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This study was arranged to compare the performance of PRP schools and Non-PRP schools in promoting Urdu reading skills of the learners at the primary level in District Kotli AJ&K. The objectives of the study were to compare improvement in Urdu reading skills of the learners at primary level in PRP and non-PRP Schools and to compare gender wise, area wise improvement in Urdu reading skills of the learners at primary level in PRP and non-PRP schools. The population of the study consisted of all 410 PRP schools (256 male 154female) and 620 Non-PRP Schools (309 male &311 female) of Dist. Kotli in AJ&K. Four PRP schools and four non- PRP schools (2 boys &2 girls) were selected randomly. In this way, total eight (8) schools were selected and total students were 191. The self-made test was made as a research instrument for this study. Data collection was made through a personal visit. Data were analyzed by using mean, standard deviation and independent sample t-test. The performance of PRP Schools is above than average marks in all reading components while Non- PRP Schools is above than in three reading components (comprehension, vocabulary and print concept) and below average in three reading components. On the basis of analysis and findings conclusion were drawn the students studying in PRP Schools were better than the students studying in Non-PRP Schools with respect to Urdu reading skills in District Kotli AJ&K. Boys were better than girls in PRP & non-PRP Schools, urban was better than rural students in PRP Schools and rural were slightly better than urban in Non-PRP Schools in Urdu reading skills. The findings, analysis, and conclusions give some ideas in improving Urdu reading skills. Education department with the help and co-operation of Government should provide the opportunities for the teachers to gain training about modern techniques of PRP. The government should upgrade their teachers and Headteachers regarding coaching according to the modern era. Department of education should organize a proper ongoing training for their teachers and Headteachers. These Urdu reading components and techniques of PRP should be the part of the curriculum of AJK as well in Pakistan.

The teaching of English language holds an important position in the educational curricula of the whole world. The educationists of all times have advocated the study of more than one language for multi purposes. In the past classical languages like Persian, Arabic and Sanskrit in the East, and Latin and Greek in the West were held in high esteem. The study of one or more of these languages was considered vital for the complete education of the young people. In current era, the study of only modern and living languages is considered important because of the mass communication at the national level for students in the middle and western middle schools; the modern language is the second language. (Abbott, 2012).

Development of any country depends upon its education system. To enhance its future every nation of the world is well aware about the fruits of its good education system. Education for all (EFA) is also one of the main objective of one’s educational system. The objective of this article is to explore the education system of Pakistan and Indonesia in this context. The data reveals that literacy rate of Indonesia is higher than Pakistan which is 95.7% whereas in Pakistan literacy rate is 58%. Pakistan is spending almost 2% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) whereas Indonesia is spending 3.6% of its GDP on education. Children out of school at elementary level in Pakistan and Indonesia are 5.37 million and 4.4 million respectively. Student teacher ratio at elementary level is also very low in case of Indonesia with (16-1) pupil per teacher whereas in Pakistan this ratio is (41-1) pupils per teacher.

Objective:To document the frequency of Epilepsy among children with Cerebral Palsy at Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi. Duration: From 7th April 2018To6th October 2018 Methodology: Total 94patients who had developed mental delay and clinical examination showed the sign of upper motor neuron lesion like decrease/increase tone, loss of muscle mass, brisk reflexes, up going planter were included. Those who had history of two or more fits 24 hour apart without other cause were labeled as epilepsy. Results: There were 62.8 percent male and 37.2 percent female patients. Mean age was 4.99±2.77 years. Most common type was quadriplegia (54.3%). Mostly mother’s education was middle (31.9%) while mostly father’s education was primary (31.9%). Total 55.3% study subjects were found with epilepsy. Significant association of epilepsy was observed withresidence and family income. Conclusion: The study results showed high frequency (55.3%) of Epilepsy in cases with Cerebral Palsy. Keywords:Frequency, Epilepsy, Children, Cerebral Palsy

Objective: To evaluate vitamin D levels in critically ill children. Subject and methods: There were 114 critical ill patients, who were admitted in pediatric ICU with severe respiratory depression (sat < 90%), infection (WBC > 10X 103), myocarditis (EF < 40%). Blood sample was drawn for evaluation of vitamin D levels. Results:- The average age of the children was 4.95±2.7 years. There were 63(55.26%) male and 51(44.74%) female. Frequency of vitamin D deficiency in critically ill patients was observed in 55.26% (63/114) children. Conclusion: - In our study, critically ill children had higher frequency of vitamin D deficiency. Keywords: Vitamin D, Critically ill patients, Infection, 25(OH) D levels