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[Abstract] Recovery from a traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is challenging due to the limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system to restore cells, myelin, and neural connections. Cell therapy, particularly with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), holds significant promise for TSCI treatment. This systematic review aims to analyze the efficacy, safety, and therapeutic potential of MSC-based cell therapies in TSCI. A comprehensive search of PUBMED and COCHRANE databases until February 2023 was conducted, combining terms such as "spinal cord injury," "stem cells," "stem cell therapy," "mesenchymal stem cells," and "traumatic spinal cord injury". Among the 53 studies initially identified, 22 (21 clinical trials and 1 case series) were included. Findings from these studies consistently demonstrate improvements in AIS (ASIA Impairment Scale) grades, sensory scores, and, to a lesser extent, motor scores. Meta-analyses further support these positive outcomes. MSC-based therapies have shown short- and medium-term safety, as indicated by the absence of significant adverse events within the studied timeframe. However, caution is required when drawing generalized recommendations due to the limited scientific evidence available. Further research is needed to elucidate the long-term safety and clinical implications of these advancements. Although significant progress has been made, particularly with MSC-based therapies, additional studies exploring other potential future therapies such as gene therapies, neurostimulation techniques, and tissue engineering approaches are essential for a comprehensive understanding of the evolving TSCI treatment landscape.

[Resumen] Introducción: El agua, como componente más abundante del ser humano, es indispensable para la vida. Sin embargo, el agua en la naturaleza presenta minerales disueltos, siendo los mismos primordiales en los mecanismos de regulación del balance hídrico del organismo. Desde el punto de vista del deporte, conseguir una hidratación lo más efectiva posible antes, durante y tras la actividad es de vital importancia para conseguir optimizar el rendimiento. En situaciones cotidianas, los mecanismos que regulan el equilibrio hidroelectrolítico, con acceso a bebida, permiten que no existan grandes variaciones a lo largo del día y que la sed sea un buen mecanismo de control de la ingesta hídrica. En el momento en que realizamos actividad física aparece otro factor primordial (temperatura) que provoca desequilibrio y el medio interno se ve tensionado de forma mucho más brusca y la sed deja de ser suficiente para la regulación del medio interno. Si además la actividad física es intensa y se desarrolla bajo condiciones medioambientales extremas (alta temperatura y humedad) y con restricción de ingesta hídrica, todos los mecanismos de regulación hidroelectrolítica entran en acción mostrando la enorme complejidad de sus interacciones. El objetivo del estudio es analizar cómo se produce la rehidratación tras un ejercicio físico de alta intensidad y en una situación de estrés ambiental, en función de la distinta mineralización del agua de bebida utilizada, así como determinar si dichas bebidas pueden servir de ayuda para lograr una mejor recuperación del nivel hídrico y una más pronta capacidad de trabajo físico. Material y métodos: Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio con ciclistas aficionados de alto nivel consistente en dos sesiones de esfuerzo máximo (noventa minutos en cicloergómetro) en condiciones muy adversas de calor y humedad, y con restricción completa de aporte hídrico durante el esfuerzo. Posteriormente se procedió a rehidratar a cada deportista con un volumen de agu, [Resumo] Introducción: A auga, como compoñente máis abundante do ser humano, é indispensable para a vida. Con todo, a auga na natureza presenta minerais disoltos, sendo os mesmos primordiais nos mecanismos de regulación do balance hídrico do organismo. Dende o punto de vista do deporte, conseguir unha hidratación o máis efectiva posible antes, durante e trala actividade é de vital importancia para conseguir optimizar o rendemento. En situacións cotiás, os mecanismos que regulan o equilibrio hidroelectrolítico, con acceso a bebida, permiten que non existan grandes variacións ao longo do día e que a sede sexa un bo mecanismo de control da inxesta hídrica. No momento en que realizamos actividade física aparece outro factor primordial (temperatura) que provoca desequilibrio e o medio interno vese tensionado de forma moito máis brusca e a sede deixa de ser suficiente para a regulación do medio interno. Se ademais a actividade física é intensa e desenvólvese baixo condicións ambientais extremas (alta temperatura e humidade) e con restrición de inxesta hídrica, todos os mecanismos de regulación hidroelectrolítica entran en acción mostrando a enorme complexidade das súas interaccións. O obxectivo do estudo é analizar cómo se produce a rehidratación tras un exercicio físico de alta intensidade e nunha situación de #estrés ambiental, en función da distinta mineralización da auga de bebida utilizada, así como determinar se ditas bebidas poden servir de axuda para lograr unha mellor recuperación do nivel hídrico e unha máis pronta capacidade de traballo físico. Material e métodos: Levouse a cabo un estudo con ciclistas afeccionados de alto nivel consistente en dúas sesións de esforzo máximo (noventa minutos en cicloergómetro) en condicións moi adversas de calor e humidade, e con restrición completa de achega hídrica durante o esforzo. Posteriormente procedeuse a rehidratar a cada deportista cun volume de auga correspondente ao 150% do peso corporal perdido. Tras un proceso de a, [Abstract] Introduction: Water, as the most abundant component of the human body, is indispensable for life. However, water in nature contains dissolved minerals, which are essential in the mechanisms that regulate the body's water balance. From the point of view of sport, achieving the most effective hydration possible before, during and after activity is of vital importance in order to optimise performance. In everyday situations, the mechanisms that regulate water-electrolyte balance, with access to drink, ensure that there are no major variations throughout the day and that thirst is a good mechanism for controlling water intake. When we engage in physical activity, another major factor (temperature) causes imbalance and the internal environment is stressed much more sharply, and thirst is no longer sufficient to regulate the internal environment. If the physical activity is also intense and takes place under extreme environmental conditions (high temperature and humidity) and with restricted water intake, all the mechanisms of water and electrolyte regulation come into play, showing the enormous complexity of their interactions. The aim of the study is to analyse how rehydration occurs after high-intensity physical exercise and in a situation of environmental stress, depending on the different mineralisation of the drinking water used, and to determine whether these drinks can help to achieve a better recovery of the water level and a faster capacity for physical work. Methods: A study was carried out with high-level amateur cyclists consisting of two sessions of maximum effort (ninety minutes on a cycle ergometer) in very adverse conditions of heat and humidity, and with complete restriction of water intake during the effort. Subsequently, each athlete was rehydrated with a volume of water corresponding to 150% of the body weight lost. After a randomisation process, rehydration was carried out in one session with very weakly mineralised water and in the other

[Abstract] The anti-inflammatory action of fucoidans is well known, based on both in vitro and some in vivo studies. The other biological properties of these compounds, their lack of toxicity, and the possibility of obtaining them from a widely distributed and renewable source, makes them attractive novel bioactives. However, fucoidans' heterogeneity and variability in composition, structure, and properties depending on seaweed species, biotic and abiotic factors and processing conditions, especially during extraction and purification stages, make it difficult for standardization. A review of the available technologies, including those based on intensification strategies, and their influence on fucoidan composition, structure, and anti-inflammatory potential of crude extracts and fractions is presented.

[Resumen] Objetivos: Analizar la relación entre las alteraciones detectadas en la imagen de resonancia magnética (RM) y la recuperación neurológica en individuos con lesión medular traumática (LMT), Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo. Pacientes con LMT y estudio de RM realizado en la fase aguda de la lesión. Se valoró en la imagen la existencia de alteraciones de señal medular, compresión del cordón medular (CCM) y lesión de ligamentos vertebrales (LLV). Se comparó la exploración neurológica al ingreso y al alta. Resultados: Un 40,9% de los individuos con edema a un nivel y un 20,2% de los edemas de mayor tamaño mejoraron su grado AIS por un 19,0% de las hemorragias. La variación del índice motor (IM) también fue significativamente diferente en los grupos: 59.8±27.2, 42.5±29 y 41.6±21.7 respectivamente. Un 31.6% de los individuos con CCM mejoraron su grado de lesión por un 42.7% de quienes no la presentaban, y un 31.3% de casos con LLV presentaron mejoría por un 37.8% del grupo control. Respecto al IM, los individuos con CCM presentaron porcentajes de cambio inferiores: 35.1±37.5% por 49.4±38.1%. Lo mismo ocurrió con los casos con LLV, siendo los porcentajes 28.5±37.1% y 46.0±37.5%. Conclusiones: Existe una peor evolución neurológica en LMT que presentan hemorragia parenquimatosa, CCM y LLV., [Resumo] Obxectivos: Analizar a relación entre as alteracións detectadas nas imaxes de resonancia magnética (RM) e a recuperación neurolóxica en individuos con lesión medular traumática (LMT), Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo. Pacientes con LMT e estudo de RM realizado na fase aguda da lesión. Valoráronse na imaxe as alteracións da sinal medular, a presenza de compresión do cordón medular (CCM) e a lesión dos ligamentos vertebrais (LLV). Camparáronse as exploracións neurolóxicas realizadas ó ingreso e á alta. Resultados: Un 40,9% dos individuos con edema a un nivel e un 20,2% dos edemas de maior tamaño melloraron o seu grado AIS por un 19,0% das hemorraxias medulares. A variación do índice motor (IM) foi tamén significativamente diferente nos grupos a comparar: 59.8±27.2, 42.5±29 e 41.6±21.7 respectivamente. Un 31.6% dos individuos con CCM melloraron o seu grado de lesión por un 42.7% dos que non presentaban, e un 31.3% de casos con LLV presentaron melloría por un 37.8% do grupo control. Respecto ó IM, os individuos con CCM presentaron cifras menores de porcentaxe de cambio: 35.1±37.5% por 49.4±38.1%. Aconteceu o mesmo cos casos con LLV, sendo as porcentaxes de 28.5±37.1% e 46.0±37.5%. Conclusións: Existe unha peor evolución neurolóxica nas LMT que presentan hemorraxia parenquimatosa, CCM y LLV., [Abstract] Objectives: To analyze the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alterations and neurological recovery in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI). Methods: Retrospective study carried out on patients with tSCI and MRI carried out in the acute moment. Alterations in the spinal cord signal, existence of spinal cord compression (SCC) and vertebral ligaments disruption (VLD) were assessed in the image. AIS Injury Severity (AIS) score at admission and discharge was compared. Results: 40.9% of the individuals with one-level edema and 20.2% of those with long edema improved their AIS grade while percentage was 19.0% for the hemorrhages. Variation of motor index (MI) was also significantly different in the groups, respectively 59.8±27.2, 42.5±29 and 41.6±21.7. 31.6% of individuals with SCC improved their AIS grade compared to 42.7% of those whit no compression, and 31.3% of cases with VLD improved compared to 37.8% of the control group. Regarding the MI, the percentage of change in individuals with SCC was lower: 35.1±37.5% for 49.4±38.1%. Similar happened with the patients with VLD, being the percentages 28.5±37.1% and 46.0±37.5%. Conclusions: Neurological evolution in tSCI is worse in individuals who concur with parenchymal hemorrhage, SCC and VLD.

[Resumo] O trastorno do espectro do autismo (TEA) é unha desorde que afecta ao sistema nervioso e ao desenvolvemento das persoas que o sofren, así como dificultades noutras áreas como a interacción social, a conduta ou a comunicación. O medio acuático é unha ferramenta terapéutica favorable para potenciar a autoestima, a socialización, as funcións relacionadas co movemento e o desempeño ocupacional, entre outras, tendo especialmente en conta os efectos do medio acuático no desempeño ocupacional nos nenos con TEA. Obxectivo: o obxectivo xeral deste proxecto é coñecer os efectos do medio acuático no desempeño ocupacional en nenos con TEA a través da terapia ocupacional., [Resumen] El trastorno del espectro del autismo (TEA) es un desorden que afecta al sistema nervioso y al desarrollo de las personas que lo sufren, así como dificultades en otras áreas como la interacción social, la conducta y la comunicación. El medio acuático es una herramienta terapéutica favorable para potenciar la autoestima, la socialización, las funciones relacionadas con el movimiento y el desempeño ocupacional, entre otras, teniendo especialmente en cuenta el efecto del medio acuático en el desempeño ocupacional en los niños con TEA. Objetivo: el objetivo general de este proyecto es conocer los efectos del medio acuático en el desempeño ocupacional en los niños con TEA a través de la terapia ocupacional., [Abstract] Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a disorder that affects the nervous system and the development of the people who suffer it, leading to difficulties in other areas such as social interaction, conduct and communication. The aquatic environment is a therapeutic tool that is beneficial to enhance self-esteem, socialization, functions related with the movement and occupational performance, among others. The effect that aquatic environment has on occupational performance of children with ASD should be specially taken into account. Aim: the main purpose of the present work is to know the effects that the aquatic environment has in occupational performance on children with ASD through occupational therapy.

[Abstract] Objectives: To analyze the relationship between neurological progression following traumatic spinal cord injury and Spinal Cord Compression (SCC) and Spinal Ligamentous Injury (LI) by magnetic resonance imaging. Design: Retrospective observational study. Setting: Spinal Cord Injury Unit (A Coruña, Spain). Participants: Patients were admitted for traumatic spinal cord injury between January 2010 and December 2018 with a magnetic resonance imaging examination performed during the acute phase. Intervention: Evaluation of SCC and LI by magnetic resonance imaging. Outcome measures: Comparisons between neurological examination at admission and discharge were made, assessing ASIA Impairment Scale (AIS) grade and motor score. Results: Data from 296 patients were collected. A relationship between SCC and LI and complete injuries were found (P < 0.001). Improvement of the AIS grade was observed in 31.6% of patients with SCC and 31.3% with LI versus 42.7% and 37.8% of subjects without these complications, respectively. Regarding motor score, patients with SCC had lower mean values at the beginning (46.9 ± 26.8 versus 61.1 ± 29.9 in the control group, P < 0.001), as well as less improvement when assessed by the percentage of change (35.1 ± 37.5% versus 49.4 ± 38.1% in the control group, P = 0.010). Similar results were obtained in cases with LI: mean motor score at admission was 45.9 ± 26.7 versus 54.9 ± 29.4 in the control group (P = 0.014) and the percentage of change was 28.5 ± 37.1% in comparison to 46.0 ± 37.5% (P = 0.001) in the controls. Conclusions: There is a relationship between SCC and LI and complete spinal cord injury. This patient population has lower possibilities of improving their AIS grade and motor score.

[Abstract] The species composition of cyanobacteria assemblages was studied in six thermo-mineral springs of spas in Atlantic environments of Galicia (NW Spain). Two are considered hot (Ta ≥ 40 °C), two intermediate (Ta 20–40 °C) and two cold (Ta ≤ 20 °C), and four contain hydrogen sulphide. A total of 21 taxa (14 genera) have been recorded. Two diversity indices, Shannon index and Evenness were determined. The Shannon–Wiener index ranged between 0.31 and 0.73 and the Evenness index between 0.44 and 0.88. nMDS ordination showed that cyanobacteria assemblage composition was influenced mostly by temperature. Of the species identified, the most diverse genus is Leptolyngbya with four species, followed by Chroococcus with three species and Aphanocapsa, Phormidium and Lyngbya with two species. The most abundant species was Jaaginema angustissimum, followed by Leptolyngbya laminosa and Symploca thermalis. In the two cold springs, seven different species were found, and only Aphanocapsa conferta was common to both springs. Cyanobacterial species were more numerous in the four hot springs, with 15 different species and only Calothrix thermalis common to these hot springs. It is difficult to establish characteristic cyanobacterial flora for the thermo-mineral waters of the Galician springs since there are significant differences in the communities from the six sites studied.

[Resumen] Objetivo. Valorar en individuos con lesión medular traumática (LMT) la relación entre la mortalidad y la necesidad de UCI y las alteraciones objetivadas mediante resonancia magnética (RM) precoz, analizando alteraciones parenquimatosas, disrupción de ligamentos vertebrales (DLV) y compresión del cordón medular (CCM). Diseño. Estudio retrospectivo. Ámbito. Hospital de tercer nivel, unidad de lesionados medulares y UCI. Pacientes. Individuos con LMT aguda entre los años 2010 y 2019. Intervenciones. Análisis de RM realizada en las primeras 72 horas. Variables de interés. Ingreso en UCI y mortalidad. Resultados. Recogidos 269 casos. El patrón que se asoció a una mayor mortalidad fue la hemorragia (16,7%) por 12,5% de los edemas a un nivel y 6,5% de los edemas a múltiples niveles (p = 0,125). Lo mismo aconteció con los ingresos en UCI: 69,0% en hemorragia por 60,2% en edema múltiple y 46,3% en edemas cortos (p = 0,018). Con respecto a la CCM, la mortalidad fue del 13,4% con 59,2% de ingresos en UCI por 2,2% y 42,2% de quienes no presentaban compresión (p = 0,020 y p = 0,003). Las cifras de éxitus e ingreso en UCI en los individuos con DLV fueron del 15,0% y el 67,3%, respectivamente, por un 6,2% y 44,4% de los individuos sin DLV (p < 0,001 y p = 0,013). Conclusiones. La presencia de hemorragia medular, CCM y DLV se asoció a una mayor necesidad de UCI. Existe un significativo aumento de la mortalidad en los casos con CCM y DLV., [Abstract] Objective. To assess in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) the relationship between mortality and need for ICU and early magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), analyzing spinal parenchymal alterations, disruption of vertebral ligaments (DVL) and spinal cord compression (SCC). Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Third-level hospital, Spinal Cord Injury Unit and ICU. Patients. Individuals with acute TSCI between 2010 and 2019. Intervention. Analysis of MRI performed in the first 72 h. Variables of interest. Admission to ICU and mortality. Results. 269 cases collected. The pattern that demonstrated higher mortality was cord hemorrhage (16.7%) for 12.5% of single-level edema and 6.5% of multilevel edema (p = 0.125). The same happened with ICU admissions: 69.0% in hemorrhage, 60.2% in multilevel edema and 46.3% in short edema (p = 0.018). Analyzing CCM, mortality was 13.4% with 59.2% of ICU admissions, for 2.2% and 42.2% of individuals without cord compression (p = 0.020 and p = 0.003). The figures of death and ICU admission among cord injuries with DVL were 15.0% and 67.3%, for 6.2% and 44.4% of the individuals without DLV (p < 0.001 and p = 0.013). Conclusions. The presence of spinal cord hemorrhage, SCC and DVL was associated with a higher admission in ICU. A significant increase in mortality was observed in cases with SCC and DVL.

[Resumen] Introducción: La xerostomía o también llamada “boca seca”, se conoce como la sequedad subjetiva de la boca a consecuencia de la disminución o cambio de la secreción salival. Es uno de los síntomas secundarios más frecuentes de las farmacoterapias, siendo la causa más común de la boca seca. El tratamiento farmacológico de los individuos con lesión medular se centra en la prevención de lesiones secundarias, para ello se ingiere una variedad de fármacos que están fuertemente asociados con la xerostomía por consumo de medicamentos. Este trastorno provoca múltiples alteraciones a nivel físico, psicológico y psicosocial, generando un efecto negativo sobre la calidad de vida del individuo. Existe una diversidad de terapias para la reducción del síntoma, sin embargo, no se encuentra establecido un protocolo o evidencia científica que avale un tratamiento como el más efectivo. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio consiste en evaluar las diferencias en la eficacia clínica de un estimulante salival con un principio de ácido málico al 1% y un sustituto salival a base glicerol oxigenado, para así comprender cuál de los dos tratamientos cuenta con más eficacia en la reducción de los síntomas de los pacientes con lesiones medulares afectados por xerostomía a causa de la ingesta de medicamentos para sus tratamientos de lesiones secundarias. Materiales y métodos: Es un ensayo clínico controlado, aleatorizado, doble ciego. Se seleccionará una muestra de 50 pacientes con lesión medular que padecen de xerostomía por ingesta de medicación, y serán divididos en dos grupos. primer grupo de intervención constara de 25 participantes, los cuales utilizaran el spray de ácido málico al 1% combinado con flúor y xilitol y el segundo grupo estará integrado por 25 participantes que utilizarán el aerosol de triéster de glicerol oxigenado. Cada participante registrará el número de aplicaciones en un diario de aplicación. Se analizarán distintas variables, entre las que se encuentra el cue, [Resumo] Introdución: A xerostomía ou tamén chamada "boca seca" coñécese como a sequedade subxectiva da boca como consecuencia da diminución ou alteración da secreción salival. É un dos síntomas secundarios máis frecuentes das farmacoterapias, sendo a causa máis frecuente de sequedad bucal. O tratamento farmacolóxico dos individuos con lesión medular céntrase na prevención de lesións secundarias, para as que se inxiren unha variedade de fármacos que están fortemente asociados á xerostomía debido ao consumo de drogas. Este trastorno provoca múltiples alteracións a nivel físico, psicolóxico e psicosocial, xerando un efecto negativo na calidade de vida do individuo. Existe unha diversidade de terapias para reducir o síntoma, con todo, non existe ningún protocolo establecido nin evidencia científica que avalen un tratamento como o máis eficaz. Obxectivo: O obxectivo deste estudo é avaliar as diferenzas na eficacia clínica dun estimulante salival cun principio de ácido málico ao 1% e un substituto salival a base de glicerol osixenado, co fin de comprender cal dos dous tratamentos ten máis eficacia na redución de os síntomas dos pacientes con lesións medulares afectados por xerostomía debido á inxestión de medicamentos para o seu tratamento de lesións secundarias. Materiais e métodos: é un ensaio clínico controlado, aleatorizado e dobre cego. Seleccionarase unha mostra de 50 pacientes con lesión medular que padecen xerostomía por inxestión de medicamentos, que serán divididos en dous grupos. O primeiro grupo de intervención estará composto por 25 participantes, que utilizarán o spray de ácido málico ao 1% combinado con flúor e xilitol, e o segundo grupo estará formado por 25 participantes que utilizarán o spray triéster de glicerol osixenado. Cada participante rexistrará o número de solicitudes nun diario de solicitudes. Analizaranse diferentes variables, entre as que se atopa o cuestionario de gravidade da sequedade bucal, o cuestionario OHIP-14, a proba de sialometría e, [Abstract] Introduction: Xerostomia or also called "dry mouth" is known as the subjective dryness of the mouth as a result of decreased or changed salivary secretion. It is one of the most frequent secondary symptoms of pharmacotherapies, being the most common cause of dry mouth. Pharmacological treatment of individuals with spinal cord injury focuses on the prevention of secondary injuries, for which a variety of drugs are ingested that are strongly associated with xerostomia due to drug use. This disorder causes multiple alterations at the physical, psychological and psychosocial levels, generating a negative effect on the quality of life of the individual. There is a diversity of therapies to reduce the symptom, however, there is no established protocol or scientific evidence to support a treatment as the most effective. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the differences in the clinical efficacy of a salivary stimulant with a 1% malic acid principle and an oxygenated glycerol-based salivary substitute, in order to understand which of the two treatments has more efficacy in reduction of the symptoms of patients with spinal cord injuries affected by xerostomia due to the intake of medications for their treatment of secondary injuries. Materials and methods: It is a controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. A sample of 50 patients with spinal cord injury suffering from xerostomia due to medication intake will be selected, and they will be divided into two groups. The first intervention group will consist of 25 participants, who will use the 1% malic acid spray combined with fluoride and xylitol, and the second group will consist of 25 participants who will use the oxygenated glycerol triester spray. Each participant will record the number of applications in an application diary. Different variables will be analyzed, among which is the oral dryness severity questionnaire, the OHIP-14 questionnaire, stimulated and unstimulated sialometry

[Abstract] Study design: Retrospective observational study. Objectives: Assess the relationship between Magnetic Resonance (MR) image patterns and neurological recovery in patients with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (TSCI). Setting: Spinal cord injury unit in Spain. Methods: Patients admitted for acute TSCI between January 2010 and December 2018 with a MR exam performed in the acute phase were selected. Five patterns were established: normal, single-level edema, multilevel edema, hemorrhage, and spinal cord transection. Comparisons between the ASIA Injury Severity (AIS) score and Motor Index (MI) at admission and at discharge were made. Results: Collected 296 patients. Normal and cord transection patterns were excluded due to the low number of cases. Single-level edema pattern was primarily observed in cases with incomplete injuries, hemorrhage pattern in complete injuries, and multilevel edema pattern at similar percentages in complete and incomplete lesions. Improvement of the AIS score was found in 40.9% of single-level edema, 20.2% of multilevel edema, and 19.0% of hemorrhage (p = 0.042) patterns. By excluding the AIS grade D from the analyses, the figures increased to 70.3%, 52.2%, and 19.4% respectively (p < 0.001). This significant relationship was confirmed by multivariate analysis, although it was not as relevant as the examination according to ASIA-ISCoS performed at admission (p = 0.005 vs p < 0.001). Mean variation of the MI was also significantly different (p < 0.001) between the three groups: 22.6 ± 21.4 for single-level edema, 16.9 ± 21.1 for multilevel edema, and 4.5 ± 8.4 for hemorrhage. Conclusion: MR injury patterns observed at the acute phase are associated with the possibility of improvement of the AIS score and MI.

[Resumen] INTRODUCCIÓN: Los ACV son considerados la causa más importante de discapacidad a largo plazo en el adulto. Entre sus alteraciones neurológicas más comunes, se encuentra la negligencia visuoespacial (NVE) con una incidencia acumulada de más del 40%. Esta revisión, se centra en las técnicas de estimulación cerebral no invasiva, concretamente en la estimulación magnética transcraneal (EMT), como estrategia terapéutica en la NVE en pacientes post-ictus. OBJETIVOS: El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la evidencia actual sobre la efectividad de la EMT en el tratamiento de la NVE tras un ictus. METODOLOGÍA: entre enero y febrero del 2021 se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de estudios que utilizaban la EMT en pacientes que, tras un ictus, presentaban NVE. Para hacer efectiva la búsqueda, se revisaron las bases de datos PubMed, WOS, Scopus, CINHAL, Tripdatebase y Embase, y se hizo uso de la técnica “bola de nieve”. RESULTADOS: se obtienen 161 artículos, de los cuales, tras el proceso de cribado son incluidos 11 estudios. La suma de estos genera una muestra de 298 participantes con ACV derecho. La totalidad de la estimulación se aplicó en la corteza parietal posterior, sin embargo, el patrón de estimulación varió entre los estudios, 4 se decantaron por EMTr y los 6 restantes por TBS. La mayoría de los investigadores se inclinaron para ratificar la presencia de negligencia por: test de bisección de líneas y test de cancelación de estrellas. CONCLUSIONES: los resultados de esta revisión sistemática sugieren que el uso de la EMT es eficaz para reducir la gravedad de la NVE después de un ictus. Sin embargo, varias limitaciones hacen imposible asegurar su eficacia y se requieren más investigaciones que recojan más información y garanticen la fiabilidad del tratamiento., [Resumo] INTRODUCIÓN: os ACV son considerados a causa máis importante de discapacidade a longo prazo no adulto. Entre as súas alteracións neurolóxicas máis comúns, atópase a neglixencia visuoespacial (NVE) cunha incidencia acumulada de máis do 40%. Esta revisión, céntrase nas técnicas de estimulación cerebral non invasiva, concretamente na estimulación magnética transcraneal (EMT), como estratexia terapéutica na NVE en pacientes postictus. OBXECTIVOS: o obxectivo deste traballo é revisar a evidencia actual sobre a efectividade da EMT no tratamento da NVE tras un ictus. METODOLOXÍA: entre xaneiro e febreiro do 2021 realizouse unha procura sistemática de estudos que utilizaban a EMT en pacientes que, tras un ictus, presentaban NVE. Para facer efectiva a procura, revisáronse as bases de datos PubMed, WOS, Scopus, CINHAL, Tripdatebase e Embase, e fíxose uso da técnica “bóla de neve”. RESULTADOS: obtéñense 161 artigos, dos cales, tras o proceso de cribado son incluidos 11 estudos. A suma destes xera unha mostra de 298 participantes con ACV dereito. A totalidade da estimulación aplicouse na cortiza parietal posterior, con todo, o patrón de estimulación variou entre os estudos, 4 decantáronse por EMTr e os 6 restantes por TBS. A maioría dos investigadores inclinándose para ratificar a presenza de neglixencia por: test de bisección de liñas e test de cancelación de estrelas. CONLCUSIÓNS: os resultados desta revisión sistemática suxiren que, o uso da EMT é eficaz para reducir a gravidade da NVE despois dun ictus. Con todo, varias limitacións fan imposible asegurar a súa eficacia, e requírense máis investigacións que recollan máis información e garantan a fiabilidade do tratamento., [Abstract] INTRODUCTION: stroke is considered the most important cause of longterm disability in adults. Among it’s most common neurological disorders is visuospatial neglect (VSN) with acumulative incidence of more than 40%. This review focuses on non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, specifically transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), as a therapeutic strategy for VNS in postictus patients. OBJECTIVES: the aim of this study is to review the current evidence on the effectiveness of TMS in the treatment of post-stroke VNS. METHODOLOGY: A systematic search for studies using TMS in post-stroke patients with VNS was conducted between January and February 2021. In order to carry out the search, PubMed, WOS, Scopus, CINHAL, Tripdatebase and Embase databases were reviewed and the "snowballing” technique was used. RESULTS: 161 articles were obtained, of which 11 studies were included after the screening process. The sum of these results in a sample of 298 participants with right stroke. All stimulation was applied to the posterior parietal cortex, however, the pattern of stimulation varied between studies, 4 opted for rTMS and the remaining 6 for TBS. Most of the researchers opted for: line bisection test and star cancellation test to confirm the presence of neglect. CONCLUSIONS: the results of this systematic review suggest that the use of TBS is effective in reducing the severity of EVN after stroke. However, several limitations make it impossible to ensure it’s efficacy and further research is needed to gather more information and ensure the reliability of the treatment.

[Abstract] Although aquatic-based interventions are increasingly used in the psychiatric rehabilitation services, the effects of this type of community program as an adjuvant therapy for psychosocial problems of people with serious mental illness (SMI) have been under-explored. This research evaluated the feasibility and outcomes of an occupational therapy program consisting of aquatic-based activities (AA-OT program) in the community in Spain. This study is the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) on this topic. This pilot trial was conducted with a sample of 16 adults with SMI who were randomly allocated to the AA-OT program plus treatment as usual or treatment as usual alone (eight in each group). The AA-OT program included activation of daily living skills, warm-up, group activities/tasks, and relaxation. It consisted of two sessions per week over 12 weeks. Outcomes were evaluated at week 0 and 12. A total of 14 participants (87.5%) completed the trial. No adverse events or side-effects were noted. Comparisons between the two groups on change scores showed that participants in the intervention group showed significant improvements in several outcome measures: psychosocial problems (HoNOS), two health-related quality of life scales (SF-36: Physical Functioning and Mental Health), and performance of social activities (Activity and Social Relations scale). Satisfaction with the program was high. In conclusion, the results support the feasibility and potential benefits of this occupational therapy program. 12 weeks of aquatic-based activities in a group intervention may enhance the outcomes of psychiatric rehabilitation improving the severity of psychosocial problems, patient-reported health status, and social relations. This community-based program may be beneficial as a non-pharmacologic method in the illness management and recovery of people with SMI. The findings from this pilot trial need to be confirmed in a large, fully-powered RCT.

[Abstract] Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common articular chronic disease. However, its current treatment is limited and mostly symptomatic. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gas with recognized physiological activities. The purpose here was to evaluate the effects of the intraarticular administration of a slow-releasing H2S compound (GYY-4137) on an OA experimental model. OA was induced in Wistar rats by the transection of medial collateral ligament and the removal of the medial meniscus of the left joint. The animals were randomized into three groups: non-treated and intraarticularly injected with saline or GYY-4137. Joint destabilization induced articular thickening (≈5% increment), the loss of joint mobility and flexion (≈12-degree angle), and increased levels of pain (≈1.5 points on a scale of 0 to 3). Animals treated with GYY-4137 presented improved motor function of the joint, as well as lower pain levels (≈75% recovery). We also observed that cartilage deterioration was attenuated in the GYY-4137 group (≈30% compared with the saline group). Likewise, these animals showed a reduced presence of pro-inflammatory mediators (cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and metalloproteinase-13) and lower oxidative damage in the cartilage. The increment of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) levels and Nrf-2-regulated gene expression (≈30%) in the GYY-4137 group seem to be underlying its chondroprotective effects. Our results suggest the beneficial impact of the intraarticular administration of H2S on experimental OA, showing a reduced cartilage destruction and oxidative damage, and supporting the use of slow H2S-producing molecules as a complementary treatment in OA.

[Abstract] Objective: The aim of this study was to do a cost-benefit analysis of myofascial release therapy (MRT) compared to manual therapy (MT) for treating occupational mechanical neck pain. Methods: Variables regarding the outcomes of the intervention were intensity of neck pain, cervical disability, quality of life, craniovertebral angle, and ranges of cervical motion. Costs were assessed based on a social perspective using diary costs. Between-groups differences in average cost, cost-effectiveness, and cost-utility ratios were assessed using bootstrap parametric techniques. The economic cost-benefit evaluation was with regard to an experimental parallel group study design. There were 59 participants. Results: Myofascial released therapy showed significant improvement over MT for cervical mobility (side bending, rotation, and craniovertebral angle). The total cost of MRT was approximately 20% less ( $519.81; 95% confidence interval, $1193.67 to $100.31) than that of MT, although this was not statistically significant. Cost-effectiveness and cost-utility ratios showed that MRT could be associated with lower economic costs. Conclusion: With probabilities of 93.9% and 95.8%, MRT seems to be cost-effective for treating mechanical neck pain without the need to add any additional cost to obtain a better clinical benefit. Consequently, we believe it could be included in the clinical practice guidelines of different Spanish health care institutions.

[Abstract] Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and it is a leading cause of disability in the elderly. Its complete etiology is not known although there are several metabolic, genetic, epigenetic, and local contributing factors involved. At the moment, there is no cure for this pathology and treatment alternatives to retard or stop its progression are intensively being sought. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a small gaseous molecule and is present in sulfurous mineral waters as its active component. Data from recent clinical trials shows that balneotherapy (immersion in mineral and/or thermal waters from natural springs) in sulfurous waters can improve OA symptoms, in particular, pain and function. Yet, the underlying mechanisms are poorly known. Hydrogen sulfide is also considered, with NO and CO, an endogenous signaling gasotransmitter. It is synthesized endogenously with the help of three enzymes, cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH), cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MPST). Here, the expression of these three enzymes was demonstrated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and their protein abundance [by immunohistochemistry and Western blot (WB)] in human articular cartilage. No significant differences were found in CBS or CTH expression or abundance, but mRNA and protein levels of 3-MPST were significantly reduced in cartilage form OA donors. Also, the biosynthesis of H2S from OA cartilage, measured with a specific microelectrode, was significantly lower than in OA-free tissue. Yet, no differences were found in H2S concentration in serum from OA patients and OA-free donors. The current results suggest that reduced levels of the mitochondrial enzyme 3-MPST in OA cartilage might be, at least in part, responsible for a reduction in H2S biosynthesis in this tissue and that impaired H2S biosynthesis in the joint might be a contributing factor to OA. This could contribute to explain why exo

[Abstract] Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease that results in progressive cartilage destruction and subsequently joint dysfunction. Growing evidence indicates beneficial impact of balneological interventions in OA; however, their mechanisms of action are still unclear. Here, we evaluate the effect of balneotherapy in sulfurous water in an OA experimental model. Experimental OA was induced in Wistar rats by transection of the medial collateral ligament and removal of the medial meniscus of the left knee. Animals were randomized into three groups: non-treated (control) and balneotherapy using sulfurous water (SW) or tap water (TW). Macroscopic evaluation was performed, as well as evaluation of pain levels and analysis of motor function by rotarod test. Histopathological changes in articular cartilage and synovium were also evaluated. The presence of matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and oxidative damage markers was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Joint destabilization induced joint thickening, loss of joint flexion, and increased levels of pain. At day 40, animals from SW group presented lower pain levels than those from control group. Experimental OA also affected motor function. Balneotherapy in sulfur-rich water significantly improved joint mobility in relation to that in tap water. Besides, we observed that cartilage deterioration was lower in SW group than in the other two groups. Likewise, SW group showed reduced levels of MMP-13 in the cartilage. Conversely, we failed to observe any modulation on synovial inflammation. Finally, balneotherapy in sulfurous water diminished the presence of oxidative damage markers. Our results suggest the beneficial effect of balneotherapy in sulfur-rich water on an experimental model of OA, showing a reduced cartilage destruction and oxidative damage. Thus, these findings support the use of balneotherapy as a non-pharmacological treatment in OA.

[Abstract] Study design: Descriptive retrospective study. Objectives: To analyze risk factors associated with mechanical ventilation (MV) in cases of acute traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury (tCSCI). Setting: Unidad de Lesionados Medulares, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, in Galicia (Spain). Methods: The study included patients with tCSCI who were hospitalized between January 2010 and December 2014. The following variables were analyzed: age, gender, etiology, neurological level, ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) grade, associated injuries, injury severity score (ISS), ASIA motor score (AMS) at admission and mortality. Results: A total of 146 patients met the study's inclusion criteria. The majority were men (74.7%) with mean age of 62.6 (s.d. ± 18.8) years. Sixty patients (41.1%) required MV. Mean age of ventilated vs. non-ventilated patients was 57.3 vs. 65.7. Men were more likely to require MV than women, ASIA grades A and B were also more likely to need MV than grades C and D, as well as patients with associated injuries. The AMS of patients receiving MV was lower than that of those who did not require MV (20.1 vs. 54.3). Moreover, the ISS was higher in patients receiving MV (31.2 vs. 13.4). An AMS ≤ 37 and an ISS ≥ 13 increased the risk of requiring MV by a factor of 11.98 and 7.28, respectively. Conclusions: Isolated factors associated with a greater risk of MV in tCSCI were: age, gender, ASIA grade, ISS and AMS. However, the only factor with a significant discriminatory ability to determine the need for MV was the AMS at admission.

[Abstract] Galicia is located in the NW corner of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain). From a geological point of view, the territory belongs to the Hercynian chain and, more specifically, to a large outcrop dominated by igneous and metamorphic rocks called the Hesperian Massif or Iberian Massif. In some sectors the Hesperian Massif is partially covered by more recent sedimentary deposits. The geology of Galicia is very complex due to the age of the rocks that make up its substrate and their diversity. Thus, the hydrogeological behaviour of the underground medium (hydrodynamic and hydrogeochemical characteristics) will determine the therapeutic properties of the water emanating from the surface. In Galicia, aquifers are generally shallow with low mineralization, except for those whose waters come from deep fractured mediums. The chemical characteristics of the water are directly related to the geological matrix. The groundwater flows through the geological medium and is mineralogically enriched by heterogeneous chemical reactions. Galicia turns out to be an area rich in the potential exploitation, applications and use of different water resources. These resources are thermal, mineral-natural and mineral-medicinal waters. In this work, we have developed a study that relates the geology, hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical

[Abstract] Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are widespread rheumatic diseases characterized by persistent inflammation and joint destruction. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenous gas with important physiologic functions in the brain, vasculature and other organs. Recent studies have found H2S to be a mediator in inflammatory joint diseases. Objective: This review summarizes the recent literature in this area highlighting relevant developments. Conclusions: Several authors have found that H2S exhibited anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic and/or anti-oxidant effects in rodent models of acute arthritis and in in vitro models using human synoviocytes and articular chondrocytes from RA and OA tissues. The earliest studies used fast-dissolving salts, such as NaSH, but GYY4137, which produces H2S more physiologically, shortly appeared. More recently still, new H2S-forming compounds that target mitochondria have been synthesized. These compounds open exciting opportunities for investigating the role of H2S in cell bioenergetics, typically altered in arthritides. Positive results have also been obtained when H2S is administered as a sulphurous water bath, an option meriting further study. These findings suggest that exogenous supplementation of H2S may provide a viable therapeutic option for these diseases, particularly in OA.

[Abstract] Background. Recent findings support a connection between mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of inflammatory pathways in articular cells. This study investigates in vivo in an acute model whether intra-articular administration of oligomycin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial function, induces an oxidative and inflammatory response in rat knee joints. Methods. Oligomycin was injected into the rat left knee joint on days 0, 2, and 5 before joint tissues were obtained on day 6. The right knee joint served as control. Results were evaluated by macroscopy and histopathology and by measuring cellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE, a marker of lipid peroxidation), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and CD68 (macrophages) and chemokine levels. The marker of mitochondrial mass COX-IV was also evaluated. Results. The macroscopic findings showed significantly greater swelling in oligomycin-injected knees than in control knees. Likewise, the histological score of synovial damage was also increased significantly. Immunohistochemical studies showed high expression of IL-8, coinciding with a marked infiltration of polymorphonuclears and CD68+ cells in the synovium. Mitochondrial mass was increased in the synovium of oligomycin-injected joints, as well as cellular and mitochondrial ROS production, and 4-HNE. Relatedly, expression of the oxidative stress-related transcription factor Nrf2 was also increased. As expected, no histological differences were observed in the cartilage; however, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 mRNA and protein expression were up-regulated in this tissue. Conclusions. Mitochondrial failure in the joint is able to reproduce the oxidative and inflammatory status observed in arthritic joints.

[Abstract] The species composition of diatom assemblages was studied in five unpolluted thermo-mineral springs in Galicia (NW Spain). Three are considered hot and two cold, and some contain hydrogen sulphide. A total of 68 taxa (24 genera) have been recorded. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H′) ranged between 0.63 and 2.01. The nMDS ordination showed that diatom assemblage composition was influenced mostly by conductivity, temperature and hydrogen sulphide concentration. Diatom assemblages found in the Galician springs differed from those in springs of other geographical locations with similar physical and chemical characteristics. The most species-rich genera were Nitzschia and Achnanthidium with 10 and 8 species, respectively. Achnanthidium exiguum and Achnanthidium saprophilum had the widest distribution. Denticula thermalis and Achnanthidium caledonicum were found in environments with relatively low mineralization and low temperature, whereas Rhopalodia gibberula, Rhopalodia operculata and Fragilaria crotonensis were found in mineral-rich springs with high temperatures. Achnanthidium exiguum, A. saprophilum, Achnanthes coarctata, Achnanthes exigua var. elliptica, Mayamaea atomus, Eunotia implicata, Gomphonema minusculum, Gomphonema minutum and Cosmioneis pusilla were present in the spring with high H2S content.

[Abstract] Study design: Observational study with prospective and retrospective monitoring. Objective: To describe the epidemiological and demographic characteristics of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI), and to analyze its epidemiological changes. Setting: Unidad de Lesionados Medulares, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, in Galicia (Spain). Methods: The study included patients with TSCI who had been hospitalized between January 1995 and December 2014. Relevant data were extracted from the admissions registry and electronic health record. Results: A total of 1195 patients with TSCI were admitted over the specified period of time; 76.4% male and 23.6% female. Mean patient age at injury was 50.20 years. Causes of injury were falls (54.2%), traffic accidents (37%), sports/leisure-related accidents (3.5%) and other traumatic causes (5.3%). Mean patient age increased significantly over time (from 46.40 to 56.54 years), and the number of cases of TSCI related to traffic accidents decreased (from 44.5% to 23.7%), whereas those linked to falls increased (from 46.9% to 65.6%). The most commonly affected neurological level was the cervical level (54.9%), increasing in the case of levels C1–C4 over time, and the most frequent ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) grade was A (44.3%). The crude annual incidence rate was 2.17/100 000 inhabitants, decreasing significantly over time at an annual percentage rate change of −1.4%. Conclusions: The incidence rate of TSCI tends to decline progressively. Mean patient age has increased over time and cervical levels C1–C4 are currently the most commonly affected ones. These epidemiological changes will eventually result in adjustments in the standard model of care for TSCI.

[Abstract] Study design. Descriptive retrospective study. Objectives. To analyze risk factors associated with mechanical ventilation (MV) in cases of acute traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury (tCSCI). Setting. Unidad de Lesionados Medulares, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, in Galicia (Spain). Methods. The study included patients with tCSCI who were hospitalized between January 2010 and December 2014. The following variables were analyzed: age, gender, etiology, neurological level, ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) grade, associated injuries, injury severity score (ISS), ASIA motor score (AMS) at admission and mortality. Results. A total of 146 patients met the study’s inclusion criteria. The majority were men (74.7%) with mean age of 62.6 (s.d. ± 18.8) years. Sixty patients (41.1%) required MV. Mean age of ventilated vs. non-ventilated patients was 57.3 vs. 65.7. Men were more likely to require MV than women, ASIA grades A and B were also more likely to need MV than grades C and D, as well as patients with associated injuries. The AMS of patients receiving MV was lower than that of those who did not require MV (20.1 vs. 54.3). Moreover, the ISS was higher in patients receiving MV (31.2 vs. 13.4). An AMS ≤ 37 and an ISS ≥ 13 increased the risk of requiring MV by a factor of 11.98 and 7.28, respectively. Conclusions. Isolated factors associated with a greater risk of MV in tCSCI were: age, gender, ASIA grade, ISS and AMS. However, the only factor with a significant discriminatory ability to determine the need for MV was the AMS at admission.

[Abstract] Objective: As myofascial release therapy is currently under development, the objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of myofascial release therapy with manual therapy for treating occupational mechanical neck pain. Design: A randomized, single-blind parallel group study was developed. The sample (n = 59) was divided into GI, treated with manual therapy, and GII, treated with myofascial release therapy. Variables studied were intensity of neck pain, cervical disability, quality of life, craniovertebral angle, and ranges of cervical motion. Results: At five sessions, clinical significance was observed in both groups for all the variables studied, except for flexion in GI. At this time point, an intergroup statistical difference was observed, which showed that GII had better craniovertebral angle (P = 0.014), flexion (P = 0.021), extension (P = 0.003), right side bending (P = 0.001), and right rotation (P = 0.031). A comparative analysis between therapies after intervention showed statistical differences indicating that GII had better craniovertebral angle (P = 0.000), right (P = 0.000) and left (P = 0.009) side bending, right (P = 0.024) and left (P = 0.046) rotations, and quality of life. Conclusions: The treatment of occupational mechanical neck pain by myofascial release therapy seems to be more effective than manual therapy for correcting the advanced position of the head, recovering range of motion in side bending and rotation, and improving quality of life.

[Resumen] Introducción: Las lesiones asociadas a latigazo de la columna cervical (LALC) son muy comunes y aproximadamente el 50 % de pacientes refieren síntomas de mareo o inestabilidad. Estudios previos indican alteraciones del equilibrio en pacientes con LALC. La posturografía computarizada (PC) ha sido empleada para valorar cuantitativamente y cualitativamente la capacidad para mantener el equilibrio y las estrategias de movimiento postural en sujetos sanos, y en aquellos con mareos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las respuestas de pacientes con LALC con y sin mareos, y se comparó estos dos grupos con un grupo control de sanos. Métodos: El diseño del estudio fue prospectivo y observacional de tres grupos. Los participantes han sido 191 sujetos con LALC, 146 con mareos, 45 sin mareos, y 45 sujetos sanos. Para ser incluidos, los pacientes tuvieron que presentar en relación con traumatismo cervical tras accidente de tráfico mareos o inestabilidad, incluimos a 45 sujetos sanos que fueron reclutados entre voluntarios. Se usó la PC para medir el equilibrio bajo diferentes condiciones sensoriales alterando la visión y el soporte. Cada sujeto asumió una postura relajada en bipedestación con los pies descalzos, sobre una plataforma de fuerza (Ned/SVE IBV r Plataforma dinamométrica, Instituto Biomecánico de Valencia, España) Se registró la fuerza de reacción del suelo en los planos medio-lateral y antero-posterior. Los límites de la estabilidad se estudiaron con retroalimentación visual, así como la habilidad y eficacia del control medio-lateral y antero-posterior. Resultados: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la energía y los parámetros de posturografía son significativamente diferentes en el grupo con mareos, comparándolos con el grupo sin mareos. En el grupo sin mareos las diferencias fueron mayores que en el grupo control para todas las pruebas, pero significativamente en determinadas pruebas.