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Purpose: There is limited literature on the ocular manifestations in patients with psoriasis. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the prevalence of and factors associated with ocular manifestations in adults with psoriasis., Methods: This cross-sectional study included Brazilian adults with psoriasis. The dermatological evaluation included diagnosis, clinical form, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) measurement, and location of the lesions. Patients underwent a full ophthalmological examination, including the Schirmer I test, Rose Bengala staining, and tear breakup time tests. The results were analyzed using chi-square and Pearson's linear correlation tests., Results: Of the 130 patients assessed, 118 (90.8%) exhibited ocular abnormalities, with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) being the most prevalent (59.2%), followed by dry eye disease (DED) (56.2%). A significant correlation was observed between MGD and PASI (p = 0.05), and between MGD and certain treatment modalities. DED was significantly associated with PASI (p < 0.05). Concurrent use of acitretin was identified as an independent predictor of MGD (odds ratio [OR] = 3.5, p < 0.05), whereas PASI was a protective factor against DED (OR = 0.39, p < 0.01)., Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of eye disease among individuals with psoriasis, routine ophthalmological assessments are recommended to prevent possible ocular complications., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: To compare the presentation and severity of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in patients with and without chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease (coGVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT)., Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study included 79 patients (47 with coGVHD and 32 without) after allo-HSCT. All participants completed ocular surface disease index questionnaire, and received slit lamp, ocular surface interferometer, meibography and confocal microscopy examination. The prevalence and severity of MGD were compared between two groups and related factors were analyzed. Main outcome measures were lipid layer thickness (LLT) and meiboscore., Results: Similarly high prevalence of MGD was detected in coGVHD and non-coGVHD groups (87.2% vs 84.4%, P = 0.977). Among those with MGD, although patients without coGVHD had longer noninvasive break-up time [5.54 (2.87, 9.37) vs 2.29 (0.00, 3.82) s, P < 0.001], patients in two groups presented similarly decreased LLT (53.5 ± 22.3 vs 47.1 ± 25.2 nm, P = 0.286), increased meiboscore (2.7 ± 1.5 vs 3.5 ± 1.8, P = 0.060) and enlarged acinar unit area (1647.7 ± 942.9 vs 1808.8 ± 1211.5 μm 2 , P = 0.592). Meibomian gland inflammation and fibrosis were observed in both groups, but more predominant in coGVHD group. Results were consistent when patients within a comparable post-HSCT time interval were compared. Regression analysis revealed neither LLT nor meiboscore was associated with coGVHD severity. LLT was positively correlated with systemic immunosuppressant use (β = 12.0, P = 0.044), while meiboscore was positively correlated with lymphoma (β = 1.78, P = 0.040) and matched unrelated donor (β = 1.59,P = 0.008)., Conclusions: MGD was common and evident in patients after allo-HSCT. MGD is not different between coGVHD and non-coGVHD patients except more inflammation and fibrosis in the former., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Patients diagnosed with diabetes are inclined to have abnormalities on stability of tear film and disorder of meibomian gland (MG). This study aims to explore the pathological change of MG induced by diabetes in a rat model., Methods: Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (STZ) to establish a diabetic animal model. Lipid accumulation in MG was detected by Oil Red O staining and LipidTox staining. Cell proliferation status was determined by Ki67 and P63 immunostaining, whereas cell apoptosis was confirmed by TUNEL assay. Gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules IL-1α, IL-1β, ELAM1, ICAM1, and VCAM1 were detected by RT-PCR. Activation of ERK, NF-κB, and AMPK signaling pathways was determined by Western Blot analysis. Oxidative stress-related factors NOX4, 4HNE, Nrf2, HO-1, and SOD2 were detected by immunostaining or Western Blot analysis. Tom20 and Tim23 immunostaining and transmission electron microscopy were performed to evaluate the mitochondria functional and structure change., Results: Four months after STZ injection, there was acini dropout in MG of diabetic rats. Evident infiltration of inflammatory cells, increased expression of inflammatory factors, and adhesion molecules, as well as activated ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways were identified. Oxidative stress of MG was evident in 4-month diabetic rats. Phospho-AMPK was downregulated in MG of 2-month diabetic rats and more prominent in 4-month rats. After metformin treatment, phospho-AMPK was upregulated and the morphology of MG was well maintained. Moreover, inflammation and oxidative stress of MG were alleviated after metformin intervention., Conclusions: Long-term diabetes may lead to Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). AMPK may be a therapeutic target of MGD induced by diabetes.

Purpose : To investigate the association between meibomian gland (MG) loss and corneal subbasal nerve plexus density in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) related dry eye disease (DED). Materials and Methods : This cross-sectional study included 22 adult patients with severe DED secondary to chronic GVHD. Control group comprised age- and sex-matched 28 healthy subjects with no evidence of ocular disease. All subjects underwent tear breakup time (TBUT), corneal staining, Schirmer I test without anesthesia, quantitative MG drop-out assessment using infrared meibography and corneal subbasal nerve density measurements with in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) (ConfoScan4, Nidek, Japan). One eye per patient was included for statistical purposes. Mann-Whitney U test and one-way multivariate ANOVA test were used for comparative analyses. Results : Compared to healthy subjects (mean age = 26.9 ± 13.5 years (range = 20-44 years)), patients with chronic GVHD (mean age = 29.6 ± 12.6 years (range = 19-45 years)) had worse meibography scores ( p < .001), reduced corneal subbasal nerve plexus densities ( p < .001), lower TBUT scores ( p = .012), lower Schirmer I values ( p = .001) and higher corneal staining scores ( p = 003). Meiboscores in the GVHD and control groups were 2.9 ± 1.1 (range = 1-4) vs. 0.7 ± 0.4 (range = 0-2) for the superior ( p < .001), and 3.2 ± 1.2 (range = 2-4) vs. 0.5 ± 0.3 (range = 0-2) for inferior ( p < .001) eyelids, respectively. Corneal subbasal nerve densities of patients with GVHD did not reveal a correlation with meiboscores (r = 0.030; p = .709 for the inferior and r = 0.268; p = .075 for the superior eyelids) but showed a weak correlation with Schirmer I test values (r = 0.268; p = .014). Conclusions : Patients with chronic GVHD are at high risk for developing DED and MG dysfunction. In the setting of chronic GVHD-related DED, MG loss does not appear to be a significant factor for corneal subbasal nerve damage.

Despite decades of experience with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, we are still faced with the delicate equipoise of achieving stable ocular health post-transplantation. This is because ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGvHD) following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation frequently occurs (≥50%) among transplant patients. To date, our understanding of the pathophysiology of oGvHD especially the involvement of the meibomian gland is still limited as a result of a lack of suitable preclinical models among other. Herein, the current state of the etiology and, pathophysiology of oGvHD based on existing pre-clinical models are reviewed. The need for additional pre-clinical models and knowledge about the involvement of the meibomian glands in oGvHD are emphasized.

Previous studies on ablation of several key genes of meibogenesis related to fatty acid elongation, omega oxidation, and esterification into wax esters have demonstrated that inactivation of any of them led to predicted changes in the meibum lipid profiles and caused severe abnormalities in the ocular surface and Meibomian gland (MG) physiology and morphology. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Soat1 ablation that were expected to cause depletion of the second largest class of Meibomian lipids (ML)-cholesteryl esters (CE)-in a mouse model. ML of the Soat1- null mice were examined using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry and compared with those of Soat1 +/- and wild-type mice. Complete suppression of CE biosynthesis and simultaneous accumulation of free cholesterol (Chl) were observed in Soat1- null mice, while Soat1 +/- mutants had normal Chl and CE profiles. The total arrest of the CE biosynthesis in response to Soat1 ablation transformed Chl into the dominant lipid in meibum accounting for at least 30% of all ML. The Soat1- null mice had clear manifestations of dry eye and MG dysfunction. Enrichment of meibum with Chl and depletion of CE caused plugging of MG orifices, increased meibum rigidity and melting temperature, and led to a massive accumulation of lipid deposits around the eyes of Soat1 -null mice. These findings illustrate the role of Soat1 /SOAT1 in the lipid homeostasis and pathophysiology of MG.

The purpose of this randomized clinical trial is to evaluate the effect of eyelid hygiene on subjective symptoms, anterior blepharitis, and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) after cataract surgery. Subjects with obstructive MGD who underwent cataract surgery were randomly divided into two groups. In the eyelid hygiene group, eyelid hygiene was performed twice a day for 10 days from 3 days before to 1 week after cataract surgery. The control group did not perform eyelid hygiene. A subjective symptom questionnaire of SPEED, anterior blepharitis grade, and meibum quality and quantity was evaluated at baseline and at postoperative 1 and 4 weeks. The eyelid hygiene group (n = 36) showed decreased SPEED score after cataract surgery and the control group (n = 33) did not. Anterior blepharitis grade was worse 1 week after surgery in the control group but not in the eyelid hygiene group. The control group had significantly decreased meibum quality and quantity in both the upper and lower eyelids after cataract surgery, but the eyelid hygiene group did not. Eyelid hygiene before/after cataract surgery improved postoperative subjective symptoms and prevented postoperative exacerbation of anterior blepharitis and MGD. Thus, perioperative eyelid hygiene is recommended for patients with obstructive MGD who undergo cataract surgery.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of microblepharon exfoliation on the number of eyelid bacteria and their lipase activity and the relationship of these to contact lens discomfort., Methods: Thirty experienced contact lens wearers had their eyelid margin physiology, tear properties, and comfort scores assessed. The number, type, and frequency of lower eyelid margin bacteria, and their lipase activity, were measured. Eyelids were treated with a foam cleanser or microblepharon exfoliation. Clinical and microbiological tests were repeated at each visit. Changes and correlations were examined., Results: Symptomatic lens wearers had a higher ratio for the number and frequency of gram-positive rods and cocci. Microblepharon exfoliation reduced the number and ratio of gram-positive rods to cocci from baseline for symptomatic wearers that lasted 7 to 10 days after treatment (P<0.05). Numbers of bacteria, the ratio of rods to cocci, and lipase activity correlated with lash contamination (r≥0.385; P≤0.046) and anterior blepharitis (r≥0.359; P≤0.048). Bacterial lipase correlated with meibomian gland secretions (r=0.422; P=0.038) and the tear evaporation rate (r=0.479; P=0.022). Microblepharon exfoliation produced a significant reduction in CLDEQ-8 scores and converted 10 symptomatic into asymptomatic lens wearers., Conclusions: There was dysbiosis in the lid microbiome of symptomatic lens wearers. Microblepharon exfoliation reduced the number, frequency of isolation, and ratio of gram-positive rods and cocci. Bacterial numbers and their lipase production correlated with changes to clinical signs and symptoms. Symptomatic lens wearers could be converted to asymptomatic lens wearers after microblepharon exfoliation.

Purpose: To examine postoperative changes in the status of meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with involutional entropion., Methods: This prospective, interventional study included 10 eyelids of 8 patients with involutional entropion who underwent posterior layer advancement of the lower eyelid retractors and either a lateral tarsal strip or transcanthal canthopexy procedure. The following features were examined for evaluation of meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye: the presence or absence of eyelid abnormalities (irregular eyelid margin, vascular engorgement, and plugged meibomian gland orifices), Marx line score, meibum expression score, loss of the meibomian glands, A (area) and D (density) scores for corneal fluorescein staining, and tear breakup time. All the measurements were performed before and 6 months after surgical correction of involutional entropion., Results: Regarding the findings of meibomian gland dysfunction, irregular eyelid margin, vascular engorgement, and plugged meibomian gland orifices improved only in 1 eyelid of 1 patient (P = 0.317, P = 1.000, and P = 1.000, respectively) postoperatively. The scores of Marx line, meibum expression, and loss of meibomian glands did not statistically change after surgery (P = 0.157, P = 0.705, and P = 0.317, respectively). The D score was statistically improved after surgery (P = 0.046), although the difference between the pre- and postoperative A score was not statistically significant (P = 0.083). Tear breakup time did not change after surgery (P = 0.705)., Conclusions: Our study indicates that meibomian gland dysfunction does not resolve after surgical correction of involutional entropion.

Purpose: To evaluate the dry eye disase and meibomian gland dysfunction with meibography of Seborrheic Dermatit patients., Methods: A hundred-ten of 50 patients with Seborrheic Dermatitis (group 1) and 100 eyes of 50 healthy individuals (group 2) were enrolled in this prospective study. All subjects were performed a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including lid margin alterations and meibomian gland obstruction assessment, Ocular Surface Disease Index assessment, tear film break-up time test, corneal and conjunctival fluorescein staining assessment, Schirmer test. In addition, upper and lower lids were evaluated for meibomian gland loss with non-contact meibography. The Meibomian glands were graded from grade 0 (no loss of Meibomian glands) to grade 3 (gland loss >2/3 of the total Meibomian glands)., Results: The mean ages of Group 1 and Group 2 were 29.1 ± 9.1(range, 18-48) and 30.6 ± 6.3(range, 20-49) years, respectively. MGD(n = 19, %34.5), Meibium gland loss(%36.4 ± 18.1), upper meiboscore (0.7 ± 0.8), lower meiboscore(0.6 ± 0.7) and DED (n = 10, %18.2) were significantly higher in the SD patients compared with the control participants (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, p = 0.011, p = 0.005, p = 0.048, respectively). There was significant relationship between age with Meibomian gland loss, MGD and DED (p = 0.017, p = 0.004, p = 0.002, respectively)., Conclusions: Seborrheic Dermatitis may influence meibomian gland morphology and as a result causing meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye disase. For this reason, patients with Seborrheic Dermatitis should be evaluated for meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye disase, and start treatment when needed., (Copyright © 2019 British Contact Lens Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of and the relationship between meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and dry eye (DE) in Japan., Design: A population-based cross-sectional study., Methods: Participants filled in questionnaires regarding ocular symptoms, systemic diseases, and lifestyle factors. Meibomian gland-related parameters and tear film-related parameters were evaluated. Risk factors for MGD and DE were analyzed by using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Age-specific prevalence of MGD and DE was estimated by using a general additive model with degree-3 natural splines. The structural relation between MGD and DE was assessed by factor analysis using the principal components method and promax rotation., Results: A total of 356 residents of Takushima Island (133 males, 223 females) at the mean ± SD age of 55.5 ± 22.4 years (range, 6-96 years) were enrolled. The prevalence of MGD and DE was 32.9% and 33.4%, respectively, with a coexistence rate of 12.9%. The prevalence of MGD was associated with male sex (odds ratio [OR], 2.42), age (OR per decade increment,1.53), and oral intake of lipid-lowering agents (OR, 3.22). The prevalence of DE was associated with female sex (OR, 3.36), contact lens wear (OR, 2.84), conjunctivochalasis (OR, 2.57), and lid margin abnormalities (OR, 3.16). The age-specific prevalence of MGD and DE differed, and factor analysis for 16 parameters showed that MGD and DE had independent hidden sources (interfactor correlation, -0.017)., Conclusions: MGD and DE are common in this population. Although their ocular symptoms are similar, the pathogenesis of MGD differs from that of DE., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To investigate the pathological changes of the meibomian gland (MG) and ocular surface in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE -/- ) mice and to investigate the association of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) with hyperlipidemia., Methods: Total plasma cholesterol was measured in different ages of ApoE -/- and wild type (WT) mice, whilst the ocular surfaces were observed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. MG sections were subjected to H&E staining, Oil Red O staining, TUNEL assay and immunostaining. Quantitate RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to detect the relative gene expression in MGs. The 5-month-old ApoE -/- mice were administered with rosiglitazone or GW9662 + rosiglitazone via oral gavage for 2 months to determine their effect on MG pathological change., Results: We found eyelid abnormality, MG dropout, abnormal MG acinar morphology, dilated MG duct and plugging of the MG orifice in ApoE -/- mice. MG acini in ApoE -/- mice showed exaggerated lipid accumulation. Abnormal keratinization increased in MG duct, accompanied with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis in ApoE -/- mice. Inflammatory cells infiltrated into the surrounding microenvironment of MG acini, and the NF-κB signaling pathway was activated in MG acinar cells. Oxidative stress was evident in MG acinar cells of ApoE -/- mice. Further investigation showed downregulation of PPAR-γ in MG acinar cells of ApoE -/- mice. PPAR-γ agonist rosiglitazone treatment reduced the morbidity of eyelid, as well as corneal pathological changes and MG inflammation in ApoE -/- mice., Conclusion: MGD and hyperlipidemia are closely associated in ApoE -/- mice, which represent a new model to study the pathophysiology of MGD related to dyslipidemia., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To investigate whether transconjunctival approach surgery caused meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with inferior orbital wall fractures., Methods: Twenty consecutive patients who underwent reconstruction surgery for unilateral inferior orbital wall fracture via a transconjunctival approach were enrolled in this study. All patients were asked to complete the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire for each separate eyelid. Both eyelids of each patient underwent slit lamp examination to determine the lid margin abnormality scores. The structure of the meibomian gland was assessed using meibography. Intraindividual comparison of outcome measurements between both eyelids was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The contralateral eyelid of each patient was used as a normal control., Results: The mean Ocular Surface Disease Index score of the operated eyelid was 46.5 ± 8.9, which was significantly higher than that of the contralateral normal eyelid (23.4 ± 7.3; P = 0.02). The lid margin abnormality score of the operated eyelid (1.2 ± 0.7) was higher than that of the normal eyelid (0.5 ± 0.7; P = 0.033). The meibography score of the eyelid on the operated side (1.8 ± 0.8) was greater than that of the contralateral eyelid (1.0 ± 1.0; P = 0.015)., Conclusions: Compared to paired normal eyelids, eyelids that underwent transconjunctival approach surgery exhibited significant signs of meibomian gland dysfunction. Clinicians should be aware of such ocular symptoms in patients after transconjunctival approach surgery.

Purpose: The presence of Demodex species can be associated with blepharitis. Their pathogenic potential in meibomian gland dysfunction is discussed herein. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Demodex mites in eyelashes of Austrian patients with ocular discomfort and to evaluate associated changes of the lid margins and meibomian glands., Design: This is a case-control study., Methods: Two hundred twenty-nine consecutive patients with ocular discomfort from an Austrian dry eye clinic were investigated for the presence of Demodex mites on sampled eyelashes. Associations of a mite infestation with individual dry eye and lid parameters were assessed. Lid margins were evaluated for scales, vascularization, Marx line, expressibility and quality of meibum, and drop-out of meibomian glands., Results: Demodex mites were identified in 40.2% of patients suffering from ocular discomfort (mean mite count 3.3 ± 2.9 per patient). Infestation with mites was associated with the presence of significantly more cylindrical scales (sleeves), a higher Marx line score, and a lower quality of meibum compared with mite-free patients. There were no significant associations with the expressibility and the drop-out of meibomian glands., Conclusion: The prevalence of Demodex mites in patients with ocular discomfort is high. The mean mite count per patient in this Austrian dry eye unit population is lower compared with previously published data from Asian regions. The infestation of the eyelids with Demodex species is associated with changes of the anterior and posterior lid margin, suggesting a pathogenic role in blepharitis and meibomian gland dysfunction., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Contact lens (CL) dropout is estimated to be approximately equal to the number of new wearers per year, resulting in virtually no growth in the global CL market. The purpose of this study was to determine ocular and CL factors associated with CL dropout., Methods: This five-site study recruited subjects 18-45 years of age who had ceased CL wear within the past 6-12 months due to discomfort. Dropout subjects were compared to age- and sex-matched currently successful CL wearers. Each subject was administered a symptoms survey and a study-specific survey that queried general CL history and compliance. Clinical testing included non-invasive tear break-up time, tear meniscus height, blepharitis assessment, meibum quality and expression, and meibography., Results: A total of 56 matched-pairs were recruited. Dry eye was found to significantly increase a subject's odds of dropping out of CLs. The odds of dropping out of CLs was also significantly increased with each worsening grade of upper or lower eyelid meibomian gland (MG) plugging, upper eyelid meibum quality, and upper eyelid MG tortuosity. No other factors analyzed increased a subject's odds of dropping out of CLs., Conclusions: CL dropout may be precipitated by underlying dry eye symptoms, though most dry eye signs, with the exception of MG structure and function, had minimal predictive value for CL dropout. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that practitioners should screen for and educate CL patients about the importance of maintaining healthy MGs, which may potentially allow them to maintain comfortable CL use and increase their CL longevity., (Copyright © 2018 British Contact Lens Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate the ocular surface and meibography of patients with inactive Behçet's uveitis., Methods: Twenty-five right eyes of 25 patients with inactive Behçet's uveitis (Group 1) and 25 right eyes of 25 healthy individuals (Group 2) were enrolled. Detailed eye examination along with Schirmer 1 test, tear film break-up time (t-BUT), ocular surface staining with fluorescein and Oxford scoring, and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score assessment were performed. Lower and upper eyelid Meibomian glands were examined with infrared filter of slit-lamp biomicroscope (SL-D701 with DC-4 digital camera and BG-5 background illuminator, TOPCON, Tokyo, Japan (from grade 0 (no dropout of Meibomian glands) to grade 3 (gland dropout >2/3 of the total Meibomian glands))., Results: The mean ages were 36.84 ± 7.39 (range, 23-59) and 33.88 ± 8.25 (range, 18-55) in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively (p = 0.547). When compared with Group 2, in Group 1, best-corrected visual acuity (0.28 vs. 0.00 logMAR, p < 0.001), Schirmer 1 test (18.68 vs. 23.69, p = 0.017) and mean tear film break-up time (10.76 vs. 13.36, p = 0.026) were significantly lower; Oxford scale and OSDI scores were higher (p = 0.039 and p < 0.001, respectively). No significant difference in lower, upper and total (upper + lower) meiboscores were detected in between groups (p = 0.062, p = 0.228 and p = 0.152, respectively)., Conclusion: Despite the tendency toward dry eye syndrome, Behçet's uveitis does not seem to be associated with quantitative Meibomian gland changes, which is demonstrated by gland drop-out with meibography.

An 80 year-old male patient was prescribed a bandage contact lens on the left eye 5 years ago because of an injury on the eye by a wooden stick. He was never followed up to remove the contact lens. Two years ago, he suffered from gradually decreased visual acuity in the left eye. After removing the contact lens, his visual acuity gradually increased to 12/20 and the symptom revealed. Intraocular pressure, corneal endothelium density, corneal curvature, and the anterior chamber depth were within the normal range in the left eye, and were comparable with the right eye. Although no permanent damage was found in the patient, a strict follow-up procedure is strongly recommended for patients who receive a bandage contact lens., (Copyright © 2018 British Contact Lens Association. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)