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The present study addressed gender inequality in unpaid domestic housework and childcare activities and its presumed impact on childbearing decisions in Iran. We used the second Iran's Time Use Study (2014-2015), representing the urban population to investigate how the number of small children (aged seven and lower) affected the time devoted to unpaid domestic housework as well as childcare activities of urban employed couples in Iran. The univariate analysis provided sufficient evidence of increasing workload with the number of small children for employed women, while men's workload remained almost unchanged across all parities. The results indicated that an increase in the number of small children significantly increased the workload of urban employed women, while men's meager participation in such chores suggested the existence of a significant gender gap in these activities. For example, urban employed men with no small children spent 8 hours and 43 minutes while those with one or two small children spent 8 hours and 40 minutes on paid and unpaid domestic work. In comparison, employed women with no small children spent 9 hours and 7 minutes, while those with one small child spent 9 hours and 20 minutes, and those with two small children spent 9 hours and 45 minutes on mentioned activities. Thus, the gender inequality in allocated time to paid and unpaid work peaked at 1 hour and 5 minutes in families with two and more small children. Based on the data presented, it can be concluded that along with an increasing amount of unpaid work a less gender egalitarian division of labor exists. Gender inequality in unpaid domestic work among employed couples might lead to continued low fertility and an even further reduction of it in the future in Iran. Keywords: Fertility, Gender Inequality, Unpaid Work, Secondary Data Analysis, Time-Use Survey of Iran, Introduction and Backgrounds In explaining employed women's fertility behavior, Weller (1969) emphasized the sociological concept of role conflict. He argued that in mixing paid work with unpaid domestic housework and [...]

Although the Ohio Family Satisfaction Survey (OFSS) has been around since 2002 as an important indicator of long-term care facilities' performance, the validity of this scale has not been evaluated. Using the Robust Maximum Likelihood Estimator Method in Mplus, psychometric analysis involving second-order construct validity or hierarchical construct validity was conducted using responses from 1636 facilities including nursing homes and residential care facilities (N = 32,424). The results showed that OFSS retained the 7-factor structure for the 7 domains and the factor loadings for each domain were above 0.5. It is crucial to include families' input regarding quality of long-term care facilities as some older residents, especially those with moderate to severe cognitive impairments may be unable to provide consistent and comprehensive inputs about the quality of care and services they receive. Therefore, validation of the OFSS has an important implication for quality improvement practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compared differences in overall family satisfaction, specific satisfaction domains, and correlates of satisfaction between nursing homes (NHs) and residential care facilities (RCFs), using data from the 2016 Ohio Long-Term Care Family Satisfaction Survey. Satisfaction was higher for RCFs overall and within nearly every domain, with the largest difference observed in the environment domain. In both facility types, higher satisfaction was associated with male respondents, older respondent age, White race, less-frequent visitation, longer anticipated length of stay, less help provided during visits, smaller facilities, lower Medicaid-reliant resident percentage, and nonprofit status. Resident age, visitation frequency, perceived assistance required, and kinship tie were differentially related to satisfaction between facility types. NH administrators should focus on the environment and the moving in process. All administrators should address how residents spend time and should be aware that residents' and their family members' characteristics may affect satisfaction levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the random-effects meta-analysis model, we investigated the effect of informal caregiving on all-cause mortality across 12 longitudinal population-based studies (seven United States; five international: United Kingdom, Northern Ireland [2], Japan, and Australia). Across the studies, the combined effect of informal caregiving on all-cause mortality was 16% lower in favor of caregivers. Subgroup analyses revealed that the relationship between informal caregiving and all-cause mortality was not significant among the U.S. studies, in contrast to the international studies. Also, the mortality advantage of informal caregivers was not evident among those studies in which informal caregiving was operationalized precisely (Activity of Daily [ADL]/Instrumental Activity of Daily Living [IADL] assistance) as opposed to more broadly. Furthermore, studies in which the kinship tie between the informal caregiver and care recipient was unspecified tended to find a mortality advantage in favor of caregivers. When covariates were considered, the results of this meta-analysis provided more support for stress theory than the healthy caregiver hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]