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Abstract Osmotic stress is a significant concern in agricultural crop production as it can harm crop growth, development, and productivity. Agriculture crops are particularly vulnerable to osmotic stress due to their reliance on water availability for various physiological processes. Organic amendments like activated carbon biochar and growth hormone gibberellic acid (GA3) can play a vital role. However, the time needed is to modify the established amendment to achieve better results. That’s why the current study used potassium-enriched biochar (KBC = 0.75%) with and without GA3 (15 mg/L) as amendments under no osmotic stress and osmotic stress in wheat. Results showed that GA3 + KBC caused significant enhancement in germination (9.44%), shoot length (29.30%), root length (21.85%), shoot fresh weight (13.56%), shoot dry weight (68.38), root fresh weight (32.68%) and root dry weight (28.79%) of wheat over control under osmotic stress (OS). A significant enhancement in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, while the decline in electrolyte leakage of wheat, also validated the effectiveness of GA3 + KBC over control in OS. In conclusion, GA3 + KBC is the most effective among all applied treatments for improving wheat growth attributes under no osmotic and osmotic stress. Further research is needed at the field level, focusing on various cereal crops, to establish GA3 + KBC as the optimal treatment for effectively mitigating the impacts of osmotic stress.

Background: Systemic hypertension is alleged to increase the risk of glaucoma. As clinically Primary Open angle Glaucoma (POAG) is diagnosed only after approximately 40% of ganglion cell loss has occurred, therefore this study was commenced with an aim to determine the prevalence of pre-perimetric glaucomatous damage and its association with systemic hypertension using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Materials and Methods: A total of 680 study participants were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Among them 340 patients were of systemic hypertension (Group 1) and 340 patients without hypertension (Group 2). All patients underwent detailed history, ocular and systemic examination including slit lamp examination, fundus examination by +90 D lens, Humphrey field analyser for field charting and OCT for nerve fiber analysis. For glaucomatous nerve damage. Results: Group 1 and Group 2 had Male: Female ratio of 1:8 and 1:9, respectively (P = 0.809). Maximum participants 48.8% and 54.4% in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively, were in age group 50–59 years. Statistically significant difference was seen in the percentage of pre-perimetric glaucomatous patients between the two groups (P < 0.001). On OCT analysis between pre-perimetric glaucomatous eyes and healthy eyes significant difference in thickness was seen in temporal inner macula, inferior outer macula, temporal outer macula, superior outer macula and nasal outer macula. Significant difference in volume was seen for inferior temporal and nasal outer macula (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In hypertensives, glaucomatous optic nerve damage starts much earlier before the obvious clinical signs of POAG appear, as compared to normotensive individuals.

Aim: To study WDR36 gene polymorphism (rs10038177 , rs1971050) and its association with clinical parameters in patients of primary open angle glaucoma. Methods: A cross sectional study conducted on 105 cases of POAG to study its association with WDR36 gene polymorphisms (rs 10038177, rs 1971050). The study subjects underwent complete ophthalmic examination, slit lamp examination, IOP measurement by Goldmann’s Applanation Tonometer, gonioscopy, fundus evaluation by 90D lens. RNFL thickness was measured using cirrus 500 OCT by Carl Zeiss. Peripheral blood samples were collected in EDTA-anticoagulant tubes, then DNA was extracted using the genomic DNA extraction and genotyped by PCR-RFLP by using (AluI) enzyme.Data analysis by SPSS, version 21.0. Chi-square and Independent sample ‘t’-tests used for comparison. Results: The association of genotypic expression of rs10038177 polymorphism with different clinical variables in POAG patients, and the mean IOP (31.66 + 5.88) and CDR (0.72+ 0.15) for heterozygous genotype TC was significantly higher as compared to homozygous de33eeeee4(p