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Abstract The role of learner emotions in language learning has long been observed and researched. Of various emotions, foreign language anxiety, enjoyment and boredom have been the most often researched, while research on other emotions like pride and sadness is hardly available in the current literature. Research on emotions in students with special characteristics can be hardly found as well. Hence, this study collected interview data from 26 and survey data from 520 top students in two universities in China to examine their emotions in English language class. Analyses of the data revealed the following major findings: (a) The participants experienced a diversity of emotions in their English language class due to both learner-internal and external reasons, but the most often reported emotions were anxiety, enjoyment and boredom, (b) significant correlations existed among the students’ English language classroom anxiety, enjoyment and boredom, (c) English language classroom anxiety and boredom significantly negatively while enjoyment significantly positively predicted the students’ English test performance, and (d) English language classroom anxiety debilitated English learning but motivated students to study harder as well; enjoyment facilitated English learning but students might forget much of what had been learned after class; though boredom caused some students to be absent-minded in class, most students would study on their own when feeling bored. These findings further pinpoint the important role and complex nature of learner emotions in second/foreign language learning. Based on these findings, specific suggestions for language teachers and learners are discussed.

Licorice, derived from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, is a key Traditional Chinese Medicine known for its detoxifying, spleen-nourishing, and qi-replenishing properties. Licochalcone A (Lico A), a significant component of licorice, has garnered interest due to its molecular versatility and receptor-binding affinity. This review explores the specific roles of Lico A in various diseases, providing new insights into its characteristics and guiding the rational use of licorice. Comprehensive literature searches using terms such as “licorice application” and “pharmacological activity of Lico A” were conducted across databases including CNKI, PubMed, and Google Scholar to gather relevant studies on Lico A’s pharmacological activities and mechanisms. Lico A, a representative chalcone in licorice, targets specific mechanisms in anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. It also plays a role in post-transcriptional regulation. This review delineates the similarities and differences in the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Lico A, concluding that its effects on non-coding RNA through post-transcriptional mechanisms deserve further exploration.

Background: Second language (L2) learning is complex, multifaceted, and greatly influenced by various factors, of which individual factors like anxiety and motivation are important ones. Though anxiety and motivation have been shown to be strongly correlated with each other and interact with other variables to collaboratively affect L2 learning, mixed findings have been revealed, demonstrating the complexity of the interrelationship between L2 anxiety and motivation and their interactive effects on L2 learning. Purpose: Guided by the self-determination theory, this study aimed to explore the levels of and the relationship between English classroom anxiety and motivation as well as their predictive effects on Chinese undergraduate EFL (English as a foreign language) learners’ English achievement. Method: The participants were 571 Chinese university students who answered an 8-item English Classroom Anxiety Scale, a 35-item English Learning Motivation Scale, and a 5-item Demographic Information Questionnaire. They also reported their scores in tests that they had recently taken and self-rated their overall English proficiency as indicators of their English achievement. Results: The study revealed the following major findings: (a) the participants had a small to moderate level of English classroom anxiety, and a medium level of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, personal goals and expectancy/control in English learning, (b) English classroom anxiety was significantly negatively correlated with all motivation scales, (c) English classroom anxiety was not only significantly negatively related to but negatively predicted the students’ English achievement, and (d) significantly positive correlations existed between English learning motivation and English achievement. Of different motivation dimensions, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation positively predicted the latter. Conclusion: The findings of this study further demonstrate the importance of anxiety and motivation in L2 learning and the need to explore anxiety-reduction strategies, increase students’ intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and strengthen their expectancy in L2 teaching and learning, thus contributing to the understanding of foreign language anxiety and L2 motivation and enriching the current literature on the two issues.

Polygalae Radix: is the dried root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. or Polygala sibirica L., which has the effect of improving memory and cognitive function in traditional Chinese medicine. Modern pharmacological studies indicated that Polygalae Radix has rich pharmacological activities in vitro and in vivo, including protective effects on the nervous system, immune system, cardiovascular system and respiratory system, as well as antioxidant and antiepileptic pharmacological activities. Up to now, more than 160 metabolites from Polygalae Radix were identified, including triterpenoid saponins, xanthones, oligosaccharide esters and et al. The clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine has proved that Polygalae Radix has a certain irritation to the throat, and a large or long-term use will stimulate the digestive tract, and the main toxic metabolite is saponins. Therefore, Polygalae Radix should be pr ocessed or used in combination with other Chinese herbal medicines to reduce the irritation to the throat and reduce gastrointestinal irritation. This article provides a review of the metabolites, pharmacological activity, and toxicology of Polygalae Radix. It also discusses the future research prospects and existing problems of Polygalae Radix, providing reference for further research on Polygalae Radix.

This study compared the five-word lexical bundles (LBs) expressing gratitude in acknowledgments of dissertations written by Chinese and American PhD students of linguistics. Two corpora were built: (1) The Chinese University Dissertation Acknowledgments Collection (CUC) which contained 700 acknowledgments with a total of 300,686 tokens, and (2) the American University Dissertation Acknowledgments Collection (AUC) which contained 700 acknowledgments with a total of 493,045 tokens. We then retrieved five-word LBs, of which LBs expressing gratitude in CUC and AUC were identified, categorized, and compared with respect to frequency, forms and structures. Major findings were: (1) the Chinese students used a substantially greater number of gratitude LBs than the American students, (2) the two groups used considerably different gratitude LBs, and (3) the two groups mainly relied on verb phrase-based LBs to express gratitude, but the Chinese students used a larger proportion of noun phrase- yet a smaller proportion of verb phrase-based items than the American students, and (4) the two groups used dissimilar structures and words to construct gratitude LBs. These findings enrich our knowledge of linguistic patterns in dissertation acknowledgments as a unique genre of academic prose, and provide corpus-based learning materials for students tasked with properly expressing gratitude in their theses or dissertations.

Abstract Aim This study aimed to develop a tool to measure paediatric specialist nurses' core competencies and examine the scale's validity and reliability. Design An exploratory quantitative study. Methods This study was performed in April 2022 with 302 paediatric specialist nurses in mainland China. Items were created through a literature review, a qualitative interview, and the Delphi method. The data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, independent sample t‐test, explanatory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and split‐half reliability. Results The final scale consisted of five factors and 32 items. The factors were communication, coordination and judgement abilities; professional technology mastery ability; specialist knowledge mastery ability; medical‐related processes; and evidence‐based nursing competencies. The explained total variance of the five factors was 62.216%. The scale‐level and item‐level CVI of this scale was 1.00, and the mean CVR of the total scale was 0.788. The Pearson correlation coefficients of each dimension and the total dimension of the scale was 0.709–0.892, and within each dimension, it was 0.435–0.651. The Cronbach's α of this scale was 0.944, and its split‐half reliability was 0.883.

This article compared three-word move-specific lexical bundles (MLBs) in dissertation abstracts authored by linguistics doctoral students from China and the United States. Two separate corpora were constructed for analysis: (1) The China Linguistics PhD Abstracts Corpus (CLC), consisting of 700 abstracts totaling 613,713 words generated by doctoral students from China specializing in linguistics, and (2) the America Linguistics PhD Abstracts Corpus (ALC), comprising 700 abstracts totaling 247,359 words written by American doctoral students in linguistics. The identification of MLBs was based on log-likelihood values, indicating a notably higher number of instances within a specific move in contrast to the overall corpus. The study then proceeded to compare the structures, functions, and communicative purposes of MLBs in the two corpora. The findings of the analysis are as follows: (1) Chinese students employed a higher percentage of NP- and PP-based MLBs but a lower proportion of VP-based MLBs, and both groups used different words within similar structures; (2) Chinese students employed a higher percentage of research- and participant-oriented MLBs but a lower proportion of text-oriented MLBs, and the two groups used dissimilar MLBs to fulfill similar functions; and (3) the two groups employed distinct MLBs to achieve identical communicative purposes, with Chinese students utilizing MLBs specific to the CLC corpus. These findings highlight the pedagogical significance of MLBs and underscore the importance of corpus linguistics in identifying and teaching essential move-specific vocabulary to second/foreign language learners.

Guided by the complex dynamic systems theory, the present study explored university students’ dynamic motivation to learn Chinese as a second language and its interaction with their learning experiences during a semester while studying in China. The study was conducted in a state-owned university in China and collected data at two time points of the fall semester 2020: 97 Chinese learning motivation questionnaires at each of the two time points and 15 interviews at time point 2. Analysis of the data revealed that the participants’ Chinese learning motivation increased significantly at time point 2 compared with that at time point 1. The study also found that the participants’ Chinese learning motivation was an ongoing process, constantly interwoven with the participants’ learning goals and learning experiences. These findings confirm the dynamic nature of Chinese language learning motivation and the role of learning experiences in the learning of Chinese as a second language. Based on these findings, implications about how to enhance and sustain international students’ Chinese learning motivation are discussed.

BackgroundColposcopy is recommended once human papillomavirus (HPV)16/18 infection is detected. However, not all HPV16/18-positive women will necessarily develop cervical lesions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the application of quantitative HPV16 E7 oncoprotein detection as a cervical cancer screening method for more efficient screening while minimizing unnecessary colposcopy.MethodsE7 oncoprotein (HPV16) was quantitatively detected in cervical exfoliated cells of HPV16-positive women. The levels of HPV16 E7 oncoprotein in different degrees of cervical lesions were compared, and the optimal cut-off value for identifying HSIL+ was determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. With a pathological diagnosis as the gold standard, the sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and Kappa value were calculated to verify the diagnostic value of the method. Women diagnosed with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and normal women were followed up for 5 years to evaluate the predictive value of HPV16 E7 protein for disease progression/persistent infection.ResultsThe expression level of HPV16 E7 oncoprotein was positively correlated with the degree of the cervical lesion (r = 0.589, P < 0.01). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.817 (confidence interval: 0.729–0.904). The cut-off value of E7 oncoprotein for identifying HSIL+ was 8.68 ng/ml. The SEN, SPE, PPV, NPV, and Kappa values of HPV16 E7 oncoprotein for the identification of HSIL+ were 87.1%,70.0%, 87.1%, 70.0%, and 0.571, respectively, which were higher than those of ThinPrep cytology test (TCT). The SEN, SPE, PPV, and NPV of HPV16 E7 oncoprotein in predicting disease progression/persistent infection were 93.75%, 91.30%, 88.24%, and 95.45%, respectively.ConclusionThe quantitative detection of HPV 16 E7 oncoprotein can not only accurately screen cervical lesions but also achieve efficient colposcopy referral. Additionally, HPV16 E7 oncoprotein can accurately predict the progression of cervical lesions and persistent HPV infection.

In recent years, there have been more and more researches on the surface modification of diamonds, however, the exact types and quantities of oxygen-related species on diamond surfaces and the method to control the condition parameters to obtain as many oxygen-containing groups as possible have been rarely studied so far. Therefore, in this work, we focused on these questions. And we find out that ozone oxidation would not affect the overall crystal structure and morphology of diamonds. Besides, changing oxidation time and ozone concentration would significantly influence the density of hydroxyl groups, which is manifested as a change of oxygen content. In order to make the hydroxyl density on diamond surface reach a high level (3.12 × 1014 units/cm2), so that diamonds can be better combined with the resin matrix, the ozone oxidation time should be 15 min, and the ozone concentration should be 115 g•m−3. And under these conditions, the thermal conductivity of diamond and polysiloxane composites can reach 8.02 W/mK.

Learners’ beliefs on language learning and perceived self-efficacy are important to the success of their second/foreign language (SL/FL) learning. To reveal the general profiles of and relationship between Chinese students’ beliefs about English learning and self-efficacy, the present study examined beliefs about English learning and self-efficacy held by Chinese university EFL (English as a FL) learners at differing English proficiency levels. A total of 1,698 students from a top university in Beijing answered a battery of questionnaires. The results revealed a general overview of the students’ beliefs about the nature of language learning and the roles of teachers, feedback and learning strategies, and self-efficacy. Another major finding was that participants at different English proficiency levels differed significantly from one another in beliefs about language learning and self-efficacy.

Abstract Egg‐laying rate is mainly determined by ovarian function and regulated by the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis; however, the mechanism by which the ovary regulates the egg‐laying rate is still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in the transcriptomes of the ovary of Lingyun black‐bone chickens with relatively high and low egg‐laying rates and screen candidate genes related to the egg‐laying rate. RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐Seq) was conducted to explore the chicken transcriptome from the ovarian tissue of six Lingyun black‐bone chickens with high (group G, n = 3) and low (group D, n = 3) egg‐laying rates. The results showed that 235 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the chickens with high and low egg‐laying rates; among them, 209 DEGs were up‐regulated and 26 DEGs were down‐regulated. Gene Ontology analysis showed that the up‐regulated 209 DEGs were enriched in 50 GO terms and the down‐regulated 26 DEGs were enriched in 40 GO terms. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that up‐regulated DEGs were significantly enriched in 25 pathways and down‐regulated DEGs were significantly enriched in three pathways. Among the pathways, we found the longevity regulating pathway‐multiple species pathway, Estrogen signalling pathway and PPAR signalling pathway may have an essential function in regulating the egg‐laying rate. The results highlighted DEGs in the ovarian tissues of relatively high and low laying Lingyun black‐bone chicken and identified essential candidate genes related to the egg‐laying rate, thereby providing a theoretical basis for improving the egg‐laying rate of Lingyun black‐bone chicken.

This research study explored the changes in and effects of TED talks on Chinese postgraduate students’ English speaking performance and speaking anxiety over a period of 10 weeks. In this research, TED talks were used as a learning mode to provide a quasi-realistic sociocultural context for speaking English. 166 students from the experimental group using TED talks and 156 in the conventional mode participated in the quasi-experiment. They made eight-minute oral presentations and answered the 12-item English Speaking Anxiety Scale prior to and after the experiment. Analyses of the data revealed three major findings: 1) both the experimental and control groups did significantly better in English speaking performance and became significantly less anxious about speaking English over the 10-week period, 2) the experimental group did significantly better in move structure and were significantly less anxious about speaking English than the control group at the end of the 10-week period, and 3) the learning modes had a significant effect on students’ move structures of oral presentations but had no effect on their oral presentation performance and English speaking anxiety. These findings support the benefit of supplementing EFL (English as a foreign language) teaching and learning with TED talks and other similar virtual situated learning. Thus, the present study not only contributes to the current literature, which is short of studies on the effects of technology on SL/FL teaching and learning and the dynamic characteristic of the emotions associated with SL/FL learning, but also suggests that virtual situated learning like TED talks should be incorporated into SL/FL teaching and learning.

Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in soil is a serious form of heavy metal pollution affecting environmental safety and human health. In order to clarify the tolerance mechanisms to Cd-contaminated soils under N deposition, changes in plant growth, root architecture and physiological characteristics of Eleocarpus glabripetalus seedlings under combined nitrogen (N) and cadmium (Cd) treatments were determined in this study. The results indicated that Cd-induced negative effects inhibited the growth of E. glabripetalus seedlings through increased underground biomass allocation, and affected transpiration and respiratory processes, resulting in a decreased soluble sugars concentration in leaves and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in the roots. Root systems might play a major role in Cd absorption. Cd stress restricted the growth of fine roots (

Abstract Background The effectiveness of surgery of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in post-menopausal women needs to be investigated. This study evaluated the clinical significance of cold-knife conization in the diagnosis and surgery of cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in post-menopausal women. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of post- and pre-menopausal patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. All patients received cold-knife conization as the primary therapy. Results The satisfactory rate of colposcopy was significantly lower in the post-menopausal group than in the pre-menopausal group (38.33 vs. 71.25%; χ 2 = 36.202, P

This study examined lexical bundles (LBs) used differently by Chinese and American PhD students of linguistics in their dissertation abstracts. Two corpora were built, with each having 700 dissertation abstracts produced by Chinese and American PhD students of linguistics, respectively. The study then used lexical analysis software to retrieve frequently used three-word LBs, from which LBs having different frequencies at a significant level across the two corpora were identified and termed as bundles used differently (BUDs). BUDs were then categorized and analyzed manually in terms of structure, function, and distribution in rhetorical moves. The major findings were: (1) 57.14% of the frequently used LBs were BUDs, of which 90.67% had occurrences in both corpora. The BUDs distributed inequivalently across categories and moves, with the text-oriented category and the move of Result having the most BUDs; and (2) BUDs exhibited two major patterns: the Chinese and American students filled different constituents into structurally and functionally similar constructions, and used LBs of dissimilar functions to fulfill the same communicative purposes. These findings indicate that variations in LB use have a high pedagogic value and confirm the need for using corpora to identify and teach core genre-specific vocabularies to second/foreign language learners.

The present study explored the relations among foreign language (FL) classroom anxiety, enjoyment, expectancy-value motivation, and their predictive effects on Chinese high school students’ self-rated FL proficiency. Participants were 280 senior high school Chinese English as a foreign language learners who were surveyed on their foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA), foreign language enjoyment (FLE), and expectancy-value motivation. Results showed that (1) the students generally experienced a medium to a high level of FL classroom emotions with FLE slightly higher than FLCA. They were more value-motivated than expectancy-motivated toward FL learning. Most of them perceived their FL proficiency as unsatisfying; (2) the students’ FLE was significantly positively correlated with all dimensions of expectancy-value motivation, while their FLCA and expectancy-value motivation demonstrated a complex correlation pattern. As the students’ FLCA level increased, their expectancy beliefs, intrinsic value, attainment value, and utility value decreased, but their cost value increased. By contrast, as their FLE level increased, their expectancy beliefs, intrinsic value, attainment value, utility value all increased, while their cost value first increased and then slightly decreased; and (3) expectancy beliefs, intrinsic value, private enjoyment in FL learning and anxiety arising from fear of negative evaluation jointly significantly predicted the students’ self-rated FL proficiency. Implications for future research and teaching were also discussed.

The present large-scale quantitative study investigated the predictive effects of learning strategies and styles on Chinese undergraduate students' English achievement and their mediating effects on each other's relation to English achievement. A total of 439 students from different universities answered the 30-item Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire and 50-item Strategy Inventory for Language Learning as well as a background questionnaire. Analyses of the data revealed the following major findings: (a) Learning strategies were significantly positively related to learning styles, (b) both learning strategies and styles were significantly positively related to and predicted students' English achievement, and (c) learning strategies significantly mediated the relation between learning styles and English achievement. These findings clearly highlight the importance of learning strategies and styles in second/foreign language learning. Based on these findings, some implications are discussed.

It is generally acknowledged that emotions play important roles in second/foreign language learning. Nevertheless, though interpreting is highly stressful, not much research on emotions has been conducted is this area. Hence, this research investigated foreign language anxiety and enjoyment in interpreting class and self-efficacy in learning interpreting among Chinese university majors of interpreting. Analyses of 67 mixed-form questionnaires revealed the following major findings: (a) More than half of the participants felt anxious in the interpreting class, (highly) enjoyed the interpreting class and had (great) self-efficacy in learning interpreting well; (b) Interpreting classroom anxiety, enjoyment and self-efficacy were significantly related to one another and students’ self-rated interpreting competence; (c) Interpreting classroom anxiety negatively predicted students’ self-rated Chinese–English interpreting competence, while social enjoyment positively predicted students’ self-rated English–Chinese interpreting competence; and (d) A number of factors were reported for students’ anxiety and enjoyment in interpreting class and self-efficacy in learning interpreting. Based on these findings, some implications were discussed.

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity and nitrogen (N) deposition are two major environmental stresses which can affect plant growth. It’s less clear that how the combined Cd accumulation and N deposition affect the male and female plants of dioecious species. The aim of the present study was to detect sex-specific responses to Cd stress and simulated N deposition in one-year-old male, female and hermaphrodite seedlings of Morus alba. Changes in morphology, physiology, root architecture and biomass of the three sex types of mulberry seedlings were determined. The results showed that Cd toxicity caused limited growth, impaired photosynthetic apparatus and decreased gas exchange rates with significant sex-specific differences. Mulberry was found to deploy detoxification mechanisms to avoid or tolerate toxic Cd effects through the activation of the antioxidant system, increasing proline and non-protein thiol contents, translocating Cd into different plant parts and decreasing biomass. Females displayed a low tolerance to high Cd and were more sensitive to Cd stress. Simulated N deposition alleviated the negative effects of Cd on leaves and decreased sex-specific differences in the three kinds of mulberry seedlings, but N fertilizer did not affect the total biomass. The N-stimulated increasing in proline and non-protein thiol contents might play a crucial role in resisting the damage caused by Cd stress, and the three kinds of mulberry seedlings had slightly different ways of improving Cd tolerance by N deposition. Sexual differences in Cd accumulation are correlated with root architecture. This study provides evidence for the utilization of mulberry to treat Cd-contaminated soils under N deposition.

Soil extracellular enzymes play an important role in microbial functions and soil nutrient cycling in the context of increasing N deposition globally. This is particularly important for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) forests because of the decline in soil fertility induced by successive rotation. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of simulated N deposition (N30: 30 kg ha−2 year−1; N60: 60 kg ha−2 year−1) and phosphorus addition (P20: 20 mg kg−1; P40: 40 mg kg−1) on the activity and stoichiometry of soil extracellular enzymes related to soil C, N, and P cycling in Chinese fir. The results showed that N addition alone increased the activity of soil β-1,4 glucosidase (BG) but decreased the activity of N-acetyl-β-d-glucosidase (NAG) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP). N addition increased the ratios of soil enzymes, C:N and C:P, alleviated microbial N-limitation, and aggravated microbial C-limitation. P addition alone increased enzyme activity, and P40 addition increased the ratio of BG to soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and (NAG + LAP):MBC activity ratio, thereby aggravating C restriction. N and P co-addition significantly affected soil extracellular enzyme activity and stoichiometry. For instance, BG activity and BG:MBC activity ratio increased significantly under the N30 + P40 treatment, which intensified C-limitation. Soil pH was the main factor influencing enzyme activity, and these variables were positively correlated. The stoichiometric relationships of enzyme reactions were coupled with soil pH, total nitrogen (TN), and available phosphorus (AP). Our results indicate that changes in soil characteristics induced by N and P inputs influence the activities of soil microorganisms and result in changes in microbial resource acquisition strategies. This study provides useful insights into the development of management strategies to improve the productivity of Chinese fir forests under scenarios of increasing N deposition.

The present research explored L2 motivation, demographic variables and Chinese proficiency among adult learners of Chinese as a second language. A total of 83 international students studying in a Chinese university in Beijing answered the 54-item L2MSS questionnaire and a Demographic Questionnaire. Analyses of the data revealed the following findings: a) the L2MSS scales were significantly highly related to one another and highly reliable, b) ideal L2 self was significantly correlated with gender and the number of foreign languages learned (NFLL); integrativeness was significantly positively related to NFLL, c) the whole sample, as well as male and female participants, scored high on all L2MSS scales and had (great) motivation to study Chinese, d) female respondents held significantly more favorable perceptions of their ideal selves than their male peers, and e) L2SSM had no predictive effect or interactive effect with demographic variables on the students’ Chinese proficiency. Nevertheless, length of stay in China and gender proved to be powerful positive predictors for the latter. Evidently, the L2MSS scales are important dimensions of L2 motivation and closely related to second/foreign language learning. Understandably, it is necessary to continuously explore, understand and enhance students’ L2 motivation.

Studies of the spatial patterns of dominant plant species may provide significant insights into processes and mechanisms that maintain stand stability. This study was performed in a permanent 1 ha plot in evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests on Tianmu Mountain. Based on two surveys (1996 and 2012), the dynamics of the spatial distribution pattern of the dominant population ( (Blume) Oersted) and the intra- and interspecific relationships between and other dominant species populations were analyzed using Ripleyâs () function. We identified the importance value of a species in a community, which is the sum of the relative density, relative frequency, and relative dominance. The drivers of spatial distribution variation and the maintenance mechanisms of the forest were discussed. The results showed that the importance value of within the community decreased over the past 16 years. The population exhibited a significantly aggregated distribution within a spatial scale of 0â25 m in 1996 whereas it changed to a random distribution at scales larger than 5.5 m in 2012. From 1996 to 2012, the spatial distribution patterns between and (Batal.) Iljinsk. and between and (Lamb.) Hook did not change significantly. In 1996, and Miq. were positively associated at the scale of 0â25 m; this relationship was strongly significant at the scale of 6â10 m. However, there was no association between the populations of two species in terms of the spatial distribution at the scale of 0â25 m in 2012. Our findings indicate that the drivers of variation in the spatial distribution of the population were intra- and interspecific mutual relationships as well the seed-spreading mechanism of this species.Cyclobalanopsis myrsinifoliaC. myrsinifoliaKrC. myrsinifoliaC. myrsinifoliaC. myrsinifoliaCyclocarya paliurusC. myrsinifoliaCunninghamia lanceolataC. myrsinifoliaDaphniphyllum macropodumC. myrsinifolia

This study investigated the effects of learner variables on Chinese bilingual undergraduates’ intercultural sensitivity and effectiveness. A total of 439 students from different universities answered a battery of questionnaires. Major findings were: (a) the participants reported a moderate to high level of intercultural sensitivity and a moderate level of intercultural effectiveness; (b) no significant gender difference occurred in intercultural sensitivity and effectiveness, except for Interaction Engagement and Respect for Cultural Differences; (c) intercultural sensitivity and effectiveness were significantly positively related to and predicted each other; (d) confidence in learning English, self-efficacy in learning English and English classroom anxiety significantly predicted students’ intercultural sensitivity; and (e) English classroom anxiety, English learning motivation, and self-efficacy in learning English significantly predicted students’ intercultural effectiveness. Based on these findings, a path model was constructed which explains the relations among affect, intercultural communication sensitivity, effectiveness and competence.

The present large-scale mixed-method study examined English language classroom anxiety and enjoyment in Chinese young students in relation to gender and grade level. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 709 primary and secondary school students from a province in south China. Major findings were: (1) Around one third of the participants felt anxious when speaking English while more than half felt joyful in the English class. The same pattern applied for male and female students and those in grades 4 to 8; (2) significant gender difference in anxiety occurred in grade 4 and that in enjoyment occurred in grade 8; (3) the students tended to be more anxious and less joyful in the English class as their grade levels increased, with grade 7 being a dividing year of the (inverted) u -curve; (4) anxiety and enjoyment were significantly correlated with each other for students in grades 4 to 8; (5) both learner- and teacher-related variables were identified as causes for anxiety and enjoyment; and (6) the students reacted differently when feeling anxious or joyful in class: When feeling/becoming anxious, they often suffered a lot (e.g., becoming dumbfounded, sweating, trembling, and not knowing what to do or say, etc.); when feeling joyful, they often became more attentive and active in class and studied English harder. It is hence clear that English language classroom anxiety and enjoyment are two independent dimensions of emotion and that fostering positive emotions facilitates SL/FL learning.

The present research explored how foreign language listening anxiety (FLLA) affected Chinese university students' English listening test performance and how proficiency and gender mediated the effects of FLLA on the latter. Two different populations from two universities in China answered the 20-item Foreign Language Listening Anxiety Scale (FLLAS) as well as a demographic questionnaire and took an English listening test. Analyses of the collected data revealed the following major findings: (a) Five latent factors underlay the FLLAS, (b) when working alone, FLLA significantly negatively predicted students' English listening test performance, and (c) when working with proficiency and gender, English proficiency level, gender and FLLAS2 (proficiency in English listening) significantly predicted students' English listening test performance. These findings confirm the negative effects of FLLA on students' English listening test performance. They also indicate that English proficiency and gender mediate FLLA's effects on the latter, with English proficiency not only directly but also indirectly affecting the latter.

This study explored teaching anxiety and teacher foreign language anxiety (FLA) in 151 Chinese college English teachers in relation to their individual characteristics. Analyses of data collected from mixed-form questionnaires revealed the following major findings: (a) Major causes for teaching anxiety were concern about classroom teaching, research, other work and promotion, and interest and confidence in teaching, and major sources for teacher FLA were apprehension of speaking English, fear of negative outcomes, and confidence in English competence; (b) the participants of various backgrounds suffered from varying degrees of teaching anxiety and teacher FLA; (c) gender, age, educational level, English proficiency, and experience of visiting/studying in English-speaking countries significantly affected the participants’ teaching anxiety and teacher FLA levels; and (d) anxiety seriously affected the participants’ work and life. Evidently, anxiety is an important issue faced by university language teachers and needs to be further researched and seriously handled.

The present longitudinal survey study explored changes in and effects of foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) and listening anxiety (FLLA) on Chinese undergraduate students’ English proficiency over a semester in the COVID-19 context. A set of 182 matching questionnaires was collected from first-year undergraduate English as a foreign language learners at two time points of a 16-week semester. Analyses of the data revealed the following major findings: (1) the participants experienced high levels of FLCA and FLLA both at the beginning and end of the semester, neither of which changed significantly during the semester, (2) FLCA and FLLA were highly positively related to each other, (3) FLCA and FLLA significantly predicted students’ self-rated proficiency in listening and speaking English, and (4) confidence in using English, efforts and motivation to learn English and interaction with instructors and peers mediated FLCA and FLLA to exert effects on students’ self-perceived proficiency in listening and speaking English. These findings indicate that the learning environment is critical in influencing the levels of and changes in FLCA and listening anxiety and that these two types of foreign language anxiety are serious issues in the pandemic foreign language learning context.

Abstract Hollow and heterostructured architectures are recognized as an effective approach to improve photocatalytic performance. In this work, ternary TiO2/CdTe/BiOI with hollow structure was constructed via a step-by-step method. In addition, the effect of TiO2 structural regulation and the energy band alignment of BiOI and CdTe quantum dots (CdTe QDs) with TiO2 in TiO2/CdTe/BiOI on photocatalytic dye removal were also studied. The results reveal that the TiO2/CdTe/BiOI heterostructures with hollow substrates exhibit much higher photocatalytic activities than pure TiO2, P25, TiO2/CdTe, and TiO2/BiOI and ternary TiO2/CdTe/BiOI with solid substrates. For TiO2(H)/CdTe/BiOI, several synergistic factors may be responsible for the remarkable visible-light photodegradation performance, such as strong visible-light absorption by BiOI and larger specific surface area.

The present mixed-method study examined the foci and effects of peer and machine feedback on the revisions of Chinese university EFL learners’ English argumentative essays. The data included Draft 1, peer feedback (PF), PF-based Draft 2, machine feedback (MF), MF-based feedback, questionnaires, and interview recordings. The main findings were: (a) peer feedback was primarily concerned with content errors, while machine feedback mainly involved non-content errors, (b) significant differences occurred in errors of most types between Draft 1, PF and PF-based Draft 2, and between Draft 1, MF, and MF-based Draft 2, (c) the intake of ‘introducing a new topic in Conclusion’ was a powerful predictor of PF-based Draft 2 scores, and (d) the participants generally moderately considered peer and machine feedback to be useful. Based on the findings, some implications are discussed on how to better implement and enhance the quality of peer and machine feedback.

As a highly important affective variable, motivation has always been a focus of research in second/foreign language (SL/FL) learning and proved to play a critical role in SL/FL learning. Even so, considering the complex and dynamic nature of SL/FL motivation, it always deserves research. Guided by the newly proposed framework of L2 Motivational Self System (Dörnyei, 2005, 2009), the present mixed-method study hence explored Chinese English majors’ L2 motivational self. One hundred and one English majors from a prestigious university in Beijing answered the questionnaire and 15 of them were interviewed in the present study. Analyses of the data revealed the following main findings: 1) the participants were generally highly motivated to learn English, had vivid images of themselves as proficient English users in the future, had positive appraisals of their L2 learning experiences, and had a moderately good perception of their ought-to L2 self, 2) senior students reported having significantly higher ideal L2 self and held more positive attitudes towards English learning experience. Based on these findings, some pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Source-based writing research has received much attention in recent years, which generally shows that both novice and expert EFL (English as a foreign language) writers have difficulties in writing from sources. As many Chinese institutes of higher education attach increasingly more importance to publications in international journals, citation and plagiarism become critical issues for both student and teacher researchers as well as the institutes. Nevertheless, not much research can be found on the issues with Chinese students, especially undergraduate students. The present study thus investigated Chinese undergraduate EFL learners’ perceptions of plagiarism and use of citations in their course papers. A total of 141 students from a highly prestigious university answered an open-ended questionnaire and 97 of them submitted course papers. Major findings were: (1) the students had a (fairly) good knowledge of plagiarism and identified various reasons for plagiarism in academic writing, (2) they used summary the most often when citing from sources, followed by paraphrase and quotation, and (3) they mainly used single-source citations to primarily support their own ideas, position an author’s opinions and/or findings, and acknowledge the author’s ideas. These findings reveal a general overview of students’ perceptions of plagiarism and use of citations in their course papers, thus providing implications for formal classroom instruction of writing from sources.

The electrodeposition process parameters were optimized for the acquisition of high-strength monolithic nickel layers on Q235A substrates based on the Watts nickel plating solution using the DC electrodeposition method. Based on the study of the electrochemical polarization behavior of nickel ions in Watts’ plating solution, 16 experimental protocols were selected according to the orthogonal test method. The residual stress, microhardness, modulus of elasticity, and surface roughness of the nickel plating were tested by X-ray diffractometer, nano-mechanical test system, and surface profilometer, respectively, to investigate the influence of current density, temperature, and PH on the mechanical properties of nickel plating, so as to determine the best process solution for the preparation of high-strength nickel plating. The results of the study show that the mechanical properties of the nickel deposits electrodeposited onto Q235A are optimized when plating at a current density of 3 A/dm2, a bath temperature of 45 °C, and a pH of 3.5. The nickel-plated layer has a minimum grain size of 34.8 nm, a microhardness of 3.86 GPa, a modulus of elasticity of 238 GPa, and a surface roughness Ra of 0.182 μm.

Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals that can cause terrible disease for human beings. Among different absorption materials, MOF (metal–organic framework) materials show potential as very attractive materials for the rapid removal of mercury. However, the instability and difficulty for regeneration of MOF crystals limit their applications. Here, a continuous sulfur-modified MOF (UiO-66-NHC(S)NHMe) layer was synthesized in situ on polymeric membranes (PP non-woven fabrics) by post-synthetic modification and used for rapid mercury removal. The MOF-based membrane (US-N) showed high selectivity for mercury in different aqueous systems, which is better than sulfur-modified MOF powders. A thinner MOF layer on US-N showed a much better mercury ion removal performance. US-N with a 59.3 nm MOF layer could remove more than 85% of mercury in 20 min from an aqueous solution. In addition, the US-N can simply regenerate several times for mercury removal and maintain the initial performance (removal ratio > 98%), exhibiting excellent durability and stability. This work promotes the application of MOF materials in the rapid removal of hazardous heavy metal ions from practical environments.

In this paper, a novel method to achieve all-GaN integrated MIS-HEMTs in a Si-CMOS platform by self-terminated and self-alignment process is reported. Furthermore, a process of repairing interface defects by supercritical technology is proposed to suppress the threshold voltage shift of all GaN integrated MIS-HEMTs. The threshold voltage characteristics of all-GaN integrated MIS-HEMTs are simulated and analyzed. We found that supercritical NH3 fluid has the characteristics of both liquid NH3 and gaseous NH3 simultaneously, i.e., high penetration and high solubility, which penetrate the packaging of MIS-HEMTs. In addition, NH2− produced via the auto coupling ionization of NH3 has strong nucleophilic ability, and is able to fill nitrogen vacancies near the GaN surface created by high temperature process. The fabricated device delivers a threshold voltage of 2.67 V. After supercritical fluid treatment, the threshold voltage shift is reduced from 0.67 V to 0.13 V. Our demonstration of the supercritical technology to repair defects of wide-bandgap family of semiconductors may bring about great changes in the field of device fabrication.

In this paper, TiO2 photoanodes were doped with yttrium under different doping concentrations via hydrothermal method and further employed to assemble dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM, UV–Vis DRS and PL measurements were carried out to investigate the yttrium doping effects on crystal structure, chemical status, optical properties and dye loading capacity of the photoanodes. The photovoltaic performance of the photoanodes with various yttrium doping concentration was measured by recording the photocurrent-photovoltaic curves, and the result indicated that TiO2:0.006 Y exhibited the best power conversion efficiency with high short circuit current density (Jsc) and open circuit voltage (Voc). This improvement may be due to the enhanced visible light harvesting, increased dye loading capacity and reduced photoelectron recombination. Keywords: Dye sensitized solar cells, TiO2 photoanode, Rare earth doping, Yttrium

This study compared the five-word lexical bundles (LBs) expressing gratitude in acknowledgments of dissertations written by Chinese and American PhD students of linguistics. Two corpora were built: (1) The Chinese University Dissertation Acknowledgments Collection (CUC) which contained 700 acknowledgments with a total of 300,686 tokens, and (2) the American University Dissertation Acknowledgments Collection (AUC) which contained 700 acknowledgments with a total of 493,045 tokens. We then retrieved five-word LBs, of which LBs expressing gratitude in CUC and AUC were identified, categorized, and compared with respect to frequency, forms and structures. Major findings were: (1) the Chinese students used a substantially greater number of gratitude LBs than the American students; (2) the two groups used considerably different gratitude LBs; and (3) the two groups mainly relied on verb phrase-based LBs to express gratitude, but the Chinese students used a larger proportion of noun phrase- yet a smaller proportion of verb phrase-based items than the American students; and (4) the two groups used dissimilar structures and words to construct gratitude LBs. These findings enrich our knowledge of linguistic patterns in dissertation acknowledgments as a unique genre of academic prose, and provide corpus-based learning materials for students tasked with properly expressing gratitude in their theses or dissertations.

The human opportunistic networks (ONs) formed by hand-held smart devices can facilitate peer-to-peer communication when humans are on the move, despite contemporaneous end-to-end paths rarely existing. In some scenarios, where network resources, especially power, are scarce and the traffic is large, the data delivery is prone to poor user experience and unbounded delay, although the best effort mechanism “store-carry-forward” is used. To cope with that, most transport/routing schemes obtain an acceptable latency at the cost of energy resources. In real-life human ONs, however, excessive energy consumption will trigger passive participation of the relays in message forwarding, so as to save their limited energy resource. Thus, the reliability of these schemes may get worse in real-life human ONs. In this paper, a reliable transport scheme is developed by making an optimal trade-off between the file round-trip delay and the energy consumption of relays. We make use of acknowledgements and coding at the source to enable successful file delivery. When setting up the network model, the cache management rule referred as “full-duplex” strategy is formulated, and then a mathematical model is established to analyze the proposed scheme. This model describes the evolution of packet dissemination and allows both the mean file round-trip delay and the energy consumption up to the reception of the last acknowledgement by the source to be expressed. Subsequently, a new function based on these two metrics is proposed to reflect the number of files that can be delivered under time and energy constraints. Through optimization procedure, the configurations that can maximize the function are obtained; thus, the optimization of these two metrics is achieved. Numerous simulations and comparisons are conducted and the results verify the accuracy of the analytical model. Comparison results show that with limited energy and passive relays, the proposed transport scheme can significantly reduce the energy consumption of file delivery, which obviously alleviates the selfish behavior of nodes. Therefore, the reliability and stability of the communication service in human ONs are enhanced.

This study examined Chinese university learners’ anxiety in German language classrooms in at-home and study-abroad contexts. About 138 learners from a university in Beijing (at-home context) and 91 learners from a university in Germany (study-abroad (SA) context) participated in the present study. The participants answered a Background Information Questionnaire and the 21-item German Language Classroom Anxiety Scale. Of the survey participants, 10 at-home and 15 SA learners were interviewed. The major findings were (a) around one third of the learners in both contexts reported feeling anxious in German language class; (b) listening, speaking and writing were reported by both groups to be their sources of anxiety in class, and (c) differences existed between the at-home and SA students in anxiety level, causes for anxiety and relationship between anxiety and German test performance. These findings further justify the need for continuous research on this issue. Based on these findings, some implications are discussed.

This study investigated the interactive effects of English-speaking anxiety and strategy use on oral English test performance of high- and low-proficient Chinese university EFL learners. In total, 1092 first-year undergraduates answered the English-speaking Anxiety Scale (ESAS), the Oral Communication Strategy Inventory (OCSI) and other questionnaires, and took the English-speaking test. Based on test scores, data gathered from 178 low- and 214 high-proficient students were used in the study. The results were: (1) the low-proficient students were significantly more apprehensive of negative evaluation and speech communication than their high-proficient counterparts. Meanwhile, they deployed social affective, fluency-oriented, meaning-negotiating, and message reduction and alteration strategies significantly less frequently while message abandonment strategies, nonverbal strategies and strategies of attempting to think in English significantly more often; (2) ESAS and OCSI scales were significantly interrelated for both groups, and (3) both ESAS and OCSI were good predictors for English-speaking test performance for both groups.

The present study explored the interrelations between foreign language (FL) reading anxiety, FL reading strategy use and their interactive effect on FL reading comprehension performance at the tertiary level in China. Analyses of the survey data collected from 1702 university students yielded the following results: (a) Both Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale (FLRAS) and Foreign Language Reading Strategy Use Scale (FLRSUS) had important subcomponents, (b) more than half of the students generally did not feel anxious when reading English, and were confident in and satisfied with their English reading proficiency. Meanwhile, (c) more than half of them moderately used different types of reading strategies such as planning, checking and confirming, predicting and assessing, when reading English, (d) compared with their female peers, male students felt significantly more anxious when facing reading activities, less satisfied with their English reading proficiency, and used specific analyzing and planning strategies significantly less often during a reading activity, (e) FLRAS was significantly inversely related to FLRSUS, and both were significantly correlated with the students’ FL reading comprehension performance, and (f) FLRAS (overall FL reading anxiety), FLRAS1 (general anxiety about FL reading), and FLRSUS2 (predicting strategies) were good predictors of FL reading comprehension performance. Based on the findings, some implications are discussed.

Ni-based composite coating containing nanodiamonds was deposited on the substrate of Q235A low-carbon steel in a traditional Watts solution, without any additive. The nanodiamond grains prepared by detonation synthesis were measured by Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrochemical behavior of Ni2+ ion in the composite bath including nanodiamonds was studied by linear sweep voltammetry experiments, and the morphology, elastic modulus, and hardness of Ni-based composite coating were characterized using Scanning Electron microscope (SEM) and the nano-indenter XP tester. Effects of the nanodiamond concentration in the bath, stirring speed, and the electroplate mode on the properties of Ni-based composite coating were investigated. The results show that the reduction of Ni2+ ion in the electroplating process increased initially, and then decreased as the nanodiamond concentration in the bath increased from 4 g/L to 16 g/L, irrespective of whether direct current (DC), single-pulse, or double-pulse electroplating mode was used. The highest over-potential could be obtained when the nanodiamond concentration in the bath was 8 g/L. Moreover, the hardness and elastic modulus of the composite coating prepared by the DC electroplating mode were 4.68 and 194.30 GPa, respectively. By using the same plating parameters, the coating prepared by the double-pulse electroplating mode showed better properties, with hardness and elastic modulus values of 5.22 and 197.38 GPa, respectively.

An Ni/nanodiamond composite coating was deposited on carbon steel in a traditional Watt’s solution without additives via direct current (DC) electroplating. The effects of the nanodiamond concentration and current density in the plating solution on the morphology, grain size, and texture of the Ni/nanodiamond composite coating were observed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The distribution of the nanodiamond particles in the composite coating was investigated by Raman spectra and SEM. The mechanical properties of the composite coating, such as its elastic modulus and hardness, were examined using a Nano Indenter XP nanometer mechanical test system. The coefficient of friction was tested using a Universal Micro-Tribotester. The results demonstrated that the preferential orientation of the Ni/nanodiamond composite coating varied from the (111) crystal orientation of the pure nickel coating to the (200) crystal orientation. When the nanodiamond concentration in the plating solution was 8.0 g/L and the current density was 3.0 A/dm2, the hardness of the composite coating reached the maximum value of 5.302 GPa and the friction factor was maintained at around 0.1. The average grain size of the composite coating was reduced to 20.4 nm.

In this work, a series of heptaphenyl siloxane trisilanol/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (T7-POSS) modified by polyols with different molecular weights were synthesized into liquid-like nanoparticle–organic hybrid materials using the grafted-from method. All grafted POSS nanoparticles changed from solid powders to liquid at room temperature. Polyurethane (PU) nanocomposites with POSS contents ranging from 1.75 to 9.72 wt % were prepared from these liquefied polyols-terminated POSS with polyepichlorohydrin (POSS–PECH). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used to characterize the morphology of the POSS–PECH/PU nanocomposites. The results showed that the polyol-terminated POSS particles overcame the nanoagglomeration effect and evenly disperse in the polymeric matrix. The damping factor (tan δ) of resultant nanocomposites increased from 0.90 to 1.16, while the glass transition temperature decreased from 15.8 to 9.4 °C when POSS contents increased from 0 to 9.75 wt %. The gel content, tensile strength and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses demonstrated that the molecular thermal movement ability of the polyurethane (PU) matrix increased with increasing POSS hybrid content. Therefore, the improvement of the damping properties of the composites was mainly due to the friction-related losses occurring in the interface region between the nanoparticles and the matrix.

The present case study investigated university students’ academic and linguistic gains during a semester-long exchange program abroad. Thirty three third-year English majors from a Chinese university answered a battery of questionnaires and 13 of them participated in semi-structured interviews both prior to and after the program. Analyses of the data showed that the participants gained greatly from the exchange program both academically and linguistically. Based on the findings, some implications about exchange programs are discussed.

In this paper, the high-density polyethylene/maleic anhydride grafted high-density polyethylene/polyamide 6 (HDPE/HDPE-g-MA/PA6) ternary blends were prepared by blend melting. The binary dispersed phase (HDPE-g-MA/PA6) is of a core-shell structure, which is confirmed by the SEM observation and theoretical calculation. The crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of PA6, HDPE-g-MA, HDPE, and their blends were investigated. The crystallization process, crystallization temperature, melting temperature, and crystallinity were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) testing. The results show that PA6 and HDPE-g-MA interact with each other during crystallizing, and their crystallization behaviors are different when the composition is different. At the same time, the addition of core-shell particles (HDPE-g-MA/PA6) can affect the crystallization behavior of the HDPE matrix. With the addition of the core-shell particles, the comprehensive mechanical properties of HDPE were enhanced, including tensile strength, elastic modulus, and the impact strength. Combined with previous studies, the toughening mechanism of core-shell structure is discussed in detail. The mechanism of the core-shell structure toughening is not only one, but the result of a variety of mechanisms together.

This article compared three-word move-specific lexical bundles (MLBs) in dissertation abstracts authored by linguistics doctoral students from China and the United States. Two separate corpora were constructed for analysis: (1) The China Linguistics PhD Abstracts Corpus (CLC), consisting of 700 abstracts totaling 613,713 words generated by doctoral students from China specializing in linguistics, and (2) the America Linguistics PhD Abstracts Corpus (ALC), comprising 700 abstracts totaling 247,359 words written by American doctoral students in linguistics. The identification of MLBs was based on log-likelihood values, indicating a notably higher number of instances within a specific move in contrast to the overall corpus. The study then proceeded to compare the structures, functions, and communicative purposes of MLBs in the two corpora. The findings of the analysis are as follows: (1) Chinese students employed a higher percentage of NP- and PP-based MLBs but a lower proportion of VP-based MLBs, and both groups used different words within similar structures; (2) Chinese students employed a higher percentage of research- and participant-oriented MLBs but a lower proportion of text-oriented MLBs, and the two groups used dissimilar MLBs to fulfill similar functions; and (3) the two groups employed distinct MLBs to achieve identical communicative purposes, with Chinese students utilizing MLBs specific to the CLC corpus. These findings highlight the pedagogical significance of MLBs and underscore the importance of corpus linguistics in identifying and teaching essential move-specific vocabulary to second/foreign language learners.

Guided by the complex dynamic systems theory, the present study explored university students' dynamic motivation to learn Chinese as a second language and its interaction with their learning experiences during a semester while studying in China. The study was conducted in a state-owned university in China and collected data at two time points of the fall semester 2020: 97 Chinese learning motivation questionnaires at each of the two time points and 15 interviews at time point 2. Analysis of the data revealed that the participants' Chinese learning motivation increased significantly at time point 2 compared with that at time point 1. The study also found that the participants' Chinese learning motivation was an ongoing process, constantly interwoven with the participants' learning goals and learning experiences. These findings confirm the dynamic nature of Chinese language learning motivation and the role of learning experiences in the learning of Chinese as a second language. Based on these findings, implications about how to enhance and sustain international students' Chinese learning motivation are discussed.