Search

Grapholita molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a major fruit pest of a wide range of Rosaceae trees. Olfaction plays a crucial role in insect behavioral activities, and insects primarily rely on odorant receptors (ORs) to detect odorant molecules. Several olfactory-related genes in G. molesta have been studied; however, the ORs of G. molesta are unclear. Here, GmolOR7, a general OR gene, was cloned and characterized. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that GmolOR7 is closely related to Cydia pomonella OR54, with the amino acid sequence identity of 80.21%. Furthermore, the different developmental stages and tissues of GmolOR7 in G. molesta were analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results demonstrated that GmolOR7 was expressed at higher levels in adults, and particularly in the antennae of females. GmolOR7 expression was the highest in 3-d-old adults. These results will provide an indication for further functional study of the GmolOR7 in G. molesta and its role in the detection of host-plant volatiles by insects in general.

Ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH) was originally discovered as a key hormone that regulates insect moulting via binding to its receptor, ETH receptor (ETHR). However, the precise role of ETH in moth reproduction remains to be explored in detail. ETH function was verified in vivo using Mythimna separata (Walker), an important cereal crop pest. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that transcriptional expression profiles of MsepETH showed evident sexual dimorphism in the adult stage. MsepETH expression increased in the females on day 3 and persisted thereafter till day 7, consistent with female ovarian maturation, and was merely detectable in males. Meanwhile, MsepETH expression levels were significantly higher in the trachea than in other tissues. MsepETHR-A and MsepETHR-B were expressed in both sexes and were significantly higher in the antennae than in other tissues. MsepETH and MsepETHR knockdown in females by RNA interference significantly reduced the expression of MsepETH, MsepETHR-A, MsepETHR-B, MsepJHAMT, and MsepVG, which delayed egg-laying and significantly reduced egg production. RNAi 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) receptor (EcR) decreased MsepETH expression whereas injecting 20E restored egg production that had been disrupted by MsepETH interference. Meanwhile, RNAi juvenile hormone (JH) methoprene tolerant protein (Met) also decreased MsepETH expression and smearing JH analog methoprene (Meth) restored egg production. In conclusion, the reproduction roles of ETH, JH, and 20E were investigated in M. separata. These findings will lay the foundation for future research to develop an antagonist that reduces female reproduction and control strategies for pest insects.

A novel one-pot two-step process for the preparation of 1,3,4-triarylpyrazoles is disclosed. This process involves a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of alkenyl isoxazoles with nitrile imines generated in situ, followed by SnCl2-promoted aromatization/elimination reaction to give a range of 1,3,4-triarylpyrazoles in a fully regioselective manner. This protocol features mild reaction conditions, easily available raw materials, and excellent regioselectivity.

Abstract: The discovery and synthesis of natural products, especially those possessing novel scaffolds, are crucial to the development of new drugs. Dracaenones are part of homoisoflavone natural products, owning a complex spiro-bridged polycyclic structure bearing benzylic quaternary carbon centers, and some of them reveal considerable biological activity. There have been continuous studies on these compounds due to the rare structure and important biological properties. However, a systematic summary and analysis for dracaenone is lacking. This review aims to generally summarize the natural source, synthetic strategies and biological activities of dracaenones, moreover, the limitations, challenges, and future prospects were discussed, wishing to provide references for the follow-up study of compounds with similar skeleton.

A highly efficient potassium carbonate-mediated [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of hydrazonoyl chlorides with cinnamic aldehydes to furnish multi-substituted pyrazoles under nontoxic and mild conditions has been developed.

To investigate the bacteriostatic effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and its derivative platelet gel (PG) supernatant on Escherichia coli in vitro and its relationship with platelet factor 4 (PF4).Apheresis platelets donated by healthy volunteers were obtained from the Blood station of Lu an Blood Center as the source of PRP. The counts of platelet, white blood cell and red blood cell in PRP and its derivative PG supernatant were detected by automatic hematology analyzer. Bacterial growth of PRP and PG supernatants co-cultured with bacteria for different time was observed by plate coating culture method, and the contents of PF4 in PRP and PG supernatants were detected by ELISA.Apheresis platelets were collected from 28 healthy volunteers with a median age of 33 (21-56) years old. PRP can inhibit the growth of escherichia coli, but there were individual differences in antibacterial effect within 24 hours. PRP of 13 healthy volunteers had strong antibacterial effect at 24 hours, 7 cases had weak antibacterial effect at 24 hours, and 8 cases had no antibacterial effect at 24 hours. PG supernatant showed no significant individual difference, and all of them had bacteriostatic effect within 12 hours, but no bacteriostatic effect after 12 hours. There was no statistical difference in the bacteriostatic effect of PRP at 24 hours between healthy volunteers aged ≤30 years and30 years (Both PRP and PG supernatant have antibacterial effects in Escherichia coli. The bacteriostatic effect of PRP was better than that of PG supernatant, and the platelet and PF4 contents in PRP were higher than those in PG supernatant, suggesting that the platelet and PF4 levels play an important role in bacteriostasis.富血小板血浆及其衍生物的体外抑菌作用及其与PF4含量的关系.探讨富血小板血浆（PRP）及其衍生物血小板凝胶（PG）上清在体外对大肠埃希菌的抑菌效果及其与血小板因子4（PF4）的关系.从六安市中心血站获取健康志愿者捐献的单采血小板作为PRP来源。采用血细胞分析仪检测PRP及其衍生物PG上清中的血小板、白细胞和红细胞计数，平板涂布培养法观察PRP及PG上清与细菌共培养不同时间后细菌的生长情况，ELISA检测PRP及PG上清中血小板因子4（PF4）的含量.收集28例健康志愿者的单采血小板，中位年龄33 (21-56)岁。PRP可以抑制大肠埃希菌的生长，24 h内抑菌效果存在个体差异。13例健康志愿者的PRP 24 h抑菌作用较强，7例志愿者24 h抑菌作用较弱，8例志愿者24 h无抑菌作用；PG上清无明显个体差异，均在12 h内发挥抑菌作用，12 h后无抑菌作用。不同年龄的健康志愿者（年龄≤30岁和30岁）24 h PRP 抑菌效果比较无统计学差异（PRP及PG上清在大肠埃希菌中均可起到抑菌作用。PRP抑菌效果优于PG上清，且PRP中血小板以及PF4的含量均高于PG上清，PRP中血小板数及PF4含量在抑菌方面发挥重要作用.

The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major migratory pest of cereal crops in East Asia, South Asia and Australia. To comprehensively understand the ecological tolerance of M. separata, we collected life table data of individuals from four consecutive generations reared under outdoor natural fluctuating temperatures from 15 April to 17 October 2018 in Yangling, Shaanxi, China. The results showed that the immature stage in early summer and summer were shorter than in spring and autumn. High mortality in late larval instar and pupal stages was observed in the summer generation. The adult pre-oviposition period in autumn was longer than the other seasons. The population in the earlier two seasons had heavier pupae and higher fecundity than the population in the latter two seasons. The intrinsic rate of increase and the finite rate of increase was the highest in early summer (r = 0.1292 day−1, λ = 1.1391 day−1), followed by spring (r = 0.1102 day−1, λ = 1.1165 day−1), and was the lowest in summer (r = 0.0281 day−1, λ = 1.0293 day−1). The results of this study would be useful to predict the population dynamics of M. separata and deepen our standing of the adaptiveness of this migratory pest in natural fluctuating ambient environments.

The fusion of pyrazole scaffold with other skeletons creates a class of attractive molecules, demonstrating significant biological and chemical potentiality in the development of medicinal chemistry. Over the past few decades, numerous biologically active molecules featuring fused pyrazole moieties have been excavated and synthesized, some of which represented by sildenafil have been marketed as drugs, and the biological importance together with chemical synthesis strategies of fused pyrazole compounds, including structural modification based on lead compounds, have been steadily progressing. In this review, we focused our attention on the biological importance of fused pyrazoles and highlighted recent progress in the synthesis of this framework over the past 10 years. What' s more, the limitations, challenges, and future prospects were proposed, wishing to provide references for the development of pyrazole fused frameworks in the field of medicinal chemistry. Contents.

Clinical observation of the association between cancer aggressiveness and embryonic development stage implies the importance of developmental signals in cancer initiation and therapeutic resistance. However, the dynamic gene expression during organogenesis and the master oncofetal drivers are still unclear, which impeded the efficient elimination of poor prognostic tumors, including human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, human embryonic stem cells were induced to differentiate into adult hepatocytes along hepatic lineages to mimic liver development in vitro. Combining transcriptomic data from liver cancer patients with the hepatocyte differentiation model, the active genes derived from different hepatic developmental stages and the tumor tissues were selected. Bioinformatic analysis followed by experimental assays was used to validate the tumor subtype-specific oncofetal signatures and potential therapeutic values. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed the existence of two subtypes of liver cancer with different oncofetal properties. The gene signatures and their clinical significance were further validated in an independent clinical cohort and The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Upstream activator analysis and functional screening further identified E2F1 and SMAD3 as master transcriptional regulators. Small-molecule inhibitors specifically targeting the oncofetal drivers extensively down-regulated subtype-specific developmental signaling and inhibited tumorigenicity. Liver cancer cells and primary HCC tumors with different oncofetal properties also showed selective vulnerability to their specific inhibitors. Further precise targeting of the tumor initiating steps and driving events according to subtype-specific biomarkers might eliminate tumor progression and provide novel therapeutic strategy.

A new species of softshell turtle (Pelodiscus jiangxiensis sp. nov.) is described based on five specimens from Jiangxi, China. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial sequences indicated that the new species is the sister lineage to a Pelodiscus clade that includes two currently recognized species, namely P. axenaria (Zhou, Zhang & Fang, 1991) from Hunan and P. huangshanensis Gong et al. 2021 from Anhui. Morphologically, the new species is most similar to P. axenaria but can be distinguished by its plain, yellowish white plastron, the absence of the single dark gray central figure, and a distinct carapace pattern. The description of this species increases the number of recognized Pelodiscus species to seven, of which six are distributed in China and four are endemic.

Human gastrointestinal malignancies are highly heterogeneous cancers. Clinically, heterogeneity largely contributes to tumor progression and resistance to therapy. Heterogeneity within gastrointestinal cancers is defined by molecular subtypes in genomic and transcriptomic analyses. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been demonstrated to be a major source of tumor heterogeneity; therefore, assessing tumor heterogeneity by CSC trait-guided classification of gastrointestinal cancers is essential for the development of effective therapies. CSCs share critical features with embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Molecular investigations have revealed that embryonic genes and developmental signaling pathways regulating the properties of ESCs or cell lineage differentiation are abnormally active and might be oncofetal drivers in certain tumor subtypes. Currently, multiple strategies allow comprehensive identification of tumor subtype-specific oncofetal signatures and evaluation of subtype-specific therapies. In this review, we summarize current knowledge concerning the molecular classification of gastrointestinal malignancies based on CSC features and elucidate their clinical relevance. We also outline strategies for molecular subtype identification and subtype-based therapies. Finally, we explore how clinical implementation of tumor classification by CSC subtype might facilitate the development of more effective personalized therapies for gastrointestinal cancers.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, a multifactorial disease with complicated pathogenesis, is the main cause of CVD, underlying several major adverse cardiovascular events. Obesity is the main cause of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and a significant risk for atherosclerosis. OSA is an independent risk factor for CVD. Recent research has focused on understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms by which OSA influences atherosclerosis pathogenesis. The role of exosomes in this process has attracted considerable attention. Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles (EV) that are released from many cells (both healthy and diseased) and mediate cell-to-cell communication by transporting microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, mRNAs, DNA, or lipids to target cells, thereby modulating the functions of target cells and tissues. Intermittent hypoxia in OSA alters the exosomal carrier in circulation and promotes the permeability and dysfunction of endothelial cells, which have been associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This review discusses the potential roles of exosomes and exosome-derived molecules in the development and progression of OSA-related atherosclerosis. Additionally, we explore the possible mechanisms underlying OSA-related atherosclerosis and provide new insights for the development of novel exosome-based therapeutics for OSA-related atherosclerosis and CVD.

In recent years, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have established themselves as a masterful and promising type of organocatalyst for the speedy construction of medicinally and biologically significant molecules from common and accessible small molecules. In particular, various cyclic scaffolds, including carbocycles and heterocycles, have been synthesized using NHCs via cycloaddition reaction. An exhaustive review focused on the chemistry of NHCs in these cyclic molecules has yet to be reported. In this contribution, a general picture of the utilization of NHCs in constructing twelve kinds of bioactive cyclic skeletons is firstly presented. We provide a systematic and comprehensive overview from the perspective of cycloaddition reactions; moreover, the limitations, challenges, and future prospects were discussed.

Tigecycline is a last-resort antibiotic for infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP). This study aimed to broaden our understanding of the acquisition of collateral hypersensitivity by CRKP, as an evolutionary trade-off of developing resistance to tigecycline. Experimental induction of tigecycline resistance was conducted with tigecycline-sensitive CRKP clinical isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing, microbial fitness assessment, genotypic analysis and full-genome sequencing were carried out for these clinical isolates and their resistance-induced descendants. We found that tigecycline resistance was successfully induced after exposing CRKP clinical isolates to tigecycline at gradually increased concentrations, at a minor fitness cost of bacterial cells. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) found higher expression of the efflux pump gene acrB (5.3–64.5-fold) and its regulatory gene ramA (7.4–65.8-fold) in resistance-induced strains compared to that in the tigecycline-sensitive clinical isolates. Stable hypersensitivities to aminoglycosides and other antibiotics were noticed in resistance-induced strains, showing significantly lowered MICs (X 4 – >500 times). Full genome sequencing and plasmid analysis suggested the induced collateral hypersensitivity might be multifaceted, with the loss of an antimicrobial resistance (AMR) plasmid being a possible major player. This study rationalized the sequential combination of tigecycline with aminoglycosides for the treatment of CRKP infections.

The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata, is a serious agricultural pest in China. Seasonal and roundtrip migration has recently led to sudden, localized outbreaks and crop losses. To evaluate genetic differentiation between populations in eastern and western China and elucidate gene flow, the genetic structure of 20 natural populations from nine provinces was examined using seven microsatellite markers. The results indicated high genetic diversity. However, little to moderate (0

The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata Walker is a serious migratory and polyphagous pest that damages major crops and some pastures from the family Gramineae. Temperature is a crucial abiotic factor that affects its survival, development and reproduction, but the thermal responses of this moth at the molecular level are largely unknown. In this research, we sequenced the transcriptomes of oriental armyworms that were reared at three temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C) using an Illumina high-throughput RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) method. We obtained 54.0 Gb of clean reads and 113,396 transcripts. From a total of 46,681 unigenes identified, 22,911 were annotated to the non-redundant (NR) database. We identified 333 downregulated and 1588 upregulated genes in 20 °C versus 25 °C, and 1096 downregulated and 875 upregulated genes at 30 °C versus 25 °C by differential expression of genes (DEGs). GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analyses revealed several functional terms related to carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, and xenobiotics metabolism. DEGs involved in glycolysis, the citrate cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and the composition of myofilaments were significantly downregulated, while most heat shock protein genes (HSPs) and genes in the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway were upregulated at 30 °C. Many cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes (CYPs) in clan 3 were upregulated at 20 °C, while two genes involved in ecdysteroid biosynthesis, CYP302A1 and CYP315A1, were upregulated at 30 °C. These data may improve the understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms involved in the thermal responses of M. separata.

The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major migratory pest of cereal crops in East Asia, South Asia and Australia. To comprehensively understand the ecological tolerance of M. separata, we collected life table data of individuals from four consecutive generations reared under outdoor natural fluctuating temperatures from 15 April to 17 October 2018 in Yangling, Shaanxi, China. The results showed that the immature stage in early summer and summer were shorter than in spring and autumn. High mortality in late larval instar and pupal stages was observed in the summer generation. The adult pre-oviposition period in autumn was longer than the other seasons. The population in the earlier two seasons had heavier pupae and higher fecundity than the population in the latter two seasons. The intrinsic rate of increase and the finite rate of increase was the highest in early summer (r = 0.1292 day-1, λ = 1.1391 day-1), followed by spring (r = 0.1102 day-1, λ = 1.1165 day-1), and was the lowest in summer (r = 0.0281 day-1, λ = 1.0293 day-1). The results of this study would be useful to predict the population dynamics of M. separata and deepen our standing of the adaptiveness of this migratory pest in natural fluctuating ambient environments.

Breast cancer is one of the malignant tumors with the highest morbidity and mortality rate. Numerous efficient anti-breast cancer drugs are being derived from the development of natural products. Voacamine (VOA), a bisindole alkaloid isolated from Voacanga africana Stapf, possesses various pharmacological and biological activities.In this study, we investigated the efficacy of VOA against breast cancer cells and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo.Human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and mouse breast cancer cell line 4T1 were used to study the underlying anti-cancer mechanisms of VOA. The proliferation was detected by MTT, colony formation, cell proliferation and wound-healing migration assays. Flow cytometry was utilized to determine the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) cell-cycle, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential. The target proteins were analyzed by Western blot. Molecular docking was performed and scored by AutoDock. Subcutaneous cancer models in mice were established to evaluate the anticancer effects in vivo.Our results demonstrated that VOA selectively suppressed breast cancer MCF-7 and 4T1 cells proliferation with ICThese findings revealed the novel properties of VOA in promoting apoptosis of breast cancer cells by activating mitochondrial-associated apoptosis signaling pathway and inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and significantly decreasing tumor size without detecting appreciable toxicity. In summary, the present results demonstrated VOA could be an encouraging drug candidate to cure breast cancer, exhibiting an effective method to exploit unique drugs from natural components.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Endothelial dysfunction of the arterial vasculature plays a pivotal role in cardiovascular pathogenesis. Nicotine-induced endothelial dysfunction substantially contributes to the development of arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nicotine promotes oxidative inflammation, thrombosis, pathological angiogenesis, and vasoconstriction, and induces insulin resistance. However, the exact mechanism through which nicotine induces endothelial dysfunction remains unclear. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is widely distributed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, and it participates in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by regulating vasoconstriction, energy metabolism, local plaque inflammatory response, activation and aggregation of platelets, and stress and anxiety-related emotion. Nicotine can increase the expression of NPY, suggesting that NPY is involved in nicotine-induced endothelial dysfunction. Herein, we present an updated review of the possible mechanisms of nicotine-induced atherosclerosis, with a focus on endothelial cell dysfunction associated with nicotine and NPY.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy. In the clinic, therapeutic resistance is largely attributed to tumor heterogeneity. Growing evidence indicates that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the major source of tumor heterogeneity. Hence, uncovering the resistance mechanisms associated with CSC properties is essential for developing effective therapeutics. CSCs resemble embryonic stem cells. Embryonic development-related genes and signaling pathways are usually abnormally active and function as oncofetal drivers in HCC. Multiple strategies have been applied to identify oncofetal drivers. The mechanisms of CSC resistance could also provide reliable biomarkers to predict treatment failure. Precisely targeting these specific CSC properties may be effective in preventing or annihilating therapy resistance. This review provides an overview of drug resistance mechanisms associated with CSC traits and summarize therapeutic strategies against drug resistance.

Several dracaenones were synthesized in enantiopure forms for the first time. The key chiral center at C-7 was installed with well-defined stereochemistry using either an Evans aldol condensation or a chiral oxidant-mediated asymmetric epoxidation, while and the critical oxidative coupling was achieved under the PIFA/PTA conditions. Comparison of optical rotations for the synthetic and natural samples allowed for unequivocal assignment of the absolute configurations of the natural dracaenones.

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease in which cytotoxic T cells specifically target growing hair follicles. We used high-throughput TCR sequencing in the C3H/HeJ mouse model of AA and in human AA patients to gain insight into pathogenic T cell populations and their dynamics, which revealed clonal CD8+ T cell expansions in lesional skin. In the C3H/HeJ model, we observed interindividual sharing of TCRβ chain protein sequences, which strongly supports a model of antigenic drive in AA. The overlap between the lesional TCR repertoire and a population of CD8+NKG2D+ T cells in skin-draining lymph nodes identified this subset as pathogenic effectors. In AA patients, treatment with the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib resulted in a decrease in clonally expanded CD8+ T cells in the scalp but also revealed that many expanded lesional T cell clones do not completely disappear from either skin or blood during treatment with tofacitinib, which may explain in part the relapse of disease after stopping treatment.

Highly stable and stimuli/pH-responsive ultra-small polymer-grafted nanobins (usPGNs) have been developed by grafting a small amount (10 mol %) of short (4.3 kDa) cholesterol-terminated poly(acrylic acid) (Chol-PAA) into an ultra-small unilamellar vesicle (uSUV). The usPGNs are stable against fusion and aggregation over several weeks and exhibit over 10-fold enhanced cargo retention in biologically relevant media at pH 7.4 in comparison with the parent uSUV template. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulations confirm that the presence of the cholesterol moiety can greatly stabilize the lipid bilayer. They also show extended PAA chain conformations that can be interpreted as causing repulsion between colloidal particles, thus stabilizing them against fusion. Notably, CGMD predicted a clustering of the Chol-PAA chains on the lipid bilayer under acidic conditions due to intra- and interchain hydrogen bonding, leading to the destabilization of local membrane areas. This explains the experimental observation that usPGNs can be triggered to release a significant amount of cargo upon acidification to pH 5. These developments put the lipid-bilayer-embedded Chol-PAA in stark contrast to traditional poly(acrylic acid) systems where the molar mass (M(n)) of the polymer chains must exceed 16.5 kDa to achieve stimuli-responsive conformation changes. They also distinguish the small usPGNs from the much-larger polymer-caged nanobin (PCN) platform where the Chol-PAA chains must be covalently crosslinked to engender stimuli-responsive behaviors.

Further improvement was conducted on the technology of chemical copper plating on the surface of the plastic matrix according to the requirements of plant. Multiple factors were researched on Ni-Co-P alloy electroplating technology. The optimum technology to electroplating Ni-Co-P alloy on plastic matrix was founded through orthogonal design test. The time of electroplating process is short. The coating is smooth, fine and bright. It was show through determination that the combination is strong between coating and matrix and the content of phosphorus is 8.1%.The coating is amorphous alloy .The corrosion resistance and abrasive resistance of the coating are fine. The coating has magnetism and very good decorative.

Objective : To provide scientific guidance for water management of precocious walnuts. Method: With 8 years old ‘Lvling’ walnut trees as samples, 5 irrigation quantity treatments were designed, including 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg of water per plant for each time, respectively and the routine irrigation amount (CK) was 600 kg of water per plant for each time. During the draught stage in growing season, 3 times of irrigation were carried out, and the effects of different treatments on sap flow, water use efficiency, yield and fruit quality were compared. Results: The daily instantaneous maximum average sap flow rates were found with 60 kg of water and control; the daily highest average water use efficiency was 1.54 mmol/mol with the treatment of 30 kg water; the daily highest average leaf water potential was-1.23 MPa with control; the highest yield per plant (1.48 kg) was found with the control, and the yield of 45 kg and 60 kg water per plant one time accounted for 98.65% and 99.32% of that of control, respectively. with T1 the yield was the lowest, only accounting for 70.65% of the control. Conclusion: As the soil water contents increased, the diurnal variation curve of sap flow rates changed from unimodal to bimodal patterns in sunny days, the main peak was narrowed; the curve of diurnal variation of leaf water potential changed from "V" to "W" type; the leaf water use efficiency increased initially and then decreased later; and the nut quality was improved and the yield increased. The optimal soil water content (SWC) of 'Lvling' precocious walnuts ranged from 20.01% ~ 21.96%.

The treatment technics for substrate was researched and improved by experimentations, the technics and additive research of plating for forming ornamental and functional multicomponents alloy was carried out completely, the optimum technics of plating multicomponents alloy was been found. The coatings made by optimum technics were with excellent corrosion-resistance ,wear-resistance, oxidation-resistance and with a smooth, fine, shining surface. It was proved that the 8.9% phosphorus in the coating and the coating was amorphous crystal by determinations. And it was found that the combination force between the substrate and the coating was vary good and the properties of coating to resist corrosion and abrasion were much better than that of Ni-P alloy through the tests.The coating was finery in ornamentally also.

Memory T cells are essential for optimal protection from previously encountered pathogens. Immune responses in infants lack the benefit of memory and are intrinsically distinct from those in adults. Early life adaptive immune responses have been characterized by increased generation of terminal effector subsets with decreased production of long lived memory. Here we investigate the origin of memory T cells utilizing flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry to characterize proportions and localization of T cell subsets in mucosal (intestine/lung) tissue from infant organ donors (n=12). At birth lung T cells are predominantly naïve and localized to the interstitium of the airways with memory accumulating over the first year of life. In contrast, significant proportions of memory phenotype T cells can be found in the lamina propria and intraepithelial layer of the intestine shortly after birth along with naïve cells. Effector memory subsets could be detected in robust proportions, highest in the jejunum, from 3 organ donors all less than 8 days of age. Additionally these memory T cells displayed high levels of canonical resident memory markers (CD69 and CD103). We conclude that mucosal tissues are host to naïve cells which cannot be attributable to circulating populations and that memory subsets are generated within these mucosal sites early in life. Importantly T cells in the youngest donors (ages 0–8 days) displayed resident memory phenotypes raising the possibility of prenatal development of adaptive memory responses populating the intestine. These results warrant additional investigation to determine the persistence and functionality of these subsets and emphasize the importance of the intestine to early life adaptive immunity.

With the rapid development of the number of mobile phone users has accumulated a large number of graph data, graph data mining has gradually become a hot area of research. Traditional data such as clustering, classification, frequent pattern mining gradually extended to the field of graph data mining research. Introduced at this stage graph data mining technology research progress, summarizes the characteristics of the graphical data mining, practical significance, the main problem, and scenarios to discuss and forecast chart data, especially research on uncertain graph data become trends and hot spots.

With samples decomposed by mixed acid of sulfuric acid-phosphoric acid, manganese in alloy steel was determined by periodate spectrophotometry. The acid system for dissolving samples was established, and 525 nm as the optimal measuring wavelength was selected. The results showed that Beer's law was obeyed in range of 0 to 36μg/mL for manganese (II). The relative standard deviations were between 0.6% to 2.0%(n=6). The recoveries of samples were between 95.1to 101.4%.

Security in EMM sublayer is an important part of LTE security system. This paper is developed into three part: researches on Security Mode Command and Authentication process, introduction to key hierarchy and analysis on Integrity Protection and implementation of encryption / decryption.

The electroless plating technics of copper on plastic substrate was researched, and on this basis, the Ni-W-P alloy plating technics on aforementioned plastic substrate was researched. The optimum electroless plating technics, plating technics and bath were found. The coating made in optimum technics was excellent in corrosion-resistance, wear-resistance, oxidation-resistance, and with a smooth, fine, shining surface. It was proved that the 8.1% phosphorus in the coating and the coating was amorphous crystal by determinations, the combination force between the substrate and the coating was very good, the properties of coating to resist corrosion and abrasion were 4 times better than that of Ni-P alloy by the tests. The coating was finery in ornamentally also.