitation ,Astronomy ,QB1-991 ,Geology ,QE1-996.5 - Abstract
Abstract Accurate rainfall forecasts on timescales ranging from a few hours to several weeks are needed for many hydrological applications. This study examines bias, skill and reliability of four ensemble forecast systems (from Canada, UK, Europe, and the United States) and a multi‐model ensemble as applied to Ethiopian catchments. By verifying these forecasts on hydrological catchments, we focus on spatial scales that are relevant to many actual water forecasting applications, such as flood forecasting and reservoir optimization. By most verification metrics tested, the bias corrected European model is the best individual model at predicting daily rainfall variations, while the Canadian model shows the most realistic ensemble spread and thus the most reliable forecast probabilities, including those of extreme events. The skill of the multi‐model ensemble outperforms individual models by most metrics, and is skillful up to 9 days ahead. Skill is higher for the 0–5 day model accumulation than for the first 24 h, suggesting that timing errors strongly penalize the skill of forecasts with shorter accumulation periods. Due to seasonality in the model biases, bias correction is best applied to each month individually. Forecasting extreme rainfall is a challenge for Ethiopia, especially over mountainous regions where positive skill is only reached after bias correction. Compared to individual models, the multi‐model ensemble has a higher probability of detecting extreme rainfall and a lower false alarm rate, with usable skill at 24 h lead times.
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- 2021
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3. The Accuracy of Precipitation Forecasts at Timescales of 1–15 Days in the Volta River Basin
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Mekonnen Gebremichael, Haowen Yue, and Vahid Nourani
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weather forecasts ,medium-range precipitation forecasts ,Volta ,global forecast system ,Science - Abstract
Medium-range (1–15 day) precipitation forecasts are increasingly available from global weather models. This study presents evaluation of the Global Forecast System (GFS) for the Volta river basin in West Africa. The evaluation was performed using two satellite-gauge merged products: NASA’s Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals (IMERG) “Final Run” satellite-gauge merged rainfall observations, and the University of California Santa Barbara’s Climate Hazard’s group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS). The performance of GFS depends on the climate zone, with underestimation bias in the dry Sahel climate, overestimation bias in the wet Guinea Coastal climate, and relatively no bias in the moderately wet Savannah climate. Averaging rainfall over the watershed of the Akosombo dam (i.e., averaging across all three climate zones), the GFS forecast indicates low skill (Kling-Gupta Efficiency KGE = 0.42 to 0.48) for the daily, 1-day, lead GFS forecast, which deteriorates further as the lead time increases. A sharp decrease in KGE occurred between 6 to 10 days. Aggregating the forecasts over long timescales improves the accuracy of the GFS forecasts. On a 15-day accumulation timescale, GFS shows higher skills (KGE = 0.74 to 0.88).
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- 2022
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4. The evolving roles of intensity and wet season timing in rainfall regimes surrounding the Red Sea
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Kayden Haleakala, Haowen Yue, Sarfaraz Alam, Rouhin Mitra, Ageel I Bushara, and Mekonnen Gebremichael
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Red Sea ,rainfall ,intensity ,East Africa ,Arabian Peninsula ,wet season ,Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,TD1-1066 ,Environmental sciences ,GE1-350 ,Science ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
The Red Sea is surrounded by a diverse mixture of climates and is spanned by opposite hydrologic end-uses and geopolitical states. Unique water supply management challenges on both sides (related to agricultural and trans-boundary conflict in East Africa, and to groundwater depletion in the Arabian Peninsula) are made more severe by a rising demand, which underscores the importance of understanding shifts in rainfall supply to aid effective action. In this study, we characterize the relative importance of rainfall intensities to annual rainfall, the onset and duration of wet seasons, and the (statistically significant) trends in each of these over the region from 1981 through 2020 using daily gridded (0.05°) precipitation estimates. Results show that heavy rainfall (above 20 mm d ^−1 ) does not necessarily benefit annual totals, as the wettest regions are shaped by moderate (between 5 and 20 mm d ^−1 ) rainfall coupled with prolonged wet seasons. Observed trends in annual rainfall are underlain by interactions between shifting wet season lengths and rainfall intensities. Wet season length increases for 26% of the region, dampening the inherent drying resulting from shifts toward less-intense rainfall, and bolstering the inherent wetting from shifts toward more-intense rainfall. Regions shifting toward less- (more-)intense rainfall without an expanding wet season generally show negative (insignificant) rainfall trends. This reveals an important control that wet-day frequency has over wet-day intensity alone in shaping annual rainfall changes. We emphasize that the large-scale distribution of these shifts and their regional importance should punctuate cooperative efforts in sustainable resource management and transboundary governance.
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- 2022
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5. Health impact of hepatic-venous-occlusive disease in a small town in Ethiopia-Case study from Tahtay koraro district in Tigray region, 2017.
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Kissanet Tesfay Weldearegay, Mekonnen Gebremichael Gebrekidan, and Alefech Adissu Gezahegne
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
BackgroundHepatic venous-occlusive disease is blockage of microscopic veins in the liver causing 20-50% mortality. Ingestion of pyrrolizidine alkaloid plant, radiation therapy, and post-bone-marrow-transplant reactions are the commonest causes. In Ethiopia, a venous-occlusive disease outbreak was identified in 2002 in Tahtay Koraro district, Tigray. Suspected due to ingestion of the toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid plant Ageratum conyzoids, found throughout the district. We aimed to describe the surveillance data of venous-occlusive disease from September 2006 to August 2016 in Tahtay koraro district, Ethiopia, 2017.MethodologyWe defined a possible Hepatic venous-occlusive disease case as any patient with abdominal pain for at least 2 weeks, abdominal distention, and hepato-splenomegaly during September 2006-August 2016. We reviewed previous district line lists, weekly reports, and clinical records to identify and describe cases. Agricultural interventions were obtained from the agricultural offices of the district.ResultWe identified 179 possible cases with 83 deaths with a case-fatality rate of 46.3%. Among cases, 110 (61.5%) were males and 113 (63%) were >15 years. In total, 164 (91.6%) cases were from one village (Kelakil). The pick number of cases of VOD in this village was during 2008/09 which was 1076. The highest incidence (86/100,000) occurred in 2008. During the study period, 2,746 years of potential life were lost due to Hepatic venous-occlusive disease. Mechanical removal of the Ageratum started in 2011.ConclusionHepatic venous-occlusive disease was an ongoing problem in Tahtay Koraro; However, the problem has largely been alleviated by displacing people from the affected area and removing the causative weed. More research is needed to understand why Kelakil village was more affected despite the widespread presence of the weed. Chemical and mechanical removal of the Ageratum could strengthen intervention activities.
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- 2019
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6. What Drives Crop Land Use Change during Multi-Year Droughts in California’s Central Valley? Prices or Concern for Water?
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Mekonnen Gebremichael, P. Krishna Krishnamurthy, Lula T. Ghebremichael, and Sarfaraz Alam
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Central Valley ,crop data layer ,crop price ,crop water use ,drought ,land use change ,Science - Abstract
The recent multi-year droughts in California have highlighted the heightened risk of longer and more intense droughts, thus increasing the interest in understanding potential impacts for major economic activities, such as agriculture. This study examines changes in cropping pattern in California’s Central Valley between 2007 and 2016 in response to two consecutive droughts (2007–2009 and 2012–2016), factors driving these changes, and the impact of these changes on groundwater level. Results indicate that Central Valley experienced a shift in cropping pattern from alfalfa, cereals (rice, winter wheat, corn, and oats), and cotton, to nut (almonds, walnuts, and pistachios) and fruit (grapes, oranges, and tomatoes) tree crops. This shift in cropping pattern was likely driven by high crop prices, increasing trend in crop price, and increasing water pumping cost, particularly in the relatively water-stressed southern parts of Central Valley. While the total cropland water use for Central Valley remained the same during 2007–2016 (during both wet and dry years), they vary from county to county. Some counties experienced large reductions in cropland water use, while other counties experienced large increases in cropland water use, indicating the need for county-specific water resource management. The results also indicate that both land management (determining size of fallow land), as well as crop management (choice of crop types), are key factors in water resource management.
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- 2021
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7. Improving the Applicability of Hydrologic Models for Food–Energy–Water Nexus Studies Using Remote Sensing Data
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Akash Koppa and Mekonnen Gebremichael
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few nexus ,remote sensing ,multi-objective calibration ,hydrologic models ,satellite-based evapotranspiration ,remotely sensed soil moisture ,Science - Abstract
Food, energy, and water (FEW) nexus studies require reliable estimates of water availability, use, and demand. In this regard, spatially distributed hydrologic models are widely used to estimate not only streamflow (SF) but also different components of the water balance such as evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture (SM), and groundwater. For such studies, the traditional calibration approach of using SF observations is inadequate. To address this, we use state-of-the-art global remote sensing-based estimates of ET and SM with a multivariate calibration methodology to improve the applicability of a widely used spatially distributed hydrologic model (Noah-MP) for FEW nexus studies. Specifically, we conduct univariate and multivariate calibration experiments in the Mississippi river basin with ET, SM, and SF to understand the trade-offs in accurately simulating ET, SM, and SF simultaneously. Results from univariate calibration with just SF reveal that increased accuracy in SF at the cost of degrading the spatio-temporal accuracy of ET and SM, which is essential for FEW nexus studies. We show that multivariate calibration helps preserve the accuracy of all the components involved in calibration. The study emphasizes the importance of multiple sources of information, especially from satellite remote sensing, for improving FEW nexus studies.
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- 2020
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8. Remote Sensing-Based Assessment of the Crop, Energy and Water Nexus in the Central Valley, California
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Sarfaraz Alam, Mekonnen Gebremichael, and Ruopu Li
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crop-energy-water nexus ,remote sensing ,central valley ,groundwater ,water footprint ,energy footprint ,Science - Abstract
An integrated assessment of crop-energy-water (CEW) nexus is critical to understand the tradeoffs and synergies for better management of sustainable agricultural systems. In this study, we evaluate the historic evolution of CEW interactions in the Central Valley, California, a critical agricultural region that produces approximately 50% of US fruits, nuts and vegetables. Specifically, we consider three nexus elements, including water use for irrigation (blue water), energy use for groundwater pumping, and crop yield (for all crops aggregated, almond and cotton). To quantify the interactions between CEW elements, we estimate the water use for cropping (water footprint) and energy use for cropping (energy footprint). We conduct the analyses for four historical periods, i.e., 2007−2009 (Drought 1), 2010−2011 (Post-drought 1), 2012−2015 (Drought 2) and 2016−2018 (Post-drought 2). We find that the southern regions (San Joaquin and Tulare) are susceptible to greater stress on energy and water, especially during droughts. The groundwater footprint (GWF) has been continuously increasing due to greater crop water use and a shift from row crops to profitable water-intensive tree crops. The GWF in Tulare during Drought 2 was around 60% higher than Drought 1, where the GWF in Tulare was almost twice that of Sacramento. The energy and water uses for almond production have increased during the recent periods, whereas their uses have mostly decreased for cotton. On average, energy and water footprints under almond crop scenario are around 3−3.5 times as much as the footprints under all crops scenario.
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- 2019
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9. Evaluation of Clear-Sky Incoming Radiation Estimating Equations Typically Used in Remote Sensing Evapotranspiration Algorithms
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Ted W. Sammis, Alecia Nickless, Junming Wang, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Qinxue Wang, and Zhigang Sun
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net radiation ,incoming shortwave radiation ,incoming longwave radiation ,Science - Abstract
Net radiation is a key component of the energy balance, whose estimation accuracy has an impact on energy flux estimates from satellite data. In typical remote sensing evapotranspiration (ET) algorithms, the outgoing shortwave and longwave components of net radiation are obtained from remote sensing data, while the incoming shortwave (RS) and longwave (RL) components are typically estimated from weather data using empirical equations. This study evaluates the accuracy of empirical equations commonly used in remote sensing ET algorithms for estimating RS and RL radiation. Evaluation is carried out through comparison of estimates and observations at five sites that represent different climatic regions from humid to arid. Results reveal (1) both RS and RL estimates from all evaluated equations well correlate with observations (R2 ≥ 0.92), (2) RS estimating equations tend to overestimate, especially at higher values, (3) RL estimating equations tend to give more biased values in arid and semi-arid regions, (4) a model that parameterizes the diffuse component of radiation using two clearness indices and a simple model that assumes a linear increase of atmospheric transmissivity with elevation give better RS estimates, and (5) mean relative absolute errors in the net radiation (Rn) estimates caused by the use of RS and RL estimating equations varies from 10% to 22%. This study suggests that Rn estimates using recommended incoming radiation estimating equations could improve ET estimates.
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- 2013
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10. TOPMODEL CAPABILITY FOR RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING OF THE AMMAMEH WATERSHED AT DIFFERENT TIME SCALES USING DIFFERENT TERRAIN ALGORITHMS
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Vahid Nourani, Arash Roughani, and Mekonnen Gebremichael
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TOPMODEL ,rainfall-runoff modeling ,topographic index ,Ammameh watershed ,Environmental engineering ,TA170-171 - Abstract
In this study, the rainfall-runoff response of the Ammameh watershed located in Tehran, Iran, was studied using TOPMODEL which is a semi-distributed and geomorphologic model that simulates runoff at the watershed’s outlet on the basis of saturation excess runoff and subsurface flow concepts. Topographic index as an indicator of the spatial distribution of excess runoff generation in the catchment was calculated using the flow direction, output from two different methods, i.e. Dinf and D8. The analysis was done at three time scales: event, daily, and monthly. The modeling performance of TOPMODEL in simulating runoff process for each of three types of time series was analyzed and compared visually and statistically. Also, the effects of D8 and Dinf methods on rainfall-runoff modeling were compared and it was realized that modeling result of Dinf algorithm, especially in event-based rainfallrunoff modeling was more accurate than the D8 algorithm; whereas, the difference between the results were not notable in the daily modeling. Although the obtained results demonstrate the capability of the TOPMODEL in both event-based and daily simulations, the model could lead to the more reliable results in daily modeling because of considering the watershed soil moisture conditions.
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- 2011
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11. On the Critical Behaviour of Observed and Simulated Spatial Soil Moisture Fields during SGP97
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Mekonnen Gebremichael, Antonella Di Domenico, and Giovanni Laguardia
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soil moisture ,microwave radiometer ,land surface model ,spatial patterns ,percolation theory ,Science - Abstract
The aircraft-based ESTAR soil moisture fields from the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment are compared to the simulated ones obtained by Bertoldi et al. [1] with the GEOtop model [2], with a particular focus on their capability in capturing the critical point behaviour in their space-time dynamics (see [3]). The critical point behaviour should denote the transition of soil moisture spatial patterns from an unorganized to organized appearance, as conditions become wetter. The study region is the Little Washita watershed, located in the southwest Oklahoma, in the Southern Great Plains region of the USA. The case study takes place from June 27 to July 16 and encompasses wetting and drying cycles allowing for exploring the behaviour under transient conditions. Results show that the critical probability value is 0.85 for GEOtop, and 0.80 for ESTAR. The GEOtop patterns appear more fragmented, being more reluctant to organization, as confirmed by the higher value of critical probability. Such behaviour is probably inherited by the model’s parameterization: land use and soil classes impose additional spatial structures to those related to the meteorological forcings and the hillslope morphology, driving to higher degrees of heterogeneity.
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- 2010
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12. NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement Mission: Leveraging Stakeholder Engagement & Applications Activities to Inform Decision-making
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Andrea Portier, Dalia Kirschbaum, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Eric Kemp, Sujay Kumar, Iker Llabres, Eric Snodgrass, and Jerry Wegiel
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Administration and Management - Abstract
The application of satellite precipitation estimates from NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission for decision-making has been a focus for the mission since launch. As a result, GPM data have enabled a range of applications that address societal needs, including water resource management, crop forecasting, ecological monitoring, disaster response, public health, aviation, weather forecasting, and climate modeling, among others. GPM applications activities have continued to focus on user engagement through in person trainings and interviews, workshops, webinars, and educational outreach activities. The goals of these efforts are to synthesize community data needs in order to effectively support and enable decision-making across agencies, academia and the global community. While these efforts have helped the GPM mission establish a large stakeholder community that encompasses federal and state partners, academic institutions, nd private and nonprofit companies, there remains difficulties associated with accessing, processing, and applying the data to support or enable applications. In this article, we present GPM applications strategies and approaches used to enhance the applications value of GPM data, and most importantly, demonstrate how these efforts have and can inform different decision-making contexts. This work also provides a discussion on key lessons learned from the user community and how this information can be utilized to help better support and shape applications approaches for future NASA Earth Science missions.
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- 2022
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13. Seasonal Hydropower Planning for Data‐Scarce Regions Using Multimodel Ensemble Forecasts, Remote Sensing Data, and Stochastic Programming
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Akash Koppa, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Renato C. Zambon, William W.‐G. Yeh, and Thomas M. Hopson
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- 2019
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14. Budyko‐Based Long‐Term Water and Energy Balance Closure in Global Watersheds From Earth Observations
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Akash Koppa, Sarfaraz Alam, Diego G. Miralles, and Mekonnen Gebremichael
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- 2021
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15. Artemether–lumefantrin treatment adherence among uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum malaria patients, visiting public health facilities in AsgedeTsimbla district, Tigray, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
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Gebrekidan, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Gebremedhin, Gebretsadik Berhe, Gebregiorgis, Yosef Sibhatu, Gezehegn, Alefech Addisu, and Weldearegay, Kissanet Tesfay
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- 2020
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16. Uncertainty assessment of LSTM based groundwater level predictions
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Vahid Nourani, Kasra Khodkar, and Mekonnen Gebremichael
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Water Science and Technology - Published
- 2022
17. A Framework for Validation of Remotely Sensed Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Based on the Budyko Hypothesis
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Akash Koppa and Mekonnen Gebremichael
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- 2017
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18. Evaluation of Global Forecast System (GFS) Medium-Range Precipitation Forecasts in the Nile River Basin
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Vahid Nourani, Mekonnen Gebremichael, and Haowen Yue
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Global Forecast System ,Atmospheric Science ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Climatology ,Medium range ,Drainage basin ,Environmental science ,Precipitation - Abstract
Reliable weather forecasts are valuable in a number of applications, such as agriculture, hydropower, and weather-related disease outbreaks. Global weather forecasts are widely used, but detailed evaluation over specific regions is paramount for users and operational centers to enhance the usability of forecasts and improve their accuracy. This study presents evaluation of the Global Forecast System (GFS) medium-range (1–15 day) precipitation forecasts in the nine subbasins of the Nile basin using NASA’s Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals (IMERG) Final Run satellite–gauge merged rainfall observations. The GFS products are available at a temporal resolution of 3–6 h and a spatial resolution of 0.25°, and the version-15 products are available since 12 June 2019. GFS forecasts are evaluated at a temporal scale of 1–15 days, a spatial scale from 0.25° to all the way to the subbasin scale, and for a period of one year (15 June 2019–15 June 2020). The results show that performance of the 1-day lead daily basin-averaged GFS forecast performance, as measured through the modified Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE), is poor (0 < KGE < 0.5) for most of the subbasins. The factors contributing to the low performance are 1) large overestimation bias in watersheds located in wet climate regimes in the northern hemispheres (Millennium watershed, Upper Atbara and Setit watershed, and Khashm El Gibra watershed), and 2) lower ability in capturing the temporal dynamics of watershed-averaged rainfall that have smaller watershed areas (Roseires at 14 110 km2 and Sennar at 13 895 km2). GFS has better bias for watersheds located in the dry parts of the Northern Hemisphere or wet parts of the Southern Hemisphere, and better ability in capturing the temporal dynamics of watershed-average rainfall for large watershed areas. IMERG Early has better bias than GFS forecast for the Millennium watershed but still comparable and worse bias for the Upper Atbara and Setit and Khashm El Gibra watersheds. The variation in the performance of the IMERG Early could be partly explained by the number of rain gauges used in the reference IMERG Final product, as 16 rain gauges were used for the Millennium watershed but only one rain gauge over each Upper Atbara and Setit and Khashm El Gibra watershed. A simple climatological bias correction of IMERG Early reduces in the bias in IMERG Early over most watersheds, but not all watersheds. We recommend exploring methods to increase the performance of GFS forecasts, including postprocessing techniques through the use of both near-real-time and research-version satellite rainfall products.
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- 2022
19. Watershed memory amplified the Oroville rain-on-snow flood of February 2017
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Kayden Haleakala, W Tyler Brandt, Benjamin J Hatchett, Dongyue Li, Dennis P Lettenmaier, and Mekonnen Gebremichael
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Mountain snowpacks are transitioning to experience less snowfall and more rainfall as the climate warms, creating more persistent low- to no-snow conditions. This precipitation shift also invites more high-impact rain-on-snow (ROS) events, which have historically yielded many of the largest and most damaging floods in the western United States. One such sequence of events preceded the evacuation of 188,000 residents below the already-damaged Oroville Dam spillway in February 2017 in California’s Sierra Nevada. Prior studies have suggested that snowmelt during ROS dramatically amplified reservoir inflows. However, we present evidence that snowmelt may have played a smaller role than previously documented (augmenting terrestrial water inputs by 21%). A series of hydrologic model experiments and subdaily snow, soil, streamflow, and hydrometeorological measurements demonstrate that direct, “passive” routing of rainfall through snow, and increasingly efficient runoff driven by gradually wetter soils can alternatively explain the extreme runoff totals. Our analysis reveals a crucial link between frequent winter storms and a basin’s hydrologic response—emphasizing the role of soil moisture “memory” of within-season storms in priming impactful flood responses. Given the breadth in plausible ROS flood mechanisms, this case study underscores a need for more detailed measurements of soil moisture along with in-storm changes to snowpack structure, extent, energy balance, and precipitation phase to address ROS knowledge gaps associated with current observational limits. Sharpening our conceptual understanding of basin-scale ROS better equips water managers moving forward to appropriately classify threat levels, which are projected to increase throughout the mid-21st century.
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- 2022
20. Rainfall: State of the Science
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Firat Y. Testik, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Firat Y. Testik, Mekonnen Gebremichael and Firat Y. Testik, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Firat Y. Testik, Mekonnen Gebremichael
- Published
- 2013
21. A Scalable Earth Observations‐Based Decision Support System for Hydropower Planning in Africa
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Mekonnen Gebremichael, E. E. Riddle, Jennifer Boehnert, Thomas Hopson, D. Broman, and Akash Koppa
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Water resources ,Decision support system ,Ecology ,Remote sensing (archaeology) ,business.industry ,Scalability ,Systems engineering ,Environmental science ,business ,Hydropower ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology - Published
- 2021
22. Evaluation of Clear-Sky Incoming Radiation Estimating Equations Typically Used in Remote Sensing Evapotranspiration Algorithms.
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Zhigang Sun, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Qinxue Wang, Junming Wang, Ted W. Sammis, and Alecia Nickless
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- 2013
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23. Multispectral remote sensing for rainfall detection and estimation at the source of the Blue Nile River.
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Alemseged Tamiru Haile, Tom Rientjes, Ambro Gieske, and Mekonnen Gebremichael
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- 2010
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24. On the Critical Behaviour of Observed and Simulated Spatial Soil Moisture Fields during SGP97.
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Giovanni Laguardia, Antonella Di Domenico, and Mekonnen Gebremichael
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- 2010
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25. NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement Mission: Leveraging Stakeholder Engagement & Applications Activities to Inform Decision-making
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Andrea Portier, Dalia Kirschbaum, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Eric Kemp, Sujay Kumar, Iker Llabres, Eric Snodgrass, and Jerry Wegiel
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Geography, Planning and Development ,Computers in Earth Sciences - Published
- 2023
26. Seasonal Hydropower Planning for Data‐Scarce Regions Using Multimodel Ensemble Forecasts, Remote Sensing Data, and Stochastic Programming
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Thomas Hopson, Renato C. Zambon, Mekonnen Gebremichael, William W.-G. Yeh, and Akash Koppa
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Ensemble forecasting ,Meteorology ,business.industry ,Environmental science ,business ,Hydropower ,Stochastic programming ,Water Science and Technology - Published
- 2019
27. Post‐Drought Groundwater Storage Recovery in California's Central Valley
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Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Gabriel B. Senay, Zhaoxin Ban, Sarfaraz Alam, and Bridget R. Scanlon
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Environmental science ,Climate change ,Water resource management ,Water Science and Technology ,Groundwater storage - Published
- 2021
28. Performance of the Global Forecast System's Medium-Range Precipitation Forecasts in the Niger River Basin
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Vahid Nourani, Mekonnen Gebremichael, and Haowen Yue
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Water resources ,Global Forecast System ,geography ,Watershed ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Climatology ,Medium range ,Drainage basin ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,Structural basin ,Latitude - Abstract
Weather forecast information has the potential to improve water resources management, energy, and agriculture. This study evaluates the accuracy of medium-range (1–15 day) precipitation forecasts from the Global Forecast System (GFS) over watersheds of eight major dams in the Niger river basin. The Niger basin lies in three latitudinal/climatic sub-regions: Sahel (latitude > 12° N) with annual rainfall of rainfall 400–600 mm, Savannah (latitude 8°–12° N) with annual rainfall of 900–1200 mm, and Guinea Coast (latitude 4°–8° N) with annual rainfall of 1500–2000 mm. The GFS forecast tends to overestimate rainfall in the Guinea Coast and western parts of the Savannah, but estimates well in the Sahel. The overall performance of daily GFS forecast was found to be satisfactory for two watersheds, namely, Kainji (the largest watershed in the basin, predominantly located in the Sahel), and Markala (the second largest watershed, located partly in the Sahel and partly in the Savannah). However, the performance of daily GFS forecast was found to be unsatisfactory in the remaining six watersheds, with GFS forecasts characterized by large random errors, high false alarm, high overestimation bias of low rain rates, and large underestimation bias of heavy rain rates. The GFS forecast accuracy decreases with increasing lead time. The accuracy of GFS forecasts could be improved by applying post-processing techniques involving near-real time satellite rainfall products.
- Published
- 2021
29. Optimizing Precipitation Forecasts for Hydrological Catchments in Ethiopia Using Statistical Bias Correction and Multi‐Modeling
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E. E. Riddle, Sippora Stellingwerf, Barbara G. Brown, Thomas Hopson, Jason C. Knievel, and Mekonnen Gebremichael
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QE1-996.5 ,Calibration (statistics) ,Astronomy ,ensemble ,QB1-991 ,Geology ,precipitation ,Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ,calibration ,East Africa ,forecasts ,Climatology ,East africa ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,Bias correction ,Hydrometeorology ,Precipitation ,hydrometeorology ,Multi modeling - Abstract
Accurate rainfall forecasts on timescales ranging from a few hours to several weeks are needed for many hydrological applications. This study examines bias, skill and reliability of four ensemble forecast systems (from Canada, UK, Europe, and the United States) and a multi‐model ensemble as applied to Ethiopian catchments. By verifying these forecasts on hydrological catchments, we focus on spatial scales that are relevant to many actual water forecasting applications, such as flood forecasting and reservoir optimization. By most verification metrics tested, the bias corrected European model is the best individual model at predicting daily rainfall variations, while the Canadian model shows the most realistic ensemble spread and thus the most reliable forecast probabilities, including those of extreme events. The skill of the multi‐model ensemble outperforms individual models by most metrics, and is skillful up to 9 days ahead. Skill is higher for the 0–5 day model accumulation than for the first 24 h, suggesting that timing errors strongly penalize the skill of forecasts with shorter accumulation periods. Due to seasonality in the model biases, bias correction is best applied to each month individually. Forecasting extreme rainfall is a challenge for Ethiopia, especially over mountainous regions where positive skill is only reached after bias correction. Compared to individual models, the multi‐model ensemble has a higher probability of detecting extreme rainfall and a lower false alarm rate, with usable skill at 24 h lead times.
- Published
- 2021
30. Budyko‐Based Long‐Term Water and Energy Balance Closure in Global Watersheds From Earth Observations
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Sarfaraz Alam, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Diego G. Miralles, and Akash Koppa
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Space Geodetic Surveys ,Earth observation ,Informatics ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,ACCURACY ,DATA PRODUCTS ,Energy balance ,02 engineering and technology ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Remote Sensing ,remote sensing ,CARBON-DIOXIDE ,Water balance ,water balance ,Evapotranspiration ,Budyko hypothesis ,020701 environmental engineering ,Water Budgets ,SATELLITE ,Water Science and Technology ,CHALLENGES ,Uncertainty ,Remote Sensing and Disasters ,SCIENCE ,6. Clean water ,EVAPORATION ,Eco‐hydrology ,Atmospheric Processes ,Uncertainty Quantification ,Mathematical Geophysics ,Research Article ,GAUGE ,evapotranspiration ,0207 environmental engineering ,Volcanology ,precipitation ,Hydrology (agriculture) ,TERRESTRIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ,Remote Sensing of Volcanoes ,Geodesy and Gravity ,Global Change ,Precipitation ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Uncertainty Assessment ,15. Life on land ,Energy Budgets ,TRENDS ,13. Climate action ,Earth and Environmental Sciences ,energy Balance ,Environmental science ,Spatial variability ,Hydrology ,Surface runoff ,Natural Hazards - Abstract
Earth observations offer potential pathways for accurately closing the water and energy balance of watersheds, a fundamental challenge in hydrology. However, previous attempts based on purely satellite‐based estimates have focused on closing the water and energy balances separately. They are hindered by the lack of estimates of key components, such as runoff. Here, we posit a novel approach based on Budyko’s water and energy balance constraints. The approach is applied to quantify the degree of long‐term closure at the watershed scale, as well as its associated uncertainties, using an ensemble of global satellite data sets. We find large spatial variability across aridity, elevation, and other environmental gradients. Specifically, we find a positive correlation between elevation and closure uncertainty, as derived from the Budyko approach. In mountainous watersheds the uncertainty in closure is 3.9 ± 0.7 (dimensionless). Our results show that uncertainties in terrestrial evaporation contribute twice as much as precipitation uncertainties to errors in the closure of water and energy balance. Moreover, our results highlight the need for improving satellite‐based precipitation and evaporation data in humid temperate forests, where the closure error in the Budyko space is as high as 1.1 ± 0.3, compared to only 0.2 ± 0.03 in tropical forests. Comparing the results with land surface model‐based data sets driven by in situ precipitation, we find that Earth observation‐based data sets perform better in regions where precipitation gauges are sparse. These findings have implications for improving the understanding of global hydrology and regional water management and can guide the development of satellite remote sensing‐based data sets and Earth system models., Key Points A Budyko‐based approach to water and energy balance closure mitigates the need for runoff dataErrors in water and energy balance closure are influenced more by uncertainties in evaporation rather than precipitationInability of Earth observations to close the water and energy balance of temperate forests
- Published
- 2021
31. Spatial and temporal variability of East African Kiremt season precipitation and large‐scale teleconnections
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D. Broman, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Thomas Hopson, and Balaji Rajagopalan
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Atmospheric Science ,Scale (ratio) ,Climatology ,East africa ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,Teleconnection - Published
- 2019
32. Multivariate calibration of large scale hydrologic models: The necessity and value of a Pareto optimal approach
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William W.-G. Yeh, Akash Koppa, and Mekonnen Gebremichael
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Mathematical optimization ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Scale (ratio) ,Calibration (statistics) ,Hydrological modelling ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Pareto principle ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,020801 environmental engineering ,Variable (computer science) ,Water balance ,Evapotranspiration ,Streamflow ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Mathematics - Abstract
Multivariate calibration using measurements of multiple water balance components has emerged as a potential solution for improving the performance and realism of large scale hydrologic models. In this study we develop a novel multivariate calibration framework to rigorously test whether incorporation of multiple water balance components into calibration can result in sufficiently accurate (behavioral) solutions for all model responses. Unlike previous studies, we use Bayesian calibration to formally define limits of acceptability or error thresholds in order to distinguish behavioral solutions for each of the incorporated fluxes. We apply the framework in the Mississippi river basin for the calibration of a large scale distributed hydrologic model (Noah-MP) with different combinations of model responses - evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture (SM), and streamflow (SF). The results of the study show that incorporation of additional fluxes and soil moisture (a storage variable) is not always valuable due to significant trade-offs in accuracy among the model responses. In our experiments, only ET and SF could be simulated simultaneously to a reasonable degree of accuracy. In addition, we quantify the trade-offs in accuracy between the model responses using the concept of Pareto optimality. We find that combining ET with other fluxes entails higher trade-offs in accuracy compared to either SM or SF. Unlike deterministic calibration, with the developed framework we are able to identify deficiencies in model parameterization that lead to significant trade-offs in accuracy, especially between ET and SM. We find that the parameters which are insensitive to individual model responses can influence the trade-off relationship between them.
- Published
- 2019
33. Remote‐sensing Based Assessment of Long‐term Riparian Vegetation Health in Proximity to Agricultural Lands with Herbicide Use History
- Author
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Mekonnen Gebremichael, Foad Yousef, Lula Ghebremichael, and Jeffrey W. Perine
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Canopy ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,NDVI ,Geography, Planning and Development ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ,Midwestern United States ,Ecosystem services ,Rivers ,Ecosystem ,Environmental impact assessment ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science ,Riparian zone ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Herbicides ,Agriculture ,Forestry ,General Medicine ,Vegetation ,Remote sensing ,Habitat ,Remote Sensing Technology ,Environmental science ,Herbicide ,Riparian vegetation ,Landsat ,Health & Ecological Risk Assessment ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Riparian ecosystems provide various ecosystem services including habitat for a variety of plant and animal communities, biofiltering, and stabilizing stream and river systems. Due to their location, riparian zones often share long borders with agricultural fields where herbicides are commonly applied to eliminate unwanted plants. There is a general concern that exposure of riparian vegetation to off‐target drifted herbicides may adversely impact their health and diversity. We utilized the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to investigate the long‐term (between 1992 and 2011) trend of riparian vegetation health at 17 locations in the Midwest and Great Plains areas of the United States, where herbicide usage was likely most intense. Assessment of NDVI data demonstrated that long‐term vegetation health did not decline for the studied riparian zones located in proximity to croplands during spring months (April and May). During summer (June and July), while the long‐term vegetation health did not decline for the majority of the sites, there were a few cases in Kansas and Nebraska with a decline in vegetation health (negative‐trending NDVI). Cluster analysis of the negative‐trending NDVI pixels showed that the majority of these pixels were randomly distributed throughout these riparian sites, indicating a lack of shared common causing factors. Similarly, proximity analysis suggested that distance from croplands was not associated with the decline of vegetation health found in these sites, suggesting that exposure to herbicide drift may not be a plausible factor because this would have shown higher impact on pixels closer to the cropland. Changes in canopy coverage and vegetation diversity also did not show any dependence on distance from croplands. Finally, the remote‐sensing–based NDVI data sets used provide only an indirect way of assessing the impact of herbicide drift, and therefore, further work based on field survey data is recommended to completely isolate the impacts of herbicides. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:528–543. © 2019 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC), Key Points We assessed the riparian vegetation health (VH) of the United States Great Plains for 2 decades.Spring VH remained unchanged or increased at all 17 sites.Summer VH declined at few sites in Kansas and Nebraska.We found no association between decline in VH and distance to croplands.
- Published
- 2019
34. Optimizing cropping area by proposing a combined water-energy productivity function for Neyshabur Basin, Iran
- Author
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Mohammad Mousavi Baygi, Yavar Pourmohamad, Amin Alizadeh, Mohammad Bannayan, Ali Naghi Ziaei, and Mekonnen Gebremichael
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Irrigation ,Profit (real property) ,business.industry ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Soil Science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,020801 environmental engineering ,Agriculture ,Agricultural land ,040103 agronomy & agriculture ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Environmental science ,Economic impact analysis ,business ,Water resource management ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Cropping ,Productivity ,Groundwater ,Earth-Surface Processes ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Unsustainable groundwater withdrawal is a major challenge facing semi-arid and arid regions of the world, where groundwater is the primary source of irrigation water. Conversion of some agricultural land to fallow land is one of the possible solutions to reduce the groundwater withdrawal to bring it to safe yield. Such a solution has a negative economic impact. In this study, we have developed an optimization approach that can use used to identify the size (and type) of the agricultural area to be fallowed to ensure sustainable groundwater use for irrigation with as little economic impact as possible. This approach is based on the concept of profit productivity, which relies on Landsat imageries to calculate crop yield and irrigation water withdrawal, and available in-situ data to calculate energy cost. We have applied this approach to the Neyshabour basin in Iran that has been experiencing unsustainable groundwater withdrawal for the last 30 years. Our sample results indicate that in order to ensure sustainable groundwater withdrawal with minimum economic impact, 4% of the agricultural land needs to be converted to fallow land by fallowing most of the agricultural land used for growing tomatoes.
- Published
- 2019
35. Factors Governing Winter Snow Accumulation and Ablation Susceptibility Across the Sierra Nevada, U.S.A
- Author
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Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Jeff Dozier, and K. Haleakala
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Atmospheric Science ,Moisture ,Precipitable water ,Range (biology) ,Snow pillow ,Winter storm ,Environmental science ,Storm ,Snowpack ,Atmospheric sciences ,Snow - Abstract
Author(s): Haleakala, K; Gebremichael, M; Dozier, J; Lettenmaier, DP | Abstract: AbstractSeasonal snow water equivalent (SWE) accumulation in California’s Sierra Nevada is primarily governed by a few orographically enhanced snowstorms. However, as air temperatures gradually rise, resulting in a shift from snow to rain, the governing processes determining SWE accumulation versus ablation become ambiguous. Using a network of 28 snow pillow measurements to represent an elevational and latitudinal gradient across the Sierra Nevada, we identify distributions of critical temperatures and corresponding storm and snowpack properties that describe how SWE accumulation varies across the range at an hourly timescale for water years 2010 through 2019. We also describe antecedent and prevailing conditions governing whether SWE accumulates or ablates during warm storms. Results show that atmospheric moisture regulates a temperature dependence of SWE accumulation. Conditions balancing precipitable water and snow formation requirements produce the most seasonal SWE, which was observed in the (low-elevation) northern and (middle-elevation) central Sierra Nevada. The high southern Sierra Nevada conservatively accumulates SWE with colder, drier air, resulting in less midwinter ablation. These differences explain a tendency for deep, low-density snowpacks to accumulate rather than ablate SWE during warm storms (having median temperatures exceeding 1.0°C), reflecting counteracting liquid storage and internal energy deficits. The storm events themselves in these cases are brief with modest moisture supplies or are otherwise followed immediately by ablation.
- Published
- 2021
36. Midwinter snow ablation patterns, drivers, and hydrologic consequences in the Western U.S
- Author
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Mekonnen Gebremichael, Dennis P. Lettenmaier, and Kayden Haleakala
- Subjects
medicine.medical_treatment ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Physical geography ,Ablation ,Snow - Abstract
Climate warming is expected to reduce radiation-driven snowmelt rates from deep mountain snowpacks, and increase the duration of low-intensity melt periods, especially from shallow snowpacks. It should also increase the humidity-dependence of melt rates, especially in winter. Taken together, these effects will raise the importance of snow ablation in midwinter, the magnitude of which has implications for shifting surface runoff regimes, groundwater recharge, and flood risk. We address two related questions: first, what is the relative effect of radiation, turbulent energy exchange, and precipitation as they relate to midwinter snow ablation, and how important are they to seasonal and annual streamflow generation; and second, how do midwinter ablation episodes and their drivers vary regionally and topographically, and how have those characteristics changed over time (if at all)? We answer these questions using a network of over 500 SnoTel snow pillows across the Western United States that have recorded daily snow water equivalent (SWE) since 1985 or earlier. With ancillary climate data, we identify distributions of midwinter snow ablation episodes along with their trends and sensitivity to meteorological drivers. We then focus on 32 small catchments with nearby daily streamflow and SWE measurements to assess regional differences in the importance of midwinter ablation to winter and annual flows.
- Published
- 2021
37. Evaluation of Precipitation Forecast from Global Forecast System Over Transboundary Rivers in Africa
- Author
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Mekonnen Gebremichael and Haowen Yue
- Subjects
Global Forecast System ,Climatology ,Quantitative precipitation forecast ,Environmental science - Abstract
This study evaluates the short-to-medium range precipitation forecasts from Global Forecast System for 14 major transboundary river basins in Africa against GPM IMERG “Early”, IMERG “Final”, and CHIRPSv2 products. Daily precipitation forecasts with lead times of 1-day, 5-day, 10-day, and 15-day and accumulated precipitation forecasts with periods of 1-day, 5-day, 10-day, and 15-day are investigated. The 14 selected basins are (1) Senegal; (2) Volta; (3) Niger; (4) Chad; (5) Nile; (6) Awash; (7) Congo; (8) Omo Gibe; (9) Tana; (10) Pangani; (11) Zambezi; (12) Okavango; (13) Limpopo and (14) Orange. For each basin, several sub-basins are defined by the major dams in the basin. Our preliminary results in the Nile river basin show that in terms of temporal variability, there was a good agreement between the forecasted and observed accumulated precipitation on a 15-day basis. When compared to IMERG “Final”, the correlation coefficients of accumulated GFS forecasts scored as high as 0.75. Thus, GFS products provide relatively reliable accumulated precipitation forecasts. However, the precipitation forecasts were mostly biased: they tend to overpredict rainfall for the eastern part of the Nile river, underestimate rainfall for the northern part of the Nile river and produce almost unbiased estimates for the southern part of the river. Additionally, GFS forecasts have a general tendency to underpredict the area of precipitation across the Nile basin. Although the performance of GFS varies at different locations, the GFS precipitation forecasts can be a good reference to dam operators in Africa.
- Published
- 2021
38. The Skills of Medium-Range Precipitation Forecasts in the Senegal River Basin
- Author
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Mekonnen Gebremichael, Haowen Yue, Vahid Nourani, and Richard Damoah
- Subjects
Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,medium-range precipitation forecasts ,Senegal ,global forecasting system ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law - Abstract
Reliable information on medium-range (1–15 day) precipitation forecasts is useful in reservoir operation, among many other applications. Such forecasts are increasingly becoming available from global models. The skills of medium-range precipitation forecasts derived from Global Forecast System (GFS) are assessed in the Senegal River Basin, focusing on the watershed its major hydropower dams: Manantali (located in relatively wet, Southern Sudan climate and mountainous region), Foum Gleita (relatively dry, Sahel climate and low-elevation), and Diama (a large watershed covering almost the entire basin, dominated by Sahel climate). IMERG Final, a satellite product involving rain gauge data for bias correction, is used as reference. GFS has the ability capture the overall spatial and monthly pattern of rainfall in the region. However, GFS tends to overestimate rainfall in the wet parts of the region, and slightly underestimate in the dry part. The skill of daily GFS forecast is low over Manantali (Kling-Gupta Efficiency, KGE of 0.29), but slightly higher over Foum Gleita (KGE of 0.53) and Diama (KGE of 0.59). For 15-day accumulation, GFS forecast shows higher skill over Manantali (KGE of 0.60) and Diama (KGE of 0.79) but does not change much over Foul Gleita (KGE of 0.51) compared to daily rainfall forecasts. IMERG Early, a satellite-only product available at near-real time, has better performance than GFS. This study suggests the need for further improving the accuracy of GFS forecasts, and identifies IMERG Early as a potential source of data that can help in this effort.
- Published
- 2022
39. Can Managed Aquifer Recharge Mitigate the Groundwater Overdraft in California's Central Valley?
- Author
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Dennis P. Lettenmaier, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Ruopu Li, Jeff Dozier, and Sarfaraz Alam
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Overdrafting ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,SGMA ,02 engineering and technology ,Groundwater recharge ,Central Valley ,Managed Aquifer Recharge ,Civil Engineering ,01 natural sciences ,Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience ,020801 environmental engineering ,groundwater ,Environmental science ,Water resource management ,Groundwater ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Author(s): Alam, Sarfaraz; Gebremichael, Mekonnen; Li, Ruopu; Dozier, Jeff; Lettenmaier, Dennis P
- Published
- 2020
40. Closing the Combined Water and Energy Balance of Global Watersheds Based on Satellite Data
- Author
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Sarfaraz Alam, Akash Koppa, Diego G. Miralles, and Mekonnen Gebremichael
- Abstract
Satellite-based remote sensing offers potential pathways for accurately closing the water and energy balance of watersheds from observations, a fundamental challenge in hydrology. However, previous attempts based on purely satellite-based estimates have been hindered by large data uncertainties and lack of estimates for key components, such as runoff. Here, we use a novel approach based on the Budyko hypothesis to quantify both the degree of closure and its uncertainties in watershed-scale water and energy balance closure arising from an ensemble of 56 global satellite datasets for precipitation (P), terrestrial evaporation (ET), and net radiation (Rn). We use 7 quasi-global precipitation datasets which include CHIRPS, CMORPH, PERSIANN, PERSIANN-CCS, PERSIANN-CDR, TRMM 3B42RT, TRMM 3B43. For ET, we use 8 datasets - AVHRR, SSEBOp, MOD16A3, GLEAM v3.3a, GLEAM v3.3b, CSIRO-PML, BESS, and FluxCom. For Rn, we use the CERES dataset. We find large spatial variability along with aridity, elevation and other gradients. Results show that errors in water and energy balance closure can be attributed primarily to uncertainties in terrestrial evaporation data. These findings have implications for improving the understanding of global hydrology and regional water management and can guide the development of satellite remote sensing datasets and earth system models. In addition, we rank the P and ET datasets that perform the best in closing the combined water and energy balance of global catchments. For P, we see that gauge-calibrated datasets such as PERSIANN-CDR, TRMM 3B43 perform the best. In terms of ET, we see that BESS performs the best in the northern boreal forests and GLEAM performs the best in drylands.
- Published
- 2020
41. Climate change impacts on groundwater storage in the Central Valley, California
- Author
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Mekonnen Gebremichael, Ruopu Li, Jeff Dozier, Sarfaraz Alam, and Dennis P. Lettenmaier
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Climate change ,Water supply ,02 engineering and technology ,Central Valley ,01 natural sciences ,Integrated modeling ,Streamflow ,medicine ,Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences ,Agricultural productivity ,Groundwater ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Global and Planetary Change ,business.industry ,Seasonality ,medicine.disease ,020801 environmental engineering ,Climate Action ,Environmental science ,Water resource management ,Groundwater model ,business ,Surface water - Abstract
Groundwater plays a critical supporting role in agricultural production in the California Central Valley (CV). Recent prolonged droughts (notably 2007–2009 and 2012–2016) caused dramatic depletion of groundwater, indicating the susceptibility of the CV’s water supply to climate change. To assess the impact of climate change on groundwater storage in the CV, we combined integrated surface water and groundwater models with climate projections from 20 global climate models and thereby explore the vulnerability of CV groundwater under two climate scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. We found that groundwater has been declining over the past decades (3 km3/year on average during 1950–2009). In the absence of future mitigating measures, this decline will continue, but at a higher rate due to climate change (31% and 39% increase in loss rate under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The greatest loss (more than 80% of the total) will occur in the semi-arid southern Tulare region. We performed computational experiments to quantify the relative contribution of future crop water use and headwater inflows to total groundwater storage change. Our results show that, without management changes, continuing declines in future groundwater storage will mainly be attributable to ongoing overuse of groundwater. However, future changes in the seasonality of streamflow into the CV, (small) changes in annual inflows, and increased crop water use in a warmer climate will lead to 40–70% more annual groundwater losses than the current annual average, up to approximately 5 km3/year.
- Published
- 2019
42. Climate-related trends of actual evapotranspiration over the Tibetan Plateau (1961-2010)
- Author
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Dongyu Jia, Mudassar Iqbal, Zhenchao Li, Jun Wen, Tangtang Zhang, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Ye Yu, and Xianhong Meng
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,geography ,Plateau ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Global warming ,Climate change ,02 engineering and technology ,Permafrost ,01 natural sciences ,020801 environmental engineering ,Hydrology (agriculture) ,Climatology ,Evapotranspiration ,Environmental science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Published
- 2017
43. Health impact of hepatic-venous-occlusive disease in a small town in Ethiopia—Case study from Tahtay koraro district in Tigray region, 2017
- Author
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Weldearegay, Kissanet Tesfay, primary, Gebrekidan, Mekonnen Gebremichael, additional, and Gezahegne, Alefech Adissu, additional
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Managed aquifer recharge implementation criteria to achieve water sustainability
- Author
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Sarfaraz Alam, Sanjay K. Mohanty, Sujith Ravi, Mekonnen Gebremichael, and Annesh Borthakur
- Subjects
Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Land use ,Water storage ,Stormwater ,Groundwater recharge ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Aquifer properties ,Wastewater ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,Water resource management ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Surface water ,Groundwater ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Depletion of groundwater is accelerated due to an increase in water demand for applications in urbanized areas, agriculture sectors, and energy extraction, and dwindling surface water during changing climate. Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is one of the several methods that can help achieve long-term water sustainability by increasing the natural recharge of groundwater reservoirs with water from non-traditional supplies such as excess surface water, stormwater, and treated wastewater. Despite the multiple benefits of MAR, the wide-scale implementation of MAR is lacking, partly because of challenges to select the location for MAR implementation and identify the MAR type based on site conditions and needs. In this review, we provide an overview of MAR types with a basic framework to select and implement specific MAR at a site based on water availability and quality, land use, source type, soil, and aquifer properties. Our analysis of 1127 MAR projects shows that MAR has been predominantly implemented in sites with sandy clay loam soil (soil group C) and with access to river water for recharge. Spatial analysis reveals that many regions with depleting water storage have opportunities to implement MAR projects. Analyzing data from 34 studies where stormwater was used for recharge, we show that MAR can remove dissolved organic carbon, most metals, E. coli but not efficient at removing most trace organics, and enterococci. Removal efficiency depends on the type of MAR. In the end, we highlight potential challenges for implementing MAR at a site and additional benefits such as minimizing land subsidence, flood risk, augmenting low dry-season flow, and minimizing salt-water intrusion. These results could help identify locations in the water-stressed regions to implement specific MAR for water sustainability.
- Published
- 2021
45. Evaluation of high-resolution rapid refresh (HRRR) forecasts for extreme precipitation
- Author
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Haowen Yue and Mekonnen Gebremichael
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Climatology ,Quantitative precipitation forecast ,Extreme events ,High resolution ,Environmental science ,Geology ,Precipitation ,Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Rapid Refresh ,Earth-Surface Processes ,General Environmental Science ,Food Science - Abstract
This study evaluates the accuracy of short-range (1-h to 18-hr lead-time) forecasts from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model for five extreme storms in the United States: (1) the September 21–23, 2016, frontal storms in Iowa, (2) the April 28-May 1, 2017, frontal storms in the Southern Midwestern US, (3) the August 25–31, 2017, Hurricane Harvey storms in Texas, (4) the September 13–17, 2018, Hurricane Florence storms in the Carolinas, and (5) the September 4–6, 2019, Hurricane Dorian storms in the Carolinas. The evaluation was carried out by comparison with gauge-corrected Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor (MRMS-GC) products. In terms of temporal variability, there was a good agreement between the forecasted and observed precipitation on an hourly basis. Thus, the HRRR products provide relatively reliable forecasts. However, the forecasts were mostly biased: they tend to overestimate rainfall for both hurricanes, underestimate rainfall for tropical storms in Iowa, and produce almost unbiased estimates for the frontal storms in Southern Midwestern US. In terms of spatial pattern, the forecasts are able to capture the spatial pattern of hurricanes, however, they produce too many, localized, high-rain intensities for the frontal storms than what the observations show. With regard to the effect of lead times, the 1-h lead forecasts have often lower accuracy than the other lead-time forecasts, while there was no much systematic difference in accuracy among the 2-h to 18-h lead-time forecasts. The bias estimates in the forecast are also examined at different spatial scales, ranging from 2 km × 2 km all the way to 128 km × 128 km. The results show that the bias estimated at smaller spatial scales vary within a large range, mostly within the range of −100% to +100%, indicating that the bias estimates obtained at large scale (hundreds of km grids) are not applicable to bias estimates at small scales, and vice versa. Local-bias correction approaches are therefore preferable over global bias-correction approaches.
- Published
- 2020
46. Improving the Applicability of Hydrologic Models for Food–Energy–Water Nexus Studies Using Remote Sensing Data
- Author
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Mekonnen Gebremichael and Akash Koppa
- Subjects
satellite-based evapotranspiration ,remotely sensed soil moisture ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Calibration (statistics) ,Hydrological modelling ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,Univariate ,02 engineering and technology ,01 natural sciences ,multi-objective calibration ,020801 environmental engineering ,remote sensing ,Water balance ,Streamflow ,Evapotranspiration ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,lcsh:Q ,lcsh:Science ,Nexus (standard) ,Groundwater ,FEW nexus ,hydrologic models ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Remote sensing - Abstract
Food, energy, and water (FEW) nexus studies require reliable estimates of water availability, use, and demand. In this regard, spatially distributed hydrologic models are widely used to estimate not only streamflow (SF) but also different components of the water balance such as evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture (SM), and groundwater. For such studies, the traditional calibration approach of using SF observations is inadequate. To address this, we use state-of-the-art global remote sensing-based estimates of ET and SM with a multivariate calibration methodology to improve the applicability of a widely used spatially distributed hydrologic model (Noah-MP) for FEW nexus studies. Specifically, we conduct univariate and multivariate calibration experiments in the Mississippi river basin with ET, SM, and SF to understand the trade-offs in accurately simulating ET, SM, and SF simultaneously. Results from univariate calibration with just SF reveal that increased accuracy in SF at the cost of degrading the spatio-temporal accuracy of ET and SM, which is essential for FEW nexus studies. We show that multivariate calibration helps preserve the accuracy of all the components involved in calibration. The study emphasizes the importance of multiple sources of information, especially from satellite remote sensing, for improving FEW nexus studies.
- Published
- 2020
47. Mapping daily evapotranspiration and dryness index in the East African highlands using MODIS and SEVIRI data
- Author
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Jonas Ardö, H. A. R. De Bruin, Mekonnen Gebremichael, and Zhigang Sun
- Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350 ,Index (economics) ,Meteorology ,lcsh:T ,Eddy covariance ,Polar orbit ,lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ,lcsh:Technology ,lcsh:TD1-1066 ,lcsh:G ,Evapotranspiration ,medicine ,Geostationary orbit ,Environmental science ,Dryness ,Satellite ,Water cycle ,medicine.symptom ,lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,lcsh:Environmental sciences - Abstract
Routine information on regional evapotranspiration (ET) and dryness index is essential for agricultural water management, drought monitoring, and studies of water cycle and climate. However, this information is not currently available for the East Africa highlands. The main purpose of this study is to develop (1) a new methodology that produces spatially gridded daily ET estimates on a (near) real-time basis exclusively from satellite data, and (2) a new dryness index that depends only on satellite data and weather forecast data. The methodology that calculates daily actual ET involves combining data from two sensors (MODIS and SEVIRI) onboard two kinds of platforms (Terra – polar orbit satellite and MSG – geostationary orbit satellite). The methodology is applied to the East African highlands, and results are compared to eddy covariance measurements at one site. Results show that the methodology produces ET estimates that accurately reproduce the daily fluctuation in ET but tends to underestimate ET on the average. It is concluded that the synergistic use of the polar-orbiting MODIS data and the geostationary-orbiting SEVIRI data has potential to produce reliable daily ET, but further research is needed to improve the accuracy of the results. This study also proposes an operational new dryness index that can be calculated from the satellite-based daily actual ET estimates and daily reference ET estimates based on SEVIRI data and weather forecast air temperature. Comparison of this index against ground measurements of daily actual ET at one site indicates that the new dryness index can be used for drought monitoring.
- Published
- 2018
48. Rain event properties at the source of the Blue Nile River
- Author
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Emad Habib, Tom Rientjes, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Alemseged Tamiru Haile, Victor Jetten, UT-I-ITC-WCC, Department of Water Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Department of Earth Systems Analysis, and UT-I-ITC-4DEarth
- Subjects
Wet season ,Watershed ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Event (relativity) ,0207 environmental engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Structural basin ,01 natural sciences ,lcsh:Technology ,Rain rate ,lcsh:TD1-1066 ,lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering ,020701 environmental engineering ,Field campaign ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,IR-80139 ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Hydrology ,Shore ,lcsh:GE1-350 ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,lcsh:T ,Terrain elevation ,lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ,15. Life on land ,6. Clean water ,lcsh:G ,13. Climate action ,ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE ,Environmental science ,ITC-GOLD - Abstract
In the present study, spatial and temporal patterns of rain event properties are analysed. These event properties are rain event depth, event duration, mean event rain rate, peak rain rate and the time span between two consecutive rain events which is referred to as inter-event time (IET). In addition, we assessed how rain event properties change when the period over which rainfall data is aggregated changes from 1 to 6 min and when the minimum inter-event time (MIT) changes from 30 min to 8 h. Rainfall data is obtained from a field campaign in two wet seasons of June–August (JJA) of 2007 and 2008 in Gilgel Abbay watershed that is situated at the source basin of the Upper Blue Nile River in Ethiopia. The rainfall data was automatically recorded at eight stations. The results revealed that rain event depth is more related to peak rain rate than to event duration. At the start and towards the end of the wet season, the rain events have larger depth with longer duration and longer IET than those in mid-season. Event rain rate and IET are strongly related to terrain elevation. Sekela which is on a mountain area has the shortest IET while Bahir Dar which is at the south shore of Lake Tana has the longest IET. The period over which rainfall data is aggregated significantly affected the values of rain event properties that are estimated using relatively small value (30 min) of MIT but its effect diminished when the MIT is increased to 8 h. It is shown that increasing the value of MIT has the largest effect on rain event properties of mountain stations that are characterised by high rainfall intermittency.
- Published
- 2018
49. Health impact of hepatic-venous-occlusive disease in a small town in Ethiopia—Case study from Tahtay koraro district in Tigray region, 2017
- Author
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Alefech Adissu Gezahegne, Kissanet Tesfay Weldearegay, and Mekonnen Gebremichael Gebrekidan
- Subjects
Male ,Abdominal pain ,Physiology ,Cross-sectional study ,Hepatic Veno-Occlusive Disease ,Occlusive disease ,Ageratum ,Disease ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Disease Outbreaks ,Geographical Locations ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Young adult ,Child ,Flowering Plants ,Alcohol Consumption ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Liver Diseases ,Ingestion ,Incidence ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Eukaryota ,Plants ,Middle Aged ,Chemistry ,Child, Preschool ,Physical Sciences ,Medicine ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Research Article ,Adult ,Adolescent ,Weed Control ,Science ,Gastroenterology and Hepatology ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Alkaloids ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Humans ,Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ,Nutrition ,Aged ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,business.industry ,Organisms ,Chemical Compounds ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Infant ,Outbreak ,biology.organism_classification ,Diet ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Age Groups ,People and Places ,Africa ,Population Groupings ,Weeds ,Ethiopia ,Physiological Processes ,business - Abstract
BackgroundHepatic venous-occlusive disease is blockage of microscopic veins in the liver causing 20-50% mortality. Ingestion of pyrrolizidine alkaloid plant, radiation therapy, and post-bone-marrow-transplant reactions are the commonest causes. In Ethiopia, a venous-occlusive disease outbreak was identified in 2002 in Tahtay Koraro district, Tigray. Suspected due to ingestion of the toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid plant Ageratum conyzoids, found throughout the district. We aimed to describe the surveillance data of venous-occlusive disease from September 2006 to August 2016 in Tahtay koraro district, Ethiopia, 2017.MethodologyWe defined a possible Hepatic venous-occlusive disease case as any patient with abdominal pain for at least 2 weeks, abdominal distention, and hepato-splenomegaly during September 2006-August 2016. We reviewed previous district line lists, weekly reports, and clinical records to identify and describe cases. Agricultural interventions were obtained from the agricultural offices of the district.ResultWe identified 179 possible cases with 83 deaths with a case-fatality rate of 46.3%. Among cases, 110 (61.5%) were males and 113 (63%) were >15 years. In total, 164 (91.6%) cases were from one village (Kelakil). The pick number of cases of VOD in this village was during 2008/09 which was 1076. The highest incidence (86/100,000) occurred in 2008. During the study period, 2,746 years of potential life were lost due to Hepatic venous-occlusive disease. Mechanical removal of the Ageratum started in 2011.ConclusionHepatic venous-occlusive disease was an ongoing problem in Tahtay Koraro; However, the problem has largely been alleviated by displacing people from the affected area and removing the causative weed. More research is needed to understand why Kelakil village was more affected despite the widespread presence of the weed. Chemical and mechanical removal of the Ageratum could strengthen intervention activities.
- Published
- 2019
50. Characterization of Ethiopian mega hydrogeological regimes using GRACE, TRMM and GLDAS datasets
- Author
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Ehsan Forootan, Mekonnen Gebremichael, Joseph L. Awange, G. Wakbulcho, T. Alemayehu, Richard Anyah, and Vagner G. Ferreira
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Water resources ,Hydrogeology ,Climatology ,Water storage ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Groundwater recharge ,Seasonality ,medicine.disease ,Water content ,Arid ,Groundwater ,Water Science and Technology - Abstract
Understanding the spatio-temporal characteristics of water storage changes is crucial for Ethiopia, a country that is facing a range of challenges in water management caused by anthropogenic impacts as well as climate variability. In addition to this, the scarcity of in situ measurements of soil moisture and groundwater, combined with intrinsic “scale limitations” of traditional methods used in hydrological characterization are further limiting the ability to assess water resource distribution in the region. The primary objective of this study is therefore to apply remotely sensed and model data over Ethiopia in order to (i) test the performance of models and remotely sensed data in modeling water resources distribution in un-gauged arid regions of Ethiopia, (ii) analyze the inter-annual and seasonal variability as well as changes in total water storage (TWS) over Ethiopia, (iii) understand the relationship between TWS changes, rainfall, and soil moisture anomalies over the study region, and (iv) identify the relationship between the characteristics of aquifers and TWS changes. The data used in this study includes; monthly gravity field data from the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission, rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), and soil moisture from the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) model. Our investigation covers a period of 8 years from 2003 to 2011. The results of the study show that the western part and the north-eastern lowlands of Ethiopia experienced decrease in TWS water between 2003–2011, whereas all the other regions gained water during the study period. The impact of rainfall seasonality was also seen in the TWS changes. Applying the statistical method of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to TWS, soil moisture and rainfall variations indentified the dominant annual water variability in the western, north-western, northern, and central regions, and the dominant seasonal variability in the western, north-western, and the eastern regions. A correlation analysis between TWS and rainfall indicated a minimum time lag of zero to a maximum of six months, whereas no lag is noticeable between soil moisture anomalies and TWS changes. The delay response and correlation coefficient between rainfall and TWS appears to be related to recharge mechanisms, revealing that most regions of Ethiopia receive indirect recharge. Our results also show that the magnitude of TWS changes is higher in the western region and lower in the north-eastern region, and that the elevation influences soil moisture as well as TWS.
- Published
- 2014
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