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Dental pulp stem cells are a type of adult stem cells with strong proliferative ability and multi-differentiation potential. There are no studies on treatment of vascular dementia with dental pulp stem cells. In the present study, rat models of vascular dementia were established by two-vessel occlusion, and 30 days later, rats were injected with 2 × 107 dental pulp stem cells via the tail vein. At 70 days after vascular dementia induction, dental pulp stem cells had migrated to the brain tissue of rat vascular dementia models and differentiated into neuron-like cells. At the same time, doublecortin, neurofilament 200, and NeuN mRNA and protein expression levels in the brain tissue were increased, and glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA and protein expression levels were decreased. Behavioral testing also revealed that dental pulp stem cell transplantation improved the cognitive function of rat vascular dementia models. These findings suggest that dental pulp stem cell transplantation is effective in treating vascular dementia possibly through a paracrine mechanism. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Harbin Medical University (approval No. KY2017-132) in 2017.

Dental pulp stem cells are dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cells that originate from the neural crest. They exhibit greater potential for the treatment of nervous system diseases than other types of stem cells because of their neurogenic differentiation capability and their ability to secrete multiple neurotrophic factors. Few studies have reported Alzheimer's disease treatment using dental pulp stem cells. Rat models of Alzheimer's disease were established by injecting amyloid-β1-42 into the hippocampus. Fourteen days later, 5 × 106 dental pulp stem cells were injected into the hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry and western blot assays showed that dental pulp stem cell transplantation increased the expression of neuron-related doublecortin, NeuN, and neurofilament 200 in the hippocampus, while the expression of amyloid-β was decreased. Moreover, cognitive and behavioral abilities were improved. These findings indicate that dental pulp stem cell transplantation in rats can improve cognitive function by regulating the secretion of neuron-related proteins, which indicates a potential therapeutic effect for Alzheimer's disease. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Harbin Medical University, China (approval No. KY2017-132) on February 21, 2017.

Background Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most severe central nervous system injuries. Currently, transplanting bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is considered a therapeutic option for SCI. Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) is one of the extracts obtained from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, which has been shown to have some protective effects against SCI. The present research was aimed to explore whether TIIA would influence the fate of transplanted BMSCs in a rat model of SCI, especially with regard to their differentiation into neuronal cells. Methods Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were obtained from immature rats and identified using flow cytometry. After SCI, 1.0 × 107 cells labeled with PKH67 were transfused into the injured spinal cord. TIIA was first injected into the tail vein (30 mg/kg) 1 h before surgery. From day 1 to day 7 post-SCI, TIIA was injected (20 mg/kg) per day at the same time. Recovery of locomotor function and histological regeneration of the spinal cord were compared among the groups, with the differentiation and distribution of BMSCs determined anatomically and biochemically by the expression of neural cell markers. Results Locomotor assessments showed that the rats in the BMSCs + TIIA group exhibited higher scores (19.33 ± 0.58) than those in the other groups (13.67 ± 1.53, 17.67 ± 0.58, 18.00 ± 1.73). The area of the cavity in the BMSCs + TIIA rats was smaller than that in the other groups (1.30 ± 0.56, 10.39 ± 1.59, 6.84 ± 1.18, 4.36 ± 0.69). Co-expression of glial fibrillary acid protein was observed in transplanted BMSCs, with a reduced rate in the BMSCs + TIIA group relative to that in the SCI group. In contrast, the expression levels of Nestin, neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) and neurofilament protein 200 (NF200) were greatest in the transplanted cells in the BMSCs + TIIA group. Conclusions Tanshinone IIA treatment enhances the therapeutic effects of BMSC transplant on SCI, likely by promoting the differentiation of neuronal cells.

The lay health advisor (LHA) training program for breast cancer screening was conducted among Chinese– English bilingual trainees residing in Southeast Michigan. Guided by Bandura's Social Learning Theory, the development of the training curriculum followed the health communication process recommended by the National Cancer Institute. Data analysis based on questionnaires completed by 79 LHAs indicated that the breast cancer screening training program significantly increased LHAs' knowledge and self-efficacy ( p < .01, t test, two-tailed) and LHAs had a positive perception with regard to the training manual. Regression analysis found that LHAs who were younger, employed, and demonstrated a positive perception of the training manual tended to have higher self-efficacy in promoting breast cancer screening ( R2 = .30). This study suggests that a culturally competent training program effectively increases LHAs' self-efficacy. The findings have implications for developing effective LHA training programs in Asian American communities where LHA interventions are rarely implemented.

The aim of this study is to explore the relationship of culturally based attitudes on breast cancer screening behavior of Chinese women currently residing in the United States. This cross-sectional study used a survey instrument that was administered to a consecutive nonprobability sample of 202 Chinese women residing in an urban Michigan county. Mood’s strength of cultural affiliation scale (SCAS) was modified for cultural appropriateness prior to being translated into Chinese, back-translated, and pretested prior to use for this study. Data were analyzed using descriptive, correlational, and multivariate analysis techniques. Statistical analyses revealed that cultural diversity within the Chinese sample was associated with differing health behaviors and that the SCAS had indirect effects, through access to health care, on women’s mammography screening use (R2 = 28.3%). These study’s findings reveal that cultural affiliation and beliefs are related to the breast cancer screening behavior of immigrant Chinese women.

Two-way communication is required if nurses are to build knowledge networks of international communities of nursing education and practice. Are expensive new technologies feasible or preferred for effective communication and productive outcomes? In this report from a longstanding partnership between schools of nursing at Peking University and the University of Michigan, case study methodology is used to evaluate more than a decade of experience with communication modalities: in person, postal mail, express mail, e-mail, fax, telephone, hand delivery by other travelers, and Web sites. Although each education and practice community develops unique ways to build its shared knowledge, a communications plan is suggested, with use of multiple communication techniques, especially those that are low cost and the most dependable. High-cost technologies are not always feasible or preferred. For the project described, they were not necessary to the major outcome, a nursing education and practice network that resulted in the first nurse-managed community-based clinic in China.

Cancer is the leading cause of death for Asian American women, and the breast is a primary site of cancer in Chinese women. Although a number of studies have used constructs from the Health Belief Model (HBM) to examine their relation to mammogram screening, the validity and reliability of the instruments on HBM constructs among Chinese women have not been consistently examined. The purpose of this study was to describe the psychometric properties of a culturally sensitive questionnaire for measuring Chinese women's beliefs (susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, and barriers) related to breast cancer and mammogram screening. The items developed for the questionnaire were drawn from a comprehensive literature review and focus groups. The instrument was translated using back translation technique and evaluated by a panel of professional experts and lay experts. A total of 220 Chinese American women ages 40 to 85 years residing in a suburban Midwestern community were included in the sample. Psychometric testing demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency and validity of the instrument for this group of women. The Cronbach alpha for the subscales ranged from.77 to.90. Construct validity was supported by exploring the factor structure of the instrument using confirmatory factor analysis and testing correlations with mammography compliance.

Mammography and Pap smear tests are known to be effective early detection measures for breast and cervical cancers, respectively, but Asian Americans are reluctant to make visits for routine preventive care. Quantitative and qualitative research conducted by the Healthy Asian Americans Project (HAAP) between 1996 and 1999 indicated that Asian residents in southeastern Michigan, like the general Asian population in the US, underutilized early cancer screening programs due to cultural, psychosocial, linguistic, and economic barriers. This article reports how the HAAP’s research findings guided the Michigan Breast and Cervical Cancer Control Program (BCCCP) promotion (conducted from 2000 to 2001 among medically underserved Asian women residing in southeastern Michigan), and how evaluation of the HAAP’s BCCCP promotion will direct future research and health promotion programs. The article presents strategies used to improve access to cancer screening programs for diverse Asian sub-groups as well as outcomes of the 2-year HAAP’s BCCCP promotion among the target population. Discussion regarding lessons and experiences gained from integration of research and practice has implications on design and implementation of the cancer screening promotion for the rapidly increasing Asian American population as well as other medically underserved minority populations in the US.

According to large-scale studies, oral contraceptive users become pregnant at rates that exceed ideal use failure rates. It is thought that a major cause is missed pills, but current research on consistent contraceptive pill taking is characterized by inadequate measures and a failure to investigate women's thinking about their own patterns of use. The purpose of this study was to gain some understanding about women's interpretations of consistency in their own pill taking through combining qualitative with quantitative data. The study was conducted in China, where contraception is free and widely available. Five urban and five rural oral contraceptive users were followed for up to three pill-taking cycles during 1996 for a total of 759 person-days. Consistency of pill taking was measured with electronic data obtained from a new blister package made by Anderson Clinical Technologies (Elmhurst, IL). Data from these devices were reviewed and interpreted by the study participants during in-depth private interviews. The users' reasons for missing pills included disruptions in their daily routines, their husband's absence, spotting, and trouble implementing the family planning program's instructions to take one pill per day for 22 days and start the next cycle on the fifth day of menses. One user gave these reasons for two cycles but denied missing numerous pills in her third cycle. Data from a series of four questionnaires showed that most demographic, psychosocial, and service system characteristics were not related to missed pills. However, results suggested that the daily routines of rural living may make consistent use more likely and that instructions for taking the pill may be associated with prolonged pill-free intervals and skipping pills during episodes of spotting. Three of the 10 women were at increased risk of pregnancy during the study period because of their pill-taking pattern. We concluded that the combination of qualitative with quantitative data enhances understanding of contraceptive use. Women themselves offer plausible reasons for their use behaviors. Listening to women could be useful in improving programs.

Objective To explore the possibilities of a novel real-time PCR assay for rapid prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome in clinical settings. Design and methods This duplex real-time PCR assay is based on relative quantification of DSCR4 gene on chromosome 21 by using RABIF gene on chromosome 1 as a reference. For each sample, the differences in threshold cycles between DSCR4 and RABIF genes (Delta Ct, ΔCt) were detected, and a calibrated ΔCt value (ΔΔCt, ΔCt sample – ΔCt internal control) was analyzed. Overall, 563 amniotic fluid samples from patients were blindly tested for fetal chromosome analysis and their ΔΔCt values were evaluated according to the karyotyping results. Results Chromosome analysis revealed that 12 fetuses had trisomy 21 and 551 others were normal in chromosome 21. The ΔΔCt values of trisomy 21 fetuses were significantly lower than those of normal ones (p-value

This article examines the distribution of the overseas Chinese in the contemporary world. Data are analyzed on the numbers of overseas Chinese in six continents and in more than 130 countries and areas from the end of the 1940s to the early 1980s. In the circa 1980 period, there were between 26.8 million and 27.5 million overseas Chinese. Also, the data indicate that the overseas Chinese population has steadily increased in recent decades. The overseas Chinese now live in almost all parts of the world. Although their distribution is widespread, it is uneven. Changes in the magnitude of the overseas Chinese population are affected by Chinese international migration patterns and by overseas Chinese mortality and fertility. These demographic processes are discussed in the context of overseas Chinese migration.

Objective: To explore factors influencing breast cancer screening behavior among Chinese women residing in the United States. Design: A descriptive study guided by the health belief model adapted for Chinese American women. An English-language questionnaire was modified, translated, and pretested before use in the study sample. Data were analyzed using descriptive and multivariate analysis techniques. Setting: An urban area in Michigan in 2001. Participants: A consecutive nonprobability sample of 206 Chinese American women age 40 and older. Main Outcome Measure: The percentage of women age 40 and older who received a mammogram in the past year. Results: Access to health care, perceived barriers to mammography screening, need for breast health care, and information-seeking behavior had direct effects on Chinese American women's mammography screening utilization. Cultural affiliation had an indirect effect on breast cancer screening behavior, moderated through access to health care. The variance in mammography screening explained by these factors was 51%. Conclusion: Effective strategies for promoting breast cancer screening among Chinese American women should address ways to improve informationseeking behaviors and access to health care. Cultural affiliation and beliefs should be considered when counseling Chinese American women regarding breast cancer screening.

This study investigated factors influencing breast cancer screening utilization by Chinese and Korean women, living in the United States, and examined similarities and differences between the 2 sub-populations.Population-based cross-sectional surveys were used for comparisons.A random sample of 180 women (Chinese = 117, Korean = 63), aged 40 years and older, who resided in an urban county of Michigan participated in the mail survey. Existing English questionnaires were modified for cultural appropriateness, translated into Chinese and Korean, and pre-tested. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, testing differences between means/percentages, and logistic regression.The sample population, similar to the Asian American population in general, was composed predominantly of immigrants with varying socioeconomic and health status. Approximately 56% of the women had received mammograms in the past 2 years, about 21% lower than the statewide rate for Michigan. The logistic regression indicated that women's mammography use was significantly associated with their ability to speak English, availability of health insurance, and knowledge of mammography (P.05). Similarities and differences between sampled Chinese and Korean women existed in terms of their socio-demographic characteristics and the factors influencing their use of breast cancer screening.Understanding minority women's cancer screening behavior has implications for designing appropriate interventions to meet their unique healthcare needs, thereby increasing screening rates and reducing mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the incidence and identify the type of chromosome abnormalities in couples with spontaneous abortion. Also to observe the effect of balanced translocation on pregnancy outcome. METHODS: A total of 9258 cases of spontaneous abortion were studied. Lymphocyte culture and harvest were performed according to standard methods. Karyotypes were analyzed by G-banding in all cases and C- or N-banding in some cases in additions. RESULTS: The overall incidence of chromosomal abnormalities was 2.72% (women 3.32%, men 2.12%). In womem with 4 or more spontaneous abortions, the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities was significantly higher (4.9%, P0.01). Among the 252 cases the following chromosome abnormalities were noted: translocations (81.0%), numerical abnormalities (13.1%), inversions (4.0%), deletion (0.4%) and marker chromosomes (0.8%). There were 473 pregnancies in 130 carriers of balanced translocations; their spontaneous abortions rate was 90.1%. CONCLUSION: Womem with a history of spontaneous abortion have a higher rate of chromosomal abnormalities than their male partner. Chromosomal abnormalities are significantly more common in women with 4 or more spontaneous abortions. Balanced translocations are the major abnormal karyotpes associated with spontaneous abortions. In such patients, prenatal diagnostic testing is advised for all subsequent pregnancies.

Purpose/objectives To emphasize the need for multiple data sources to develop a comprehensive list of potential respondents for a study of breast cancer screening behavior among Asian American women. Design Descriptive, pilot. Setting An urban Michigan county. Sample 616 Chinese women age 40 and older. Methods Comparison of multiple data sources, including lists from membership directories of local Chinese organizations, a commercial survey company, health promotion events, and brief telephone interviews. Findings Of the 616 eligible women, 32% were identified through the membership directories of local Chinese organizations, 28% from a list obtained from the survey company, 22% from telephone directories, 10% from the attendance lists of health promotion events, and 8% from more than one source. Conclusions Multiple sources are required to obtain a comprehensive list for specialized populations. Every data source has its advantages and disadvantages. The use of diverse sources helps to offset the limitations of each individual one. Implications for nursing Identifying potential participants from specialized populations represents a major issue for clinicians and researchers in nursing and other health-related disciplines. Strategies exist to facilitate the process.

T HIS ARTICLE provides information about a variety of electronic measuring devices that should help increase the efficiency and usefulness of clinical nursing research. The devices reviewed include two-way beepers, medication dispensers, and monitors for sleep, activity, and heart rate and have been used in clinical studies for conditions such as hypertension, tuberculosis (TB), dementia, narcolepsy, exercise during pregnancy, and family planning. Although easy to use and representative of the state of the art in clinical research, electronic devices tend to be costly, and technical problems can require either specialized expertise or communication with the manufacturer or distributor. The advantages and disadvantages of using these devices in clinical research are presented. The purpose of this article is to add to existing information (e.g., Fahrenberg & Myrtek, 1996; Frank-Stromborg & Olsen, 1997) about data gathering techniques that directly measure behaviors of importance to nurses in research and clinical practice. The six devices reviewed were chosen to cover the most relevant classifications proposed by Jacox, Pillar, and Redman (1990): drugs, devices, and behaviors that are in the domains of prevention/ promotion, assessment/diagnosis, and interventions/ therapeutics. All met the following criteria: (1) behaviors measured are within nursing's domain; (2) behaviors measured span several areas of specialization and scope of practice; (3) behaviors measured are important to client/patient outcomes; (4) use of the device can promote an integration of behavioral and biomedical information; and (5) instructions for use are easy to follow.

This article explores the effects of sociodemographic factors on Papanicolaou test and mammography use among women of Chinese descent residing in southeastern Michigan. This study was initiated in 1996 with the three following considerations. First, cancer is as much a leading cause of death among ChineseAmericans as in the general U.S. population. According to the data regarding cancer patient survival among ethnic groups in the United States,1 Chinese and African-American women had the lowest cervical cancer survival rates at 5 years (63% and 62% relative survival rates, respectively) when compared with seven other ethnic groups (66 to 75%). Although Chinese-American women experienced lower breast cancer incidence rates than whites, their survival rates at 5 years were roughly comparable (75% relative survival rate for Chinese versus 73% for white). Moreover, the reported data on cancer incidence rates among Chinese-Americans may disguise the increasing risk of cancer incidence or mortality subgroup populations may be subject to. According to the American Cancer Society,2 breast cancer was the most frequently diagnosed cancer for Chinese living in the United States. As Chinese women moved to the United States from China and other Asian countries, their This work was supported by a grant from the Office of Multicultural Affairs in the University of Michigan School of Nursing.

This paper examines the health status of women in China by reviewing levels and trends of female mortality at several phases of a woman's life cycle focusing on infancy girlhood, childbearing and old age. The mortality rates of Chinese women and men are compared for the period 1950-1990 as are comparisons with women in selected countries. The cause-specific death rate, expressed as a percentage of all deaths, and the burden of disease, measured in terms of the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), are used to reflect the changing patterns of female diseases and causes of deaths. Significant improvement in the health status of Chinese women since 1950 is widely acknowledged as a major achievement for a developing country with the largest population in the world, but the differentials in women's health by region and urban/rural areas are considerable. The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) indicates that the overall level of physical well-being of Chinese women has increased in recent decades, but disparity in health between men and women still exists. The Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) further reveals that China has achieved significant progress in women's health during the past four decades, but far less has been achieved with respect to gender equality overall. The final sections of the paper focus on the discussion of some health problems faced by the female population during the process of economic reform since the 1980 s. In order to promote gender equality between women and men, concerns on women's health care needs are highlighted.

We explored perimenstrual symptoms among 16 Chinese women in an urban area of southeastern China using a retrospective questionnaire, the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ), and a prospective daily symptom diary, the Daily Health Diary (DHD), modified for cultural relevance. Mean scores on the DHD were significantly (p.03) higher during the perimenstrual phase for the symptoms fatigue, increased sensitivity to cold, increased sleeping, abdominal pain/discomfort, painful or tender breasts, and decreased sexual desire. The women who reported higher DHD physical symptom scores prospectively were more likely to recall more severe physical symptoms retrospectively on the MDQ. However, there were remarkable discrepancies between the DHD and MDQ regarding psychoemotional symptoms. By retrospective MDQ, the percentages of women who experienced severe mood swings and irritability ranged from 13% to 25% during the premenstrual and menstrual phases; on the DHDs, however, these emotional symptoms were not statistically associated with the menstrual cycle. The failure of prospective charting to confirm the retrospective reports of cyclic psychoemotional symptoms agrees with findings of studies of U.S. samples. We conclude that perimenstrual distress in Chinese women may be affected by the data collection methods.

Chinese emigrants began to move to other Asian countries particularly in Southeast Asia thousands of years ago. Large numbers of Chinese migrated to virtually every country of the world during the 19th and early 20th centuries. There were almost 37 million overseas Chinese in 136 countries around 1990 a growth of about 10 million since early 1980 or an average annual rate of 2.7%. At that rate the number of overseas Chinese would double to about 74 million in 26 years. Of these about 32.3 million or 88% reside in 32 Asian countries. Two-thirds live in 4 countries: there are 7.3 million Chinese in Indonesia 6 million in Thailand 5.7 million in Hong Kong and 5.5 million in Malaysia. In addition to these 4 Asian countries the 10 countries with the largest overseas Chinese populations include 4 additional Asian countries and 2 North American countries. The remaining 10% a little more than 3.5 million Chinese reside in 126 other countries. In 4 countries they represent more than 10% of the total population: in Malaysia 30%; in Brunei 18%; in Nauru 18%; and in Thailand 10%. Today Australia Canada New Zealand and the United States are the main host countries to Chinese international migration. Immigration however is now strictly limited in many countries.

Census and other survey data from across the world reveal major differences in fertility rates between the more economically developed and the less economically developed societies. The former are significantly more likely than the latter to feature families of two children or fewer. Multiple regression analysis shows that, among various indicators of “modernization,” three (female level of education, female gainful employment, and proportion of physicians in the population) account for 71% of the variation in family size; all three variables have strongly significant, direct, and negative effects on fertility. The paper hypothesizes about the possible evolution of a reproductive psychology toward the two-child family and seeks to explain highly depressed rates of reproduction by reference to both ultimate and proximate factors. In some highly developed countries, zero-child and one-child rates of fertility represent together up to 40% of all ever-married women. The findings stress the importance of systematic research toward establishing the proximate factors that are most likely to facilitate or impede fitness optimization—the importance, that is, of surrounding the optimization principle with the logic and ancillary propositions that will give it a greater and more directive reach.

SummaryThis paper reports the results of a June 1980 survey of 1069 children in Changsha, Hunan Province. The data have been unavailable previously either in Chinese or in English. In general, they suggest that comparisons of single children with children from multiple-child families in China regarding quality of life, intellectual development, and behavioural traits are similar to comparisons conducted in the United States and other western countries. As in many western studies, single children in China appear to have a better quality of life than children with siblings. Regarding intellectual development, single children in China perform better than those with siblings, a finding which is consonant with the family intactness model of Falbo. Single children in Changsha are little different from ones from multiple-child families on various aspects of behaviour, and are more co-operative and less hostile. These findings are the opposite of those of the Shanghai study, the other major analysis of single children in China; the Shanghai survey indicated that single children were not as well-behaved as those with siblings, a finding that caused some concern among Chinese social scientists. To the extent that the findings of the Changsha study, and not those of the Shanghai study, reflect the situation of single children in China, this could mean that the one-child family planning campaign may not be having a negative impact on children's behaviour.

Given the publicity surrounding the single-child campaign in China an important empirical question concerns the current ranking of China vis a vis other countries with respect to single child families. For this study data have been gathered on women with 1 child for the Peoples Republic of China for 1982 and 60 additional developed and developing countries for the period 1970-1982. Nearly 3/4 of the single child rates were based on data from national census publications and UN Demographic Yearbooks; 1/4 of the rates were taken from World Fertility Surveys and other sources. Several single child rates have been computed they refer to all women aged 15-49 irrespective of marital status. The rate used here is the General Single Child Rate (GSCR). It is defined as the % of females 15-49 with 1 child ever born. The average GSCR among the 61 countries is 13.4. The Peoples Republic of China had a GSCR of 12.5% in 1982 compared to the USs 17.5% and Hungarys 25%. On the average more than 1/5 of women 15-49 in the developed countries have had only 1 child as opposed to 13% of the women in the developing countries. The findings demonstrate that the levels in China are not at all close to those of countries reporting the highest levels of single child families. Chinas rates for 1970-82 are shown to be the average rates of the 54 developing countries on the sample. Chinas 1-child family planning campaign has placed a temporary limit on parenthood in the country. It is a unique policy and may be one of the most intriguing social experiments ever initiated. Despite these considerations the results of this comparative analysis indicate that Chinas current levels of single child families are still relatively low. The country has a good distance to go before it begins to approach those developed nations e.g. Hungary and Romania that at present have the highest rates in the world.

This paper analyzes voluntary and involuntary childlessness in the developing countries. The assumption is that little if any childlessness is voluntary. This assumption is empirically examined by setting forth an estimation procedure with which 0-parity married women may be classified by types of childlessness. A decision tree model has been developed. It is based on fecundity time married and contraceptive behavior. Women who are childless now but desire children in the future are classified as temporarily childless. Uncommitted is another classification. The childless separation strategy is applied to 14 developing countries--Bangladesh Colombia Costa Rica Dominican Republic Fiji Guyana Jamaica Kenya Korea Lesotho Mexico Panama Peru and Sri Lanka--using data from the World Fertility Survey. Of the 14 countries Korea has the highest percentage of childless women categorized as voluntary nearly 5%. The majority of childless women in all countries are classified as temporarily childless. The voluntarily and involuntarily childless women may be combined into the permanently childless--those who are neither temporarily childless nor uncommitted to childlessness. The number of permanently childless in each of the developing countries divided into voluntary and involuntary is given as is the percentage rate of completed voluntary and involuntary childlessness for women 40 years and older. The assumption that most of the childlessness in the developing countries is involuntary is supported.