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Chenopodium ambrosioides is widely used in traditional medicines to manage several health conditions. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of the n-hexane fraction and the in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of C. ambrosioides L. The chemical composition was determined using Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. In vitro evaluations were assessed by evaluating the inhibitory potentials on the activities of α-glucosidase and antioxidants. A total of 58 phytochemicals were identified belonging to 11 classes of substances, of which aliphatic hydrocarbons (38.25%), diterpenes (20.54%), esters (16.33%), triterpenes (11.91%), diverse functional groups (3.74%), aromatic hydrocarbons (2.64%), sesquiterpenes (2.31%), alcohols (1.41%), ketones (0.29%), monoterpenes (0.16%), and fatty acids (0.14%). The major compounds were heptacosane (30.48%) (46), phytol (20.94) (35), and squalene (11.07%) (56). The methanol extract and its fractions showed moderate α-glucosidase activity, but their IC50 values were lower than the positive control 1-deoxynojirimycin. However, the methanol and methanol-water fractions exhibited more scavenging activity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl with IC50 values similar to butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The plant is rich in various phytoconstituents, and its α-glucosidase and antioxidant status may justify its use in traditional medicine, especially for preventing complications of diabetes.

Crotofoligandrin (1), a new endoperoxide crotofolane-type diterpenoid was isolated from the dichloromethane/methanol (1:1) extract of the twigs of Croton oligandrus Pierre Ex Hutch along with thirteen known secondary metabolites including 1-nonacosanol (2), lupenone (3), friedelin (4), β-sitosterol (5), taraxerol (6), (−)-hardwickiic acid (7), apigenin (8), acetyl aleuritolic acid (9), betulinic acid (10), fokihodgin C 3-acetate (11), D-mannitol (12), scopoletin (13) and quercetin (14). The structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on their spectroscopic data. The crude extract and the isolated compounds were assessed in vitro for their antioxidant, lipoxygenase, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), urease and glucosidase inhibitory potentials. Compounds 1–3, and 10 displayed activities on all the performed bioassays. All the tested samples showed strong to significant antioxidant activity with compound 1 being the most potent (IC50 39.4 μM).

Thirteen compounds (1‒13) were isolated and identified during phytochemical analysis of the leaves and stem bark of Guibourtia ehie (A. Chev) J. Leonard. Spectroscopic and spectrometric methods and the comparison of their results with those given in the literature were used to ascertain their structures. Furthermore, the acetylation of 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid 4′-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (2) afforded a new derivative 3,3′-di-O-methylellagic acid 4′-O-β-D-(4,2′′,4′′-triacetyl)-xylopyranoside (2a). Extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds were assessed for their antioxidant, urease, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Compound 1 demonstrated potent antioxidant activity in the DPPH with an IC50 value of 36.4 ± 0.2 µM, while rhaponticin (3), 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone (4), and taraxerol (6) exhibited a strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 values of 35.5 ± 0.1, 25.5 ± 0.2 and 43.4 ± 0.3 µM, respectively. The present study enriches the chemistry of Guiboutia ehie and provides further evidence on its bioactive constituents, which might help in the development of hypoglycaemic drugs.

A new iso-benzofuranone propanamide: 3-(3-oxo-1, 3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl) propanamide (zenkeramide) (1) along with three known compounds: Trans-N-coumaroyltyramine (2), β-Sitosterol (3) and β-s...

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of adjuvant vitamin C therapy with oral hypoglycemic on FBS, RBS and HbA1c and to find out the correlation of Vitamin C with glycemic indices. Study Design & Settings: This randomized open label clinical trial was conducted at Bahria University Medical & Dental College (BUMDC) in collaboration with NMC, Karachi from October 2018 to April 2019. Methodology: A total of 160 known type -2 males and females, uncomplicated diabetics, aged 40-65 years with FBS= 200 mg/dl, HbA1c = 8.5% and diabetes duration > 5years were enrolled from diabetic clinic of NMC after written informed consent. They were divided into control group and treatment group by sealed envelope technique. Control group received oral hypoglycemic drugs while treatment group received vitamin C 500 mg per orally BD with oral hypoglycemic drugs with advice of diet control and daily exercise. Patients were subjected to FBS, RBS and HbA1c at baseline and at the end of 90 days. SPSS version 23.0 was used for data analysis. The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). P value

Phytochemical investigation of dried flower buds of

We report the promising urease inhibitory activity of four sets of tetrahydro thiadiazine thiones (THTT) namely 3,5-disubstituted tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine thiones: THTT 5-8 (set A) having alkyl/aryl substituents at N-3 and N-5 positions; THTT 9-12 (set B) and THTT 13-14 (set C) with 3-carboxylic acid derivatives and tetrahydro-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-6-thione esters 15-16 (set D). Gratifyingly, all four sets of THTT were recognized as promising inhibitors of urease enzyme. Among 12 tested compounds; THTT 6, 8, 10, 14 and 15 from each set respectively, demonstrated significant urease inhibitory activity with IC

N-Aryl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline carbothioamide analogues 1-22 were synthesized by a simple one-step reaction protocol and subjected to in vitro urease inhibition studies for the first time. All compounds 1-22 were found active and showed significant to moderate urease inhibitory potential. Specifically, analogues 1, 2, 4, and 7 were identified to be more potent (IC50 = 11.2 ± 0.81-20.4 ± 0.22 μM) than the standard thiourea (IC50 = 21.7 ± 0.34 μM). The structure-activity relationship showed that compounds bearing electron-donating groups showed superior activity. Molecular docking study on the most active derivatives revealed a good protein-ligand interaction profile against the corresponding target with key interactions, including hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic, and π-anion interactions.

One new ent-pimarane-type diterpenoid (1), along with 10 known compounds, were isolated from the leaves of Croton oligandrus. Compounds 2 and 3 are reported for the first time from this species. The extract and some of the isolates were tested in vitro for their inhibitory properties toward urease and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes, as well as DPPH radical scavenging potency, respectively. Compound 6 (IC50 = 29.2 μM) was the most active on urease, while compound 4 (IC50 = 18.2 μM) showed the best inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase. The new isolate, compound 1, with an IC50 value of 39.4 μM revealed potent antioxidant activity.

Extraction of the aerial part of Rinorea yaundensis has led to the isolation of a new monoterpene indole alkaloid (1) along with 10 known compounds (2–11) for the first time from this plant. Their structures were determined by HRMS and NMR spectroscopic analyses as yaundentine hydrochloride (1), Nb-oxide of iso-reserpiline (2), iso-reserpiline (3), iso-carapanaubine (4), lichenxanthone (5), stigmastane-3,6-dione (6), methyl β-orcinol carboxylate (7), β−sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside (8), betulinic acid (9), ursolic acid (10) and benzoic acid (11) while the stereochemistry and absolute configuration of 1 was confirmed by single crystal x-ray crystallography and circular dichroism CD spectrum. Yaundentine hydrochloride (1) exhibited pronounced antioxidant, urease and lipoxygenase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 35.6 ± 0.23, 20.3 ± 0.58 and 29.6 ± 0.77 µM, respectively. Compound 1 also showed good antimicrobial activity against some Gram positive and negative bacteria.

The phytochemical investigation of a previously unstudied species of the genus

Phytochemical investigation of dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry. (clove) led to the isolation and identification of fourteen known compounds, oleanolic acid (1), betulinic acid (2), para methyl benzoic acid (3), sabrinic acid (4) eucalyptolic acid (5), nigricin (6), 3-O-trans-para-coumaroylmaslinic acid (7), methyl maslinate (8), maslinic acid (9), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy-3′,4′-O,O-methylideneflavellagic acid (10), lantanone (11) 3,4,3′-trimethoxyellagic acid (12), 11-oxo-oleanolic acid (13), and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (14). Their structures were identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Mass spectroscopic techniques, and comparison with the literature data. Compounds 3, and 7–9 showed a strong mortality against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita at 0.125% concentration after 72 hours (88–92% inhibition). Compound 4 showed a good anti-glycation activity with IC50 = 142.0 ± 1.8 µM when compared with standard, i.e. rutin (IC50 = 54.59 ± 2.20 µM). Compound 10 showed a comparable urease inhibitory activity (IC50 = 26.1 ± 0.19 µM) with the positive control thiourea (IC50 = 24.5 ± 0.34 µM).

The phytochemical investigation of a previously unstudied species of the genus Indigofera, I. atriceps Hook.f. was undertaken and two new phenolic compounds, atricephenols A (1) and B (2) were isolated, along with nine known secondary metabolites viz., (-)-melilotocarpan D (3), genistein (4), melilotocarpan A (5), maackiain (6), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (7), bornesitol (8), β-sitosterol (9), sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (10) and stigmasterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11). Their structures were elucidated by extensive NMR spectroscopic analyses and HRESIMS, and by comparing their data with those reported in the literature. Compounds 1, 4, 7–11 were tested for their antibacterial efficacies and for their potential to inhibit the enzyme urease. Compounds 7 and 9 showed significant antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi (ZOIs of 13 and 15 mm, respectively), while the best urease inhibition was measured for compound 9 with an IC50 value of 18.6 µM, which is higher than that of the potent inhibitor, thiourea (IC50 = 21.5 µM).

Phytochemical studies on Momordica foetida led to the isolation and characterization of Momordin (23,24,25,26,27-pentanorcucurbitacin) (3), a new pentanor cucurbitane along with the known β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), β-sitosterol (5) and kaempferol-7-O-s-D-glucopyranoside (6). In adition to those components, two previously unreported cucurbitane glucosides, namely 3β-hydroxy-7-oxo-23(R)-cucurbita-5,24-diene-23-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Momordiside A) (1) and 3β-hydroxy-7β-methoxy-23(R)-cucurbita-5,24-diene-23-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (Momordiside B) (2) were also obtained. The structures were elucidated by HR-ESI-MS and spectroscopic analysis including 1D- and 2D-NMR. Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant antioxidant potential in DPPH radical scavenging assay. In addition, compound 2 further revealed significant inhibitory potential against the enzyme urease in vitro as well as moderate activity against oral cancer cell line CAL-27.

We report the chemistry and biological activities of a Cameroonian Citrus clementina Hort. Ex Tanaka, a vegetatively propagated species. The compounds isolated from this plant were determined to be...

3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl gouanogenin A (1), a new naturally occurring dammarane class of triterpene glucoside, has been isolated from the aerial parts of Gouania longipetala along with six known seco...

Organophosphates (OPs) and synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) are the most popular broad spectrum pesticides, used in agriculture as they have a strong pesticidal activity while also being biodegradable in the environment. The present study aimed to demonstrate the effects of these pesticides on the Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain, gills and body muscles of

Herein, we report a comparative study based on structure, thermal and solution stability, and biopotency against lipoxygenase (LOX), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and microbes for Pd(II) compounds of N,O,S bearing 5-(C5H4XR)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiones (L′) of type [PdL′Cl2] (P′n) and N,O bearing respective hydrazides (L) of type trans-[PdL2Cl2] (Pn) {X = C, R = 4-I, 2-Br, 4-NO2, 3-NO2, 2-Cl, 3-Cl (n = 1–6, serially); X = N (n = 7)}. Spectral techniques (IR, EI-MS, NMR) and physicochemical evaluations successfully characterized the new compounds. The L′ behaved as bidentate S-N donors bonded through exocyclic sulfur and N-3′ nitrogen, while L acted as amino N donors. UV–vis (solution speciation) and thermal degradation profiles consistently confirmed the greater stability for P′n than Pn compounds. These compounds manifested varying degree in vitro potential to inhibit LOX, BChE and several bacteria and fungi, affected mainly by Pd(II) presence, M-L binding mode, nature and position of R, or halo groups electronegativity. Molecular docking with human 5-LOX and BChE further validated the respective experimental inhibition findings and explored several putative mechanistic interactions (H-bonding, π-stacking, π-alkyl, π-S, etc.) at the enzyme active sites. Pn generally offered superior antimicrobial and anti-LOX (anti-inflammatory) potential than respective P′n compounds, with P3/P′5, P(2,3,7)/P′3, and P6 being comparable, better and equivalent to ampicillin, nystatin and baicalein, the reference antibacterial, antifungal and anti-LOX drugs, respectively. Contrarily, the anti-BChE activity of P′n was found better than Pn compounds, showing P′2/P1 as the most promising anti-Alzheimer drug candidates. This study bares important structural and mechanistic aspects in optimizing antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-Alzheimer activities, highlighting some potential future pallado-drug candidates.

The present research describes a rapid, green, and convenient method for bio-stimulated preparation of silver and iron oxide nanoparticles using the aqueous leaf extract of Psidium guajava Linn (PG). The physicochemical properties of bio-synthesized nanoparticles were determined through UV/Visible, SEM, EDX, and FTIR spectroscopic techniques. The wavelength maxima (nm) at 435 and 300 depict silver and iron oxide nanoparticles' formation, respectively. Scanning electron microscopic analysis infers the spherically shaped silver (81.4-102 nm) and iron oxide (80.3-99.1 nm) particles. The energy dispersive X-ray technique accomplished elemental mapping. The in vitro antioxidant properties of silver and iron oxide nanoparticles were assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) radical method with IC50 values of 85.39±0.28 and 78.6±0.63, respectively. The antimicrobial potential was evaluated against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial and fungal strains by the agar well diffusion method. The significant zone of inhibition against microbial pathogens reveals the potential industrial and biomedical applications of obtained nanoparticles. The antimicrobial prospective of guava extract-coated iron oxide nanoparticles has been studied for the first time against Bacillus pumilus, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Candida albican. The current report envisions the comparative evaluation of these nanoparticles' antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics for the first time from this plant.

Objective: To explore the serum levels of C-reactive protein in breast cancer patients, and to investigate the relationship between inflammation and progression of breast cancer. Methods: The case-control study was conducted at Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi, from September 2015 to December 2018, and comprised breast cancer patients in group A and and an equal number of age-matched healthy women in control group B. C-reactive protein levels were evaluated in serum samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in both the groups and micro ribonucleic acid levels in serum were quantified using real time polymerase chain reaction. Data was analysed using SPSS 16. Results: Of the 170 subjects, 85(50%) were in each of the two groups. C-reactive protein and micro ribonucleic acid expression were significantly different in group A (p0.01) between the tumour markers in group B (p>0.05). Conclusion: Significantly raised C-reactive protein levels showed there was a link between inflammation and breast cancer. Key Words: Breast cancer, C-reactive protein, MicroRNA 16. Continuous....

The phytochemical investigation of the methanol extract of the bark of Croton oligandrus Pierre ex Hutch yielded a new clerodane-type diterpenoid crotoliganfuran (1) along with ten other compounds ...

The phytochemical investigation of the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Duguetia staudtii stem bark led to the isolation of eight compounds consisting into a new bisnorlignan named pachypolignan (1), a known bisnorlignan (2), four flavonoids (3–6), one alkaloid (7), and one triterpenoid (8). The structures of all the compounds were established with help of spectral data including IR, UV, MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data, as well as by comparison with previously-reported data in literature. The anti-inflammatory and urease inhibitory activities of the isolated compounds were assessed. Furthermore, the chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was discussed.

Extraction of the aerial part of

Extracts of nine plants were studied for DPPH radical scavenging and reducing abilities. Pentatropis spiralis, Calotropis procera, Helitropium curassavicum, Withania somnifera and Chenopodium album showed reducing power ranging from 34% to 146%. Suaeda fruticosa, Trianthema portulacastrum, Pluchea lanceolata and Rumex dentatus has excellent antioxidant potential proved by their DPPH scavenging and reducing power. 1000µg/10µl chloroform extract of S. fruticosa gave 92% scavenging with IC50 value less than 0.7µg/10µl while its hexane extract possessed 80% reducing activity at 100µg/10µl concentration. DPPH free radical scavenging by methanolic extract of Trianthema portulacastrum was 60% and 76% at 1000 and 100µg/10µl respectively with IC50 value of 0.03µg/10µl while the reducing activity of 124% at 100µg/10µl. Methanolic extract of P. lanceolata showed 91% and 70% scavenging activity at 1000 and 100µg/10µl with IC50 value of 0.7µg/ 10µl. Reducing power is comparable with the reference BHA standard that is 98% at 100µg/10µl concentration. Rumex dentatus' extracts are excellent DPPH scavengers and hydrogen donators produced 156% reduction. Chloroform extract was inefficient antioxidant. These results make these plants a candidate for future research for treating ailments due to imbalance in free radicals.

Muriolide (

We report the chemistry and biological activities of a Cameroonian