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31 results on '"Meixner, F.X."'

5. Impact of the Manaus urban plume on trace gas mixing ratios near the surface in the Amazon Basin: Implications for the NO-NO2-O3 photostationary state and peroxy radical levels

Author

Trebs, I., Mayol-Bracero, O.L., Pauliquevis, T., Kuhn, U., Sander, R., Ganzeveld, L.N., Meixner, F.X., Kesselmeier, J., Artaxo, P., and Andreae, M.O.

Subjects
atmospheric chemistry, WIMEK, hydroxyl radicals, reactive nitrogen-oxides, boundary-layer, photochemical steady-state, volatile organic-compounds, Earth System Science, tropical rain-forest, dry season, chemistry box model, ddc:550, Leerstoelgroep Aardsysteemkunde, airborne measurements
Abstract

We measured the mixing ratios of NO, NO2, O-3, and volatile organic carbon as well as the aerosol light-scattering coefficient on a boat platform cruising on rivers downwind of the city of Manaus (Amazonas State, Brazil) in July 2001 (Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia-Cooperative LBA Airborne Regional Experiment-2001). The dispersion and impact of the Manaus plume was investigated by a combined analysis of ground-based (boat platform) and airborne trace gas and aerosol measurements as well as by meteorological measurements complemented by dispersion calculations (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model). For the cases with the least anthropogenic influence (including a location in a so far unexplored region similar to 150 km west of Manaus on the Rio Manacapuru), the aerosol scattering coefficient, sigma(s), was below 11 Mm(-1), NOx mixing ratios remained below 0.6 ppb, daytime O-3 mixing ratios were mostly below 20 ppb and maximal isoprene mixing ratios were about 3 ppb in the afternoon. The photostationary state (PSS) was not established for these cases, as indicated by values of the Leighton ratio, Phi, well above unity. Due to the influence of river breeze systems and other thermally driven mesoscale circulations, a change of the synoptic wind direction from east-northeast to south-southeast in the afternoon often caused a substantial increase of ss and trace gas mixing ratios (about threefold for sigma(s), fivefold for NOx, and twofold for O-3), which was associated with the arrival of the Manaus pollution plume at the boat location. The ratio F reached unity within its uncertainty range at NOx mixing ratios of about 3 ppb, indicating "steady-state" conditions in cases when radiation variations, dry deposition, emissions, and reactions mostly involving peroxy radicals (XO2) played a minor role. The median midday/afternoon XO2 mixing ratios estimated using the PSS method range from 90 to 120 parts per trillion (ppt) for the remote cases (sigma(s) < 11 Mm(-1) and NOx < 0.6 ppb), while for the polluted cases our estimates are 15 to 60 ppt. These values are within the range of XO2 estimated by an atmospheric chemistry box model (Chemistry As A Box model Application-Module Efficiently Calculating the Chemistry of the Atmosphere (CAABA/MECCA)-3.0).

Published
2012

6. Isoprene and monoterpene fluxes from Central Amazonian rainforest inferred from tower-based and airborne measurements, and implications on the atmospheric chemistry and the local carbon budget

Author

Kuhn U., Andreae M. O., Ammann C., Araujo A. C., Brancaleoni E., Ciccioli P., Dindorf T., Frattoni M., Gatti L.V., Ganzeveld L., Kruijt B., Lelieveld J., Lloyd J., Meixner F.X., Nobre A.D., Poschl U., Spirig C., and Stefani P.

Subjects
Basso rapporto Isoprenoisi/NEE, Elevate Concentrazioni radicali OH, Foresta Amazzonica, Flussi isoprene e monoterpeni
Abstract

Flussi di isoprene e monoterpeni sono stati determinati in un sito della foresta Amazzonica mediante tre differenti metodi micro-meteorologici. Le misure degli isoprenoidi e dei loro prodotti di ossidazione ha permesso di stabilire che, in contrato con quello che si pensava comunemente, alte concentrazioni di radicali OH sono presenti nell'Atmospheric Boundary Layer di questi siti remoti. E' stato inoltre confermato che l'emissione di isoprenoidi rappresenta una frazione molto piccola della frazione di CO2 assimilata.

Published
2007

7. On Lagrangian dispersion of 222Rn, H2O and CO2 within the Amazon rain forest

Author

Simon, E., Lehmann, B., Ammann, C., Ganzeveld, L.N., Rummel, U., Meixner, F.X., Nobre, A.D., de Araujo, A., and Kesselmeier, J.

Subjects
tropical forest, WIMEK, net ecosystem exchange, scalar dispersion, atmospheric boundary-layers, turbulence statistics, source distributions, vegetation canopies, douglas-fir forest, carbon-dioxide, Earth System Science, Alterra - Centre for Water and Climate, model-plant canopy, Leerstoelgroep Aardsysteemkunde, Wageningen Environmental Research, Alterra - Centrum Water en Klimaat
Abstract

The present study focuses on the description of the vertical dispersion of trace gases within the Amazon rain forest. A Lagrangian approach is parameterised using in-canopy turbulence measurements made at a site in Rondônia (Reserva Jaru). In contrast to common scaling schemes that solely depend on friction parameters measured above the canopy, a combined scaling that also includes night-time free convective mixing in the lower part of dense vegetation canopies is proposed here. 222Rn concentration profiles and soil flux measurements made at a second site near Manaus (Reserva Cuieiras) are used to evaluate the derived parameterisation and the uncertainties of the forward (prediction of concentration profiles) and inverse (prediction of vertical source/sink distributions) solution of the transfer equations. Averaged day- and night-time predictions of the forward solution agree with the observations within their uncertainty range. During night-time, a weak, but effective free convective mixing process in the lower canopy ensures a relatively high flushing rate with residence times of

Published
2005

8. Lagrangian dispersion of 222Rn, H2O and CO2 within the Amazonian rain forest

Author

Simon, Eric, Lehmann, B.E., Ammann, C., Ganzeveld, L., Rummel, U., Meixner, F.X., Nobre, A.D., Araújo, A., and Kesselmeier, J.

Subjects
530 Physics
Abstract

The present study focuses on the description of the vertical dispersion of trace gases within the Amazon rain forest. A Lagrangian approach is parameterised using in-canopy turbulence measurements made at a site in Rondônia (Reserva Jaru). In contrast to common scaling schemes that solely depend on friction parameters measured above the canopy, a combined scaling that also includes night-time free convective mixing in the lower part of dense vegetation canopies is proposed here. 222Rn concentration profiles and soil flux measurements made at a second site near Manaus (Reserva Cuieiras) are used to evaluate the derived parameterisation and the uncertainties of the forward (prediction of concentration profiles) and inverse (prediction of vertical source/sink distributions) solution of the transfer equations. Averaged day- and night-time predictions of the forward solution agree with the observations within their uncertainty range. During night-time, a weak, but effective free convective mixing process in the lower canopy ensures a relatively high flushing rate with residence times of

Published
2005
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9. Isoprene and monoterpene fluxes from central amazonian rainforest inferred from tower-based and airborne measurements, and implications on the atmospheric chemistry and the local carbon budget

Author

Kuhn, U., Andreae, M.O., Ammann, C., de Araujo, A.C., Brancaleoni, E., Ciccioli, P., Dindorf, T., Frattoni, M., Gatti, L.V., Ganzeveld, L., Kruijt, B., Lelieveld, J., Lloyd, J., Meixner, F.X., Nobre, A.D., Poschl, U., Spirig, C., Stefani, P., Thielmann, A., Valentini, R., Kesselmeier, J., Kuhn, U., Andreae, M.O., Ammann, C., de Araujo, A.C., Brancaleoni, E., Ciccioli, P., Dindorf, T., Frattoni, M., Gatti, L.V., Ganzeveld, L., Kruijt, B., Lelieveld, J., Lloyd, J., Meixner, F.X., Nobre, A.D., Poschl, U., Spirig, C., Stefani, P., Thielmann, A., Valentini, R., and Kesselmeier, J.

Published
2007
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10. The NH4+-NO3--Cl--SO42--H2O aerosol system and its gas phase precursors at a pasture site in the Amazon Basin: How relevant are mineral cations and soluble organic acids?

Author

Trebs, I., Metzger, S., Meixner, F.X., Helas, G.N., Hoffer, A., Rudich, Y., Falkovich, A.H., Moura, M.A.L., da Silva, R.S., Artaxo, P., Slanina, J., Andreae, M.O., Trebs, I., Metzger, S., Meixner, F.X., Helas, G.N., Hoffer, A., Rudich, Y., Falkovich, A.H., Moura, M.A.L., da Silva, R.S., Artaxo, P., Slanina, J., and Andreae, M.O.

Abstract

Real-time measurements of ammonia, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfur dioxide and the water-soluble inorganic aerosol species, ammonium, nitrate, chloride, and sulfate were performed at a pasture site in the Amazon Basin (Rondônia, Brazil). The measurements were made during the late dry season (biomass burning), the transition period, and the onset of the wet season (clean conditions) using a wet-annular denuder (WAD) in combination with a Steam-Jet Aerosol Collector (SJAC). Measurements were conducted from 12 September to 14 November 2002 within the framework of LBA-SMOCC (Large-Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia - Smoke Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall, and Climate: Aerosols From Biomass Burning Perturb Global and Regional Climate). Real-time data were combined with measurements of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and low-molecular weight (LMW) polar organic acids determined on 12-, 24-, and 48-hours integrated filter samples. The contribution of inorganic species to the fine particulate mass (Dp = 2.5 µm) was frequently below 20% by mass, indicating the preponderance of organic matter. The measured concentration products of NH3 × HNO3 and NH3 × HCl persistently remained below the theoretical equilibrium dissociation constants of the NH3/HNO3/NH4NO3 and NH3/HCl/NH4Cl systems during daytime (RH <90%). The application of four thermodynamic equilibrium models (EQMs) indicates that the fine mode aerosol anions NO3 -, Cl-, and SO4 2- were balanced predominantly by mineral cations (particularly pyrogenic K+) during daytime. At nighttime (RH > 90%) fine-mode NH4NO3 and NH4Cl are predicted to be formed in the aqueous aerosol phase. Probably, Cl- was driven out of the aerosol phase largely by reaction of pyrogenic KCl with HNO3 and H2SO4. As shown by an updated version of the equilibrium simplified aerosol model (EQSAM2), which incorporates mineral aerosol species and lumped LMW polar organic acids, daytime aerosol NH4 + was mainly balanced by organic co

Published
2005

11. Coupled carbon-water exchange of the Amazon rain forest. II. Comparison of predicted and observed seasonal exchange of energy, CO2, isoprene and ozone at a remote site in Rondônia

Author

Simon, E., Meixner, F.X., Rummel, U., Ganzeveld, L.N., Ammann, C., Kesselmeier, J., Simon, E., Meixner, F.X., Rummel, U., Ganzeveld, L.N., Ammann, C., and Kesselmeier, J.

Abstract

A one-dimensional multi-layer scheme describing the coupled exchange of energy and CO2, the emission of isoprene and the dry deposition of ozone is applied to a rain forest canopy in southwest Amazonia. The model was constrained using mean diel cycles of micrometeorological quantities observed during two periods in the wet and dry season 1999. Calculated net fluxes and concentration profiles for both seasonal periods are compared to observations made at two nearby towers. The modeled day- and nighttime thermal stratification of the canopy layer is consistent with observations in dense canopies. The observed and modeled net fluxes above and H2O and CO2 concentration profiles within the canopy show a good agreement. The predicted net carbon sink decreases from 2.5 t C ha-1 yr-1 for wet season conditions to 1 t C ha-1 yr-1 for dry season conditions, whereas observed and modeled midday Bowen ratio increases from 0.5 to 0.8. The evaluation results confirmed a seasonal variability of leaf physiological parameters, as already suggested in a companion study. The calculated midday canopy net flux of isoprene increased from 7.1 mg C m-2 h-1 during the wet season to 11.4 mg C m-2 h-1 during the late dry season. Applying a constant emission capacity in all canopy layers, resulted in a disagreement between observed and simulated profiles of isoprene concentrations, suggesting a smaller emission capacity of shade adapted leaves and deposition to the soil or leaf surfaces. Assuming a strong light acclimation of emission capacity, equivalent to a 66% reduction of the standard emission factor for leaves in the lower canopy, resulted in a better agreement of observed and modeled concentration profiles and a 30% reduction of the canopy net flux compared to model calculations with a constant emission factor. The mean calculated ozone flux for dry season conditions at noontime was ˜12 n mol m-2 s-1, agreeing well with observed values. The corresponding deposition velocity increased from

Published
2005

12. Coupled carbon-water exchange of the Amazon rain forest. I. Model description, parameterization and sensitivity analysis

Author

Simon, E., Meixner, F.X., Ganzeveld, L.N., Kesselmeier, J., Simon, E., Meixner, F.X., Ganzeveld, L.N., and Kesselmeier, J.

Abstract

Detailed one-dimensional multilayer biosphere-atmosphere models, also referred to as CANVEG models, are used for more than a decade to describe coupled water-carbon exchange between the terrestrial vegetation and the lower atmosphere. Within the present study, a modified CANVEG scheme is described. A generic parameterization and characterization of biophysical properties of Amazon rain forest canopies is inferred using available field measurements of canopy structure, in-canopy profiles of horizontal wind speed and radiation, canopy albedo, soil heat flux and soil respiration, photosynthetic capacity and leaf nitrogen as well as leaf level enclosure measurements made on sunlit and shaded branches of several Amazonian tree species during the wet and dry season. The sensitivity of calculated canopy energy and CO2 fluxes to the uncertainty of individual parameter values is assessed. In the companion paper, the predicted seasonal exchange of energy, CO2, ozone and isoprene is compared to observations. A bi-modal distribution of leaf area density with a total leaf area index of 6 is inferred from several observations in Amazonia. Predicted light attenuation within the canopy agrees reasonably well with observations made at different field sites. A comparison of predicted and observed canopy albedo shows a high model sensitivity to the leaf optical parameters for near-infrared short-wave radiation (NIR). The predictions agree much better with observations when the leaf reflectance and transmission coefficients for NIR are reduced by 25¿40%. Available vertical distributions of photosynthetic capacity and leaf nitrogen concentration suggest a low but significant light acclimation of the rain forest canopy that scales nearly linearly with accumulated leaf area. Evaluation of the biochemical leaf model, using the enclosure measurements, showed that recommended parameter values describing the photosynthetic light response, have to be optimized. Otherwise, predicted net assimil

Published
2005

14. Biogeochemical cycling of carbon, water, energy, trace gases and aerosols in Amazonia: The LBA Eustach experiments.

Author

Andreae, M.O., de Almeida, S.S., Artaxo, P., Brandao, C., Carswell, F.E., Ciccioli, P., Culf, A., Esteves, J.L., Gash, J.H.C., Grace, J., Kabat, P., Lelieveld, J., Malhi, Y., Manzi, A.O., Meixner, F.X., Nobre, A.D., Nobre, C.A., de Lourdes Ruivo, M.A., da Silva-Dias, M.A.F., Stefani, P., Valentini, R., von Jouanne, J., Waterloo, M.J., Andreae, M.O., de Almeida, S.S., Artaxo, P., Brandao, C., Carswell, F.E., Ciccioli, P., Culf, A., Esteves, J.L., Gash, J.H.C., Grace, J., Kabat, P., Lelieveld, J., Malhi, Y., Manzi, A.O., Meixner, F.X., Nobre, A.D., Nobre, C.A., de Lourdes Ruivo, M.A., da Silva-Dias, M.A.F., Stefani, P., Valentini, R., von Jouanne, J., and Waterloo, M.J.

Published
2002
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25. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) uptake by vegetation controlled by atmospheric concentrations and plant stomatal aperture

Author

Chaparro-Suarez, I.G., Meixner, F.X., and Kesselmeier, J.

Subjects
*ATMOSPHERIC nitrogen dioxide, *VEGETATION & climate, *STOMATA, *PLANT species, *CHEMILUMINESCENCE, *CHEMICAL detectors, *ABSCISIC acid, *ATMOSPHERIC temperature
Abstract

Abstract: Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exchange between the atmosphere and five European tree species was investigated in the laboratory using a dynamic branch enclosure system (consisting of two cuvettes) and a highly specific NO2 analyzer. NO2 measurements were performed with a sensitive gas phase chemiluminescence NO detector combined with a NO2 specific (photolytic) converter, both from Eco-Physics (Switzerland). This highly specific detection system excluded bias from other nitrogen compounds. Investigations were performed at two light intensities (Photosynthetic Active Radiation, PAR, 450 and 900 μmol m−2 s−1) and NO2 concentrations between 0 and 5 ppb. Ambient parameters (air temperature and relative humidity) were held constant. The data showed dominant NO2 uptake by the respective tree species under all conditions. The results did not confirm the existence of a compensation point within a 95% confidence level, though we cannot completely exclude emission of NO2 under very low atmospheric concentrations. Induced stomatal stricture, or total closure, by changing light conditions, as well as by application of the plant hormone ABA (Abscisic Acid) caused a corresponding decrease of NO2 uptake. No loss of NO2 to plant surfaces was observed under stomatal closure and species dependent differences in uptake rates could be clearly related to stomatal behavior. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2011
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26. Coupling isoprene and monoterpene emissions from Amazonian tree species with physiological and environmental parameters using a neural network approach.

Author

Simon, E., Kuhn, U., Rottenberger, S., Meixner, F.X., and Kesselmeier, J.

Subjects
TREES, MONOTERPENES, ATMOSPHERIC chemistry, LEAF temperature, ISOPENTENOIDS
Abstract

The ability to predict isoprene emissions from plants is important for predicting atmospheric chemistry. To improve the basis for prediction capability, data obtained from continuous field measurements of isoprene and monoterpene emissions from three Amazonian tree species were related to observed environmental and leaf physiological parameters using a new neural network approach. The environmental parameters included leaf temperature, light, relative humidity, water vapour pressure deficit, and the history of ambient temperature and ozone concentration, whereas the physiological parameters included stomatal conductance, assimilation and intercellular CO2 concentration. The neural approach with 24 different combinations of these parameters was applied to predict the emission variability observed during short time periods (2–3 d) with individual tree branches and, on a longer-term scale, in aggregated data sets from different seasons, leaf developmental stage, and light environment. The results were compared to the quasi standard emission algorithm for isoprene. On the short-term scale, good agreement (r2≈ 0.9) was obtained between observations and predictions of the standard algorithm as well as predictions of the neural network using the same input parameters (leaf temperature and light). When these predictors were used to model the long-term emission variability,r2 was reduced to<0.5 for both approaches. Remarkably, for the neural technique, more than 50% of the unexplained variance could be explained by the mean temperature of the preceding 36 h. An even better network performance was obtained with physiological parameter combinations (r2 > 0.9) suggesting a strong and applicable link between isoprenoid emission and leaf primary metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2005
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27. Untersuchungen zur trockenen Deposition und Emission von atmosphärischem NO, NO$_{2}$ und HNO$_{3}$ an natürlichen Oberflächen

Author

Höfken, K.-D., Meixner, F.X., Müller, K.P., Ehhalt, D.H., and Publica

Abstract

In zahlreichen Labor- und Feldexperimenten wurden Emission und trockene Deposition der atmosphaerischen Stickstoffoxide NO, NO2 und HNO3 am Erdboden mit und ohne Bewuchs und an einer Wasseroberflaeche bestimmt sowie die Einfluesse unterschiedlicher Parameter auf ihre Groesse untersucht. Mit Hilfe der dynamischen Kammermethode wurde im Labor an unterschiedlichen Boeden der Einfluss von Bodentemperatur, Bodenwassergehalt und Stickstoffoxidkonzentration in der Luft auf den Austausch von NO, NO2 und HNO3 zwischen Boden und Atmosphaere unter Bedingungen, wie sie unter natuerlichen Verhaeltnissen vorkommen, eingegrenzt. Dabei wurde gefunden, dass diese Parameter einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Hoehe des Spurenstoff-Flusses vom und zum Boden ausueben. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse koennen nur dann sinnvoll erklaert werden, wenn davon ausgegangen wird, dass am Boden gleichzeitig Emission und Deposition von NO und NO2 stattfinden. Den Vertikalfluss von NO und NO2 als Kombination aus einem a us der Atmosphaere in den Boden und einem aus dem Boden in die Atmosphaere gerichteten Teilfluss zu interpretieren, ist ein wesentliches Ergebnis der vorliegenden Untersuchung. Die im Labor gewonnenen Ergebnisse wurden durch zahlreiche Feldexperimente mit der Kammermethode und der Profilmethode an unbewachsenem und an mit Vegetation bewachsenem Boden gestuetzt. Ergaenzend wurde der Fluss von NO, NO2 und HNO3 innerhalb eines Waldes und an einer Wasseroberflaeche untersucht. (IFU)

Published
1986

28. Scavenging of trace substances by clouds and precipitation

Author

Kins, L., Meixner, F.X., Müller, K.P., Ehhalt, D.H., Slanina, J., Moels, J.J., Beltz, N., Jaeschke, W., Rumpel, K.J., and Publica

Subjects
trace substances, field experiment, rain water, scavenging, cloud water, acid rain
Abstract

Several German and Dutch groups have joined forces to launch a field program to study in- and below-cloud scavenging of trace substances. This program, dubbed ALSDAN, the German acronym for "Scavenging of Soluble Trance Substances by Precipitation" began its measurements in Spring 1985 and is still continuing. In this paper we present the design of our field experiment and give a brief description of the methods and techniques utilized to measure the trace substances in air and in cloud- and rain-water during a precipitation event. To illustrate the results, the data from a single event on 10 May 1985 are briefly discussed. (IFU)

Published
1986

29. Bestimmung des chemischen Abbaus der Stickoxide in der Atmosphäre

Author

Drummond, J., Ehhalt, D.H., Hübler, G., Johnen, F.J., Khedim, A., Kins, L., Meixner, F.X., Mihelcic, D., Müller, K., Perner, D., Platt, U., Rudolph, B., Rudolph, J., Schubert, B., Volz, A., Kessler, C., Junkermann, W., Müller, K.P., Vierkorn-Rudolph, B., and Publica

Published
1985

31. Lagrangian dispersion of 222Rn, H2O and CO2 within Amazonian rain forest

Author

Simon, Eric, Lehmann, B.E., Ammann, C., Ganzeveld, L., Rummel, U., Meixner, F.X., Nobre, A.D., Araújo, A., and Kesselmeier, J.

Subjects
*RAIN forests, *PLANT canopies, *FORESTS & forestry, *FOREST meteorology
Abstract

Abstract: The present study focuses on the description of the vertical dispersion of trace gases within the Amazon rain forest. A Lagrangian approach is parameterised using in-canopy turbulence measurements made at a site in Rondônia (Reserva Jaru). In contrast to common scaling schemes that solely depend on friction parameters measured above the canopy, a combined scaling that also includes night-time free convective mixing in the lower part of dense vegetation canopies is proposed here. 222Rn concentration profiles and soil flux measurements made at a second site near Manaus (Reserva Cuieiras) are used to evaluate the derived parameterisation and the uncertainties of the forward (prediction of concentration profiles) and inverse (prediction of vertical source/sink distributions) solution of the transfer equations. Averaged day- and night-time predictions of the forward solution agree with the observations within their uncertainty range. During night-time, a weak, but effective free convective mixing process in the lower canopy ensures a relatively high flushing rate with residence times of <1h at half canopy height in contradiction to earlier estimates for Amazon rain forest. The inverse solution for 222Rn source/sink distributions shows a high sensitivity to small measurement errors, especially for day-time conditions, when there is efficient turbulent mixing in the upper canopy and profile gradients are small. The inverse approach is also applied to CO2 and H2O profiles. The predicted net fluxes show a reasonable agreement with Eddy Covariance (EC) measurements made above the forest canopy, although the scatter is large and the day-time solutions for CO2 are very sensitive to measurement errors. However, this is not the case for typical night-time conditions, where the CO2 profile gradients in the upper canopy are large. The inverse approach predicts a mean CO2 emission flux of 7.5μmolm−2 s−1 for the investigation period. This value is somewhat larger compared to estimates based on EC measurements, which are quite uncertain at night-time and thus reduces the upper bound of the estimated carbon sink strength for Amazonian rain forest. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2005
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