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This study examined the relationships of sociocultural body ideal internalization, difficulties in emotion regulation, and their interaction with body image concerns in a group of 423 Canadian adolescent boys. Participants were 12 to 17 years old and completed multiple self-reported questionnaires. Regression analyses and latent moderation structural equations were performed. Both variables were positively correlated with body dissatisfaction, drive for muscularity, restrained eating, and emotional eating. The internalization of men's sociocultural body ideal moderated the relationships between multiple difficulties in emotion regulation and some body image concerns. These results are in line with findings of other studies among adult men and women, and dominant theories of body image concerns, which have been derived especially from women populations., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© Hammill Institute on Disabilities 2023.)

Background: This study aimed to document recovery trajectories among adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) based on three markers of remission, namely changes in body weight, food restriction, and excessive exercise, and to identify predictors of these trajectories. Methods: One hundred twenty-six adolescent girls (14.7 ± 1.3 years) were recruited during initial assessment visits at specialized eating disorder (ED) programs in five University Health Centers across the province of Quebec, Canada. z-BMI and AN symptom severity (food restriction and excessive exercise) were assessed at initial assessment visits and subsequently reassessed at each quarterly follow-up over a 12-month period to identify recovery trajectories. Results: Considering the three markers of remission, three distinct trajectories emerged: Group 1, rapid responders; Group 2, gradual responders; and Group 3, unstable responders. At initial visits, a difference between groups was found regarding the type of treatment ( p = 0.01) and weight suppression ( p = 0.02). Group 1 had a higher number of youths hospitalized than Group 2 and Group 3, and a greater weight suppression than Group 3. Furthermore, individuals with atypical AN were more likely to belong to Group 2 than to Group 1 and Group 3 ( p < 0.0001). Conclusions: This study contributes to a better understanding of the heterogeneity of recovery trajectories in adolescent girls with AN.

The overarching goal of this study was to examine the unique contribution of psychological, familial, and friendship factors in explaining anorexia nervosa (AN) symptom severity 1 year following diagnosis among a sample of adolescent girls. A second objective was to determine whether friendship factors mediated the association between psychological and/or familial factors and AN symptom severity. This study included 143 adolescent girls under the age of 18 diagnosed with AN (M = 14.84, SD = 1.31). Participants were recruited from specialized eating disorder treatment programs. At admission (T1), participants completed a set of self-report questionnaires measuring psychological, familial, and friendship factors. AN symptom severity was assessed 1 year later (T2). Results of hierarchical regression analysis revealed that greater general psychological maladjustment at T1 (b = .26; se = .03; p = .00) was associated with greater AN symptom severity at T2. Greater alienation from friends at T1 (b = 1.20, se = .53, p = .03) also predicted greater AN symptom severity at T2, above and beyond the influence of adolescent girls' general psychological maladjustment. Finally, the mediating role of alienation from friends in the association between general psychological maladjustment at T1 and AN symptom severity at T2 was also identified. AN is a multidimensional disorder with a prognosis that involves both psychological and social factors. The results stemming from the present study shed light on the role of peer as a mechanism through which general psychological maladjustment is linked to AN symptom severity 1 year following diagnosis., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Abstarct: PURPOSE: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a severe chronic disorder and parents' experience of caregiving is usually marked by emotional distress and burden. Severe chronic psychiatric disorders are known to be linked with the concept of grief. Grief has not been investigated in AN. The aim of this study was to explore parents' and adolescents' characteristics that may be related to parental burden and grief in AN, and the link between these two dimensions., Methods: Eighty mothers, 55 fathers and their adolescents (N  =  84) hospitalized for AN participated in this study. Evaluations of clinical characteristics of the adolescent's illness were completed, as well as self-evaluations of adolescent and parental emotional distress (anxiety, depression, alexithymia). Levels of parental burden were evaluated with the Experience of Caregiving Inventory and levels of parental grief with the Mental Illness Version of the Texas Revised Inventory of Grief., Results: Main findings indicated that the burden was higher in parents of adolescents with a more severe AN; fathers' burden was also significantly and positively related to their own level of anxiety. Parental grief was higher when adolescents' clinical state was more severe. Paternal grief was related to higher anxiety and depression, while maternal grief was correlated to higher alexithymia and depression. Paternal burden was explained by the father's anxiety and grief, maternal burden by the mother's grief and her child's clinical state., Conclusion: Parents of adolescents suffering from AN showed high levels of burden, emotional distress and grief. These inter-related experiences should be specific targets for intervention aimed at supporting parents. Our results support the extensive literature on the need to assist fathers and mothers in their caregiving role. This in turn may improve both their mental health and their abilities as caregivers of their suffering child., Level of Evidence: Level III: Evidence obtained from cohort or case-control analytic studies., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Body changes concerns and body image dissatisfaction are common during pregnancy. We aimed to examine whether health care professionals (HCPs): ( i ) believe that women are concerned about body image during pregnancy; ( ii ) consider it important to question, support, and intervene when pregnant women express body image concerns; ( iii ) feel comfortable enough in their abilities to question pregnant women with concerns; and ( iv ) have sufficient knowledge and skills to provide adequate support. A 36-item e-survey, developed by ÉquiLibre in collaboration with an expert committee, was sent to HCPs via email. HCPs believe that some situations are associated with body image concerns: postpregnancy weight loss (74.0%), perceived changes in their appearance (65.9%), excessive weight gain (65.3%), and feeling less in control of their body (36.8%). Among 321 responders, 60% considered it important to question pregnant women's concerns. One in four (25.4%) considered themselves "totally comfortable" asking about weight and body image concerns. Our study showed that HCPs need to be better supported in developing their abilities to help weight-preoccupied pregnant women. There is an urgent need to clarify HCPs' roles and to delineate the referral process as well as to ensure staff availability, in terms of time and personnel.

Background: High-quality and relevant nursing education is needed to ensure graduates meet entry to practice competencies. Despite the important role of curricula in the development of nurses and the nursing profession, there does not appear to be a consistent or widely accepted approach to nursing curriculum renewal., Objective: To identify and synthesize existing curriculum renewal/redesign practices, create an aggregated logic model depicting an evidence-informed process for nursing curriculum renewal, and stimulate dialogue about how to keep nursing curricula relevant in an ever-changing healthcare context., Design: An integrative review, modeled on the Joanna Briggs Methodology of Systematic Reviews, of the available published articles, including empirical research and discussion articles., Data Sources: We searched for quantitative, qualitative, and non-research literature (English and French) on full nursing programs or curriculum revisions for pre-licensure nursing students enrolled in an undergraduate or associate degree program. Databases included CINAHL, Nursing and Allied Health, and Medline from January 2010 to January 2017. We then did a hand search for articles from January 2017 to April 2019., Synthesis: Extracted data were synthesized into an aggregated logic model based on Yin's method of cross-case analysis. Data included information about the internal context, the external context, drivers, the preparatory phase, the active phase, outcomes, and evaluation methods of the described curriculum renewal process., Results: Twenty articles were included, which were published between 2010 and 2018. The resulting logic model, The Ottawa Model for Nursing Curriculum Renewal, includes information on the context, process and outcomes of the renewal process, and how and when to evaluate curricula., Conclusion: This synthesis aids in defining the process of curriculum renewal for undergraduate nursing education. It stimulates systems level thinking and reveals gaps, such as the need for further research into curriculum evaluation. The Ottawa Model for Nursing Curriculum Renewal is a usable template to aid educators undertaking their own process of curriculum renewal., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None to declare., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study was to better understand the relationship between parents' experience of caregiving and expressed emotion during the early stage of their child's eating disorder. Fifty mothers and 38 fathers of adolescents suffering from anorexia nervosa and hospitalized for the first time participated in this study. They completed the Experience of Caregiving Inventory, a measure of the negative and positive aspects of the caregiving experience, and the Family Questionnaire, which measured the different dimensions of expressed emotion, namely emotional over-involvement and critical comments. Results showed that caregiving experience is significantly and positively correlated to expressed emotion. Among the negative aspects of caregiving, sense of loss contributed most to emotional over-involvement, while difficult behaviours contributed most to critical comments. The results suggest that parents' perceptions of their child and child's future are strongly related to their tendency to be over-involved. The perception of disruptive behaviours in their child could be one of the principal triggers or exacerbating factors of parents' critical attitudes.

Background: A better understanding of the individual difficulties reported by adolescents presenting with anorexia nervosa seems like an interesting avenue to refine our understanding of their psychological functioning., Objective: This study aimed to: (1) describe the behavioral and affective profile of difficulties of inpatient adolescent girls presenting a restricting type of anorexia (ANR); and (2) investigate the presence of a relationship between behavioral and affective problems and severity of the disorder., Methods: The sample consisted of 52 inpatient adolescent girls presenting an ANR. The youth self report assessed the behavioral and emotional profile of difficulties of participants while the Eating Disorder Risk Composite of the Eating Disorder Inventory measured the symptomatology of the disorder. A ratio between body mass index at admission and at the end of the treatment served as an indicator of weight gain., Results: The sample presented an internalized profile of problems. Individual differences were found and three profiles of difficulties were present in the sample: normative, pure internalizing and mixed (clinical on the internalizing and externalizing clusters)., Conclusion: This study provides information on the heterogeneity of this specific population otherwise quite similar and demonstrates how severity of the disorder can be associated with a wide range of other behavioral and affective difficulties., Level of Evidence: Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Few studies have examined how the perceived quality of multiple interpersonal relationships is related to eating disorder (ED) symptom severity in adolescents and how psychological variables might influence these associations. The aim of this study is to determine whether the perceived level of trust, communication, and alienation in the relationship with one's mother, father, and peers are predictive of ED severity in adolescent females and to test the mediating effects of low self-esteem and negative mood on these associations. Adolescent females aged 12 to 18 (N = 186) with a diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa (Restrictive; AN-R or Binge/Purge; AN-B/P) completed self-report measures evaluating the perceived quality of interpersonal relationships, ED symptom severity, low self-esteem, and negative mood. Multiple regressions revealed that the level of perceived alienation in the relationship with one's mother and peers was positively associated with ED symptom severity. Low self-esteem and negative mood acted as mediators of these associations. Considering that a high level of perceived alienation in the relationship with one's mother and peers appears to be associated with more severe ED symptoms through its impact on self-esteem and mood, improvements in the quality of these interactions are likely to be an effective target of intervention among adolescents.

Background: Binge eating (BE) has long been identified as a correlate of overweight and obesity. However, less empirical attention has been given to overeating with and without loss of control (LOC) in nonclinical samples., Purpose: The goal of the present study was to examine the association of (1) established correlates of BE, namely, weight and shape concerns, dietary restraint, and negative affect, and (2) three additional correlates, disinhibition, hunger, and interoceptive awareness (IA), to overeating in a nonclinical sample of college women., Method: Female students (n = 1,447) aged 18 to 21 years recruited from colleges in three Canadian metropolitan areas completed self-report questionnaires in class to assess sociodemographic and anthropomorphic characteristics, overeating, LOC, dietary restraint, negative affect, weight and shape concerns, IA, disinhibition, and hunger., Results: The established correlates of BE were significant correlates of all types of overeating and explained 33 % of the variance. Disinhibition was the most strongly associated correlate of overeating., Conclusions: Findings suggest that established correlates of BE are associated with other types of overeating such as objective overeating (OOE), as are disinhibition and hunger.

Two new reductive electrochemical (CO2 + H2O + 2e-; HCO2H + 2e-) and two new chemical methods (Al(CH3)3 + proton donor; NaO2CH) to prepare the title compound from Pd2(dppm)2Cl2 are reported. For the latter method, an intermediate species formulated as Pd2(dppm)4(O2CH)2(2+) is identified spectroscopically (1H NMR, 31P NMR, IR, and FAB-MS). Limited stability of the title compound in the presence of Cl- and Br- as counteranions is noticed and is due to sensitivity of the cluster toward nucleophilic attack of the halide ions. This result is corroborated by the rapid decomposition of these clusters in the presence of CN- to form the binuclear species Pd2(dppm)2(CN)4 and by the preparation of the stable salts [Pd4(dppm)4(H)2](X)2(X- = BF4-, PF6-, BPh4-). Upon a two-electron electrochemical reduction of this cluster to the neutral species (E1/2 = -1.42 V vs SCE in DMF) in the presence of 1 equiv of HCO2H, a highly reactive species formulated as [Pd4(dppm)4(H)3]+ is generated and characterized by 1H NMR, 31P NMR, and cyclic voltammetry. Subsequent addition of H+ (via RCO2H; R = H, CH3, CF3, C6H5) under the same reducing conditions, induces the homogeneous catalysis of H2 evolution. The turnover number is found to be 134 in 2 h, with no evidence for catalyst decomposition. This same species also exhibits a one-electron oxidation process (E1/2 = -0.61 V vs SCE in DMF) that induces the catalytical decomposition of formate (HCO2- --> CO2 + 1/2H2 + 1e-). This double catalysis from the same cluster intermediate is unprecedented.