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The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of dietary supplementation of different levels of L-carnitine and/or lysine-methionine (Lys-Met) on reproductive performance of breeder ducks. Three L-carnitine (0, 75 and 150 mg/kg) and three lysine-methionine (100%, 110% and 120% above the NRC (Nutrient requirements of poultry, 1994, National Academy Press) recommendations) levels were fed to 180 breeder ducks (144 females and 36 males) in a completely randomized design for 49 days. Laying performance and reproductive traits were evaluated; additionally, uric acid, total protein total, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were assessed. The Lys-Met above 100% NRC (Nutrient requirements of poultry, 1994, National Academy Press) recommendations with or without L-carnitine improved feed utilization (p .05). Furthermore, Lys-Met above 100% recommendations without L-carnitine improved egg fertility and hatchability. Fertility and hatchability improved in breeders fed on L-carnitine with 120% Lys-Met (p .05). Serum glucose increased and total cholesterol reduced on 100% Ly-Met without L-carnitine or 110% Ly-Met with 150 mg L-carnitine (p .05). Glucose was reduced, while total cholesterol increased on 75 mg L-carnitine and 100% Lys-Met (p .05). Increasing Lys-Met without L-carnitine reduced serum protein (p .05). Albumin and ALT increased on 75 mg L-carnitine-100% Lys-Met and reduced on 150 mg L-carnitine-120% Lys-Met (p .05). There were no interaction effects on globulin, uric acid and AST (p .05). Thus, based on findings, breeder ducks responded to dietary Lys-Met more efficiently than L-carnitine; however, more research is needed to evaluate also economic aspects related to L-carnitine dietary supplementation.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin C and aspirin on the growth performance of turkeys under normal conditions. For this purpose, 288 male turkeys, BUT6 strain, were used from 1-day-old to 12 weeks of age in nine treatments with four replications and eight birds per replication, as a 3 × 3 factorial experiment [three levels of vitamin C (V; 0, 250, and 500 mg/kg feed), and three levels of aspirin (A; 0, 75, and 150 mg/kg feed)] in a completely randomized design. Our results demonstrated that supplementing with vitamin C and aspirin had no effect on plasma total protein and albumin levels, but the data revealed significant effects on total cholesterol, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels in the supplemental groups. Also, the interaction of vitamin C and aspirin significantly increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and decreased plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and abdominal fat pad. The results of this study indicated the beneficial effects of vitamin C and aspirin supplements may be related to changes in plasma lipids and body fat under normal conditions.

To investigate the effects of adding Cynara scolymus (CS) and Silybum marianum (SM) dry extract to the diet of broiler chickens, a 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates. Ten one‐day‐old male broiler chicks of Ross 308 strain were used in each replicate. Experimental treatments included two levels of supplemental CS and MS, 250 and 500 mg/kg of dry extract of CS and SM, which were used in combination with a basal diet for 42 days. The 42‐day trial was divided into 3 periods, 1–10 days, 11–24 days, and 25–42 days of age. The data were statistically analyzed using SAS software and means differences were tested for significance using Duncan's multiple‐range test. The results showed that the effect of the experimental treatments was not significant on growth performance in the entire period (1–42 days), carcass characteristics, and weight of immunity organs. Feed cost per kilogram of live weight increased with supplemental of CS and SM (p, Supplementing diets with CS and SM improved blood parameters and liver enzymes, but their effects were statistically non‐significant. Effect of application of the extracts on profile of breast fatty acids was variable, but in general, consumption of 250 mg/kg of both supplements was effective in improving profile of breast fatty acids. In general, it is recommended to supplement aflatoxin‐free diet with 250 mg/kg CS and SM to produce healthy meat, as well as to improve the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of broilers.

Vitamins are a significant component of poultry diets, and their absence in the diet results in disorders in growth and performance. Niacin is a form of vitamin B that acts as a catalyst in many of...

Micro-elements are essential for the optimal feeding of broiler hens. Since the chelated micro-elements negatively affect the content of micro- and macro-minerals, there has been a tendency to apply them as an alternative to common mineral forms of micro-elements in poultry diets. This paper reviews the effects of chelates of micro-elements (iron, copper, zinc, manganese, and selenium) on broiler breeder hens' internal and external egg quality and their egg products. The use of chelated micro-elements compared to the mineral forms does not have a significant effect on the performance of broiler breeder flocks, but they have significantly positive effects on the internal and external egg quality of broiler breeder flocks. The chelated micro-elements were also better than mineral resources of micro-elements in improving fertility (0.59%), hatchability (0.81%), and reducing mortality of progeny (2.25%). Chelated micro-elements have no negative impact on blood biochemistry or the immune system of broiler breeder hens and decrease cholesterol (0.84 mmol/l) and triglycerides (0.04 mmol/l) in most cases in comparison with the other mineral forms. Therefore, chelated forms of micro-elements instead of the inorganic mineral forms in diets of broiler breeder hens provide better protection for birds and the environment and also improve egg quality.

Auswirkungen von Thymianpulver und wässrigem Extrakt auf das Fettsäureprofil von Brustfleisch bei Masthähnchen Dieser Versuch wurde durchgeführt, um die Auswirkungen von Thymian (Thymus vulgaris)-Extrakt und Thymian-Pulver auf das Fettsäureprofil des Brustfleisches bei Broilern zu bewerten. Das Experiment umfasste wässrigen Thymianextrakt (50 und 100 mg/kg Futter) und Thymianpulver (150 und 250 mg/kg Futter), die in Kombination mit dem Grundfutter (Kontrolle) verwendet wurden. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse zeigten, dass der höchste Prozentsatz an ungesättigten Fettsäuren mit höheren Mengen an Thymianpulver und Thymianextrakt zusammenhängt; der höchste Mittelwert wurde mit Thymianextrakt (100) + Thymianpulver (250) und der niedrigste mit Thymianextrakt (0) + Thymianpulver (0) erzielt. Im Allgemeinen kann in der vorliegenden Studie geschlussfolgert werden, dass die Verwendung von Thymianpulver und Thymianextrakt in der Ernährung von Ross 308 Broilern einige gesättigte Fettsäuren verringerte und ungesättigte Fettsäuren erhöhte, was bestimmte gesundheitliche Vorteile hat.

Medicinal plants and their derivatives are human-friendly, nutritional supplements, and their use in the poultry industry is increasing today. Cynara scolymus is a very high-quality antioxidant medicine plant that has recently attracted the attention of poultry and nutrition researchers to supplement their rations and reduce feed costs. In the present study, the effect of powder and extract of C. scolymus on broilers has reviewed. This review shows that the impact of C. scolymus on production performance, carcass characteristics, liver enzymes activity, and meat characteristics of broiler chickens are not significant. However, the negative impact of this compound on these properties has not reported. Moreover, cholesterol levels reduced by the dietary C. scolymus supplementation. The impact of C. scolymus powder and extract on chickens' broiler immunity was not significant in the cited literature, but dietary C. scolymus powder increases Newcastle antibody titers and lowers blood pressure. Dietary C. scolymus under heat stress increased anti-sheep red blood cell titers. No substantial studies have conducted on the effect of C. scolymus on broilers. Therefore, it is not possible to determine a single dosage for the use of C. scolymus powder or extract in broiler diets to the improvement of the broiler characteristics. More researches are needed to determining the appropriate dosage to achieve maximum performance.

One of the most valuable medicinal plants is milk thistle (Silybum marianum) or martighal. An annual or biennial plant of the Asteraceae family and English name Milk thistle, a Matte green colour and prickly plant with a standing stem that can be thick, simple, or slightly branched (ramified). Its seeds contain about 70%–80% of the flavonolignans of silymarin and about 20%–30% of polymeric and oxidized polyphenolic compounds (such as tannins). Traditionally, the plant has been used to increase milk secretion, relieve menstrual cramps, lessen depression, decrease gallstones, and jaundice as well as improve functions of the liver, spleen, and kidney. This review reviews studies on the effects of adding milk thistle to quail diet. Consumption (0.5% and 1%) of milk thistle powder in the diet of Japanese quail significantly increased feed intake, body weight, and improved carcass components. Blood constituents including total protein and albumin were improved along with decreased HDL, ALT, and AST. The use of milk thistle levels (0.5% and 1.5%) significantly improved the antioxidant total of plasma. Consumption of silymarin in quail diet increased the number of white blood cells, calcium, vitamin D3, and albumin. Silymarin also decreased the relative weights of bursa of Fabricius and spleen. This review indicates that milk thistle can improve growth performance, feed conversion ratio, and immune system in quail., The appetizing effects of the milk thistle plant lead to better use of feed and improve growth of some laboratory animals. The use of silymarin in quail increased total protein and albumin and decreased serum glucose concentration. Its use in conditions of oxidative stress could have a positive effect on the humoral immunity system of laboratory animals such as Japanese quail. Silymarin decreased the relative weights of bursa of Fabricius and spleen, increased the relative weight of the thymus as well as the number of white blood cells in them. The diet containing milk thistle in Japanese quail increased feed intake and body weight and increased the yield of breast, thigh, and carcass components. Relative weight of liver, heart, pancreas, prestomach, gizzard, and intestine increased. An increase in bursa size, spleen, and carcass fat was also observed and caused the enzyme alkaline phosphatase, IgA and IgG in different levels of MTS to have a decreasing effect compared to the control treatment.

Untersucht wurde die Wirkung verschiedener Fenofibratmengen auf die Eigenschaften von Broilerfleisch an einer vollständig randomisierten Stichprobe von 10 eintägigen männlichen Hühnern des kommerziellen Hybrids Ross308 in 3 Zyklen und 4 Wiederholungen in Dauer von 42 Tagen. In jedem Zyklus wurde der Grundnahrung eine von 3 verschiedenen Fenofibratmengen (0, 50 und 100 mg / kg) zugesetzt. Die Effektanalyse wurde unter Verwendung des statistischen SAS-Analyseprogramms durchgeführt, während der Vergleich der Mittelwerte durch den Duncan-Mehrbereichstest mit einer Fehlerwahrscheinlichkeit von 5% durchgeführt wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Zugabe von Fenofibrat die Geschmackseigenschaften von Hühnerbrust verbessert, wobei die Zugabe von 100 mg / kg Fenofibrat im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe (P

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of simvastatin (SIM) and L-carnitine (LC) additives and their interactions, on productive performance and carcass quality of broilers. For this purpose, a feeding trial was conducted, under 3×3 factorial design, using SIM at 0, 1 or 2 g/kg level and LC at 0, 150 or 300 mg/kg level in a basal-diet and originating a total of nine treatments: T1 (control-diet, 0/0), T2 (0/150), T3 (0/300), T4 (1/0), T5(1/150), T6 (1/300), T7 (2/0), T8 (2/150), and T9 (2/300). Feed intake was higher in T2 (4716 g), T7 (4722 g) and T9 (4698 g) than in T1 (4545 g; P

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We evaluated the effects of dietary surpluses (100%, 110%, and 120% of Ross recommendations) of methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) on growth performance, blood serum parameters, immune responses, and carcass traits of broilers using a completely randomized design with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. Broilers fed a diet containing Met and Lys according to Ross recommendations had maximal growth performance. During the starter period, higher Lys decreased intake of feed, energy, and protein (linear, P

The influence of dietary L-carnitine and lysine (Lys)-methionine (Met) levels on productive performance, haematology and triiodothyronine hormone levels of broilers was investigated. Dietary treatments included different L-carnitine (0, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and Lys-Met (0%, 10% and 20% over National Research Council (NRC) (1994) recommendation levels), under a 3 &times, 3 factorial design arrangement. From the findings, the body weight (BW) gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers were significantly (p &lt, 0.05) influenced by dietary treatments in the different growing stages. Conversely, carcass yield and organs did not differ (p &gt, 0.05) among treatments, whereas meat-cuts varied significantly when broilers were fed experimental diets. Moreover, the dietary inclusion of the highest levels of amino-acids (L-carnitine (100 mg/kg) and Lys-Met (+20%)) produced a reduction (p &lt, 0.05) of blood uric acid, also leading to the highest triiodothyronine (T3) hormone levels. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the combination of extra levels of L-carnitine associated with Lys-Met positively influenced the performance traits in broiler chickens.

Medicinal plants and their derivatives are human-friendly, nutritional supplements, and their use in the poultry industry is increasing today.

This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of using three different levels of vitamin C (0, 200 and 400 mg/kg) in diet on fatty acid profiles of breast meat of broilers. The experiment was performed in a completely randomized design in 3 treatments and 4 replicates with 10 chickens per pen for 42 days using 120 one-day-old male chickens of commercial Ross 308 strain. Data analysis was performed by SAS statistical software and the comparison of the means with Duncan's multiple-range test at 5% probability level. The results showed that the percentage of saturated fatty acids such as myristic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid decreased by 200 mg/kg vitamin C. Also, the amount of unsaturated fatty acids increased at the same level of vitamin C and the saturated fatty acids were reduced., Cilj istraživanja bio je procijeniti koje učinke uvrštavanje tri različite razine vitamina C (0, 200 i 400 mg/kg) u prehranu ima na profil masnih kiselina u mesu prsa brojlera. Istraživanje je provedeno u 3 ciklusa i 4 ponavljanja u trajanju od 42 dana, na potpuno randomiziranom uzorku od 10 pilića po kavezu, ukupno 120 jednodnevnih muških pilića komercijalnog hibrida Ross 308. Analiza podataka provedena je uporabom programa za statističku analizu SAS, dok je usporedba srednjih vrijednost izvršena Duncanovim testom višestrukog raspona uz vjerojatnost pogreške od 5 %. Rezultati su pokazali da se kod dodatka vitamina C razine 200 mg/kg smanjio postotak zasićenih masnih kiselina poput miristinske, palmitinske i stearinske kiseline, pri čemu se količina nezasićenih masnih kiselina povećala, a količina zasićenih masnih kiselina smanjila., Ziel der Studie war es, die Auswirkungen der Aufnahme von drei verschiedenen Vitamin C-Mengen (0, 200 und 400 mg / kg) in die Ernährung auf das Fettsäureprofil im Broilerbrustfleisch zu bewerten. Die Studie wurde in 3 Zyklen und 4 Wiederholungen in Dauer von 42 Tagen durchgeführt, an einer vollständig randomisierten Probe von 10 Hühnern pro Käfig, insgesamt 120 männliche Hühner im Alter von einem Tag des kommerziellen Hybrids Ross 308. Die Datenanalyse wurde unter Verwendung des statistischen SAS-Analyseprogramms vorgenommen, während der Vergleich der Mittelwerte mit dem Duncan multiplen Vergleichstest mit einer Fehlerwahrscheinlichkeit von 5% durchgeführt wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Zugabe von Vitamin C in einer Menge von 200 mg / kg den Prozentsatz an gesättigten Fettsäuren wie Myristinsäure, Palmitinsäure und Stearinsäure verringert, wobei die Menge an ungesättigten Fettsäuren zunahm und die Menge an gesättigten Fettsäuren abnahm., El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la adición de tres niveles diferentes de la vitamina C (0, 200 y 400 mg / kg) en la dieta, sobre el perfil de los ácidos grasos en la carne de broiler. El estudio fue realizado en 3 ciclos y 4 réplicas durante 42 días, con una muestra completamente al azar de 10 pollos por jaula, un total de 120 pollos machos de un día de edad del híbrido comercial Ross 308. El análisis de los datos fue realizado utilizando el programa de análisis estadístico SAS, mientras que la comparación de los valores medios se realizó mediante la prueba de rango múltiple de Duncan con una probabilidad de error del 5%. Los resultados mostraron que la adición de la vitamina C a un nivel de 200 mg / kg disminuyó el porcentaje de ácidos grasos saturados como el ácido mirístico, palmítico y esteárico, mientras que la cantidad de los ácidos grasos insaturados aumentó y la cantidad de los ácidos grasos saturados disminuyó., La ricerca è stata finalizzata alla valutazione dell'impatto dell'inserimento di tre differenti livelli di vitamina C (0, 200 e 400 mg/kg) nel mangime sul profilo degli acidi grassi contenuti nella carne del petto dei polli da carne. La ricerca è stata svolta in 3 cicli e 3 ripetizioni, per la durata di 42 giorni, su un campione completamente randomizzato di 10 pulcini per gabbia, per un totale di 120 pulcini maschi di un giorno del tipo ibrido commerciale Ross 308. L'analisi dei dati è stata condotta con l'impiego del programma d'analisi statistica SAS, mentre la comparazione dei valori medi è stata eseguita con il test di comparazione multipla di Duncan con probabilità d'errore del 5%. I risultati hanno dimostrato che, con l'aggiunta della vitamina C livello 200 mg/kg, la percentuale di acidi grassi saturi come l'acido miristico, l'acido palmitico e l'acido stearico s'è ridotta, mentre è aumentata la quantità di acidi grassi insaturi ed è diminuita quella degli acidi grassi saturi.

The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of different levels of fenofibrate on the characteristics of broiler meat in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments, 4 replicates and 10 oneday- old male Ross 308 strain chicks per replicate for 42 days. Experimental treatments included 3 levels of fenofibrate (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg), which were used in combination with the basal diet. Analysis of the effect of experimental treatments was performed by SAS statistical software and the comparison of the means at 5% probability level with Duncan's multiple-range test. The results showed that consumption of fenofibrate improved the flavor characteristics of breast meat and the flavor of breast meat increased significantly with the application of 100 mg/kg fenofibrate compared to the control (P < 0,05). Consumption of fenofibrate increased the percentage of oleic acid and linoleic acid and decreased saturated fatty acids, including palmitic acid and stearic acid in breast meat., Istraživanjem smo na potpuno randomiziranom uzorku 10 jednodnevnih muških pilića komercijalnog hibrida Ross308, u tri ciklusa i četiri ponavljanja, tijekom 42 dana, procijenili učinak različitih razina fenofibrata na značajke mesa brojlera. Bazalnoj prehrani u pojedinom je ciklusu dodana jedna od tri različite razine fenofibrata (0, 50 i 100 mg/kg). Analiza učinaka provedena je uporabom programa za statističku analizu SAS, dok je usporedba srednjih vrijednost izvršena Duncanovim testom višestrukog raspona uz vjerojatnost pogreške od 5 %. Rezultati ukazuju da dodatak fenofirbrata poboljšava značajke okusa pilećih prsa, pri čemu je dodatak od 100 mg/kg fenofibrata, u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom (P < 0,05), značajno poboljšao okus pilećih prsa. Dodatak fenofibrata povećao je udio oleinske i linolne kiseline, a smanjio udio zasićenih masnih kiselina, poput palmitinske i stearinske kiseline, u pilećim prsima., Untersucht wurde die Wirkung verschiedener Fenofibratmengen auf die Eigenschaften von Broilerfleisch an einer vollständig randomisierten Stichprobe von 10 eintägigen männlichen Hühnern des kommerziellen Hybrids Ross308 in 3 Zyklen und 4 Wiederholungen in Dauer von 42 Tagen. In jedem Zyklus wurde der Grundnahrung eine von 3 verschiedenen Fenofibratmengen (0, 50 und 100 mg / kg) zugesetzt. Die Effektanalyse wurde unter Verwendung des statistischen SAS-Analyseprogramms durchgeführt, während der Vergleich der Mittelwerte durch den Duncan-Mehrbereichstest mit einer Fehlerwahrscheinlichkeit von 5% durchgeführt wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Zugabe von Fenofibrat die Geschmackseigenschaften von Hühnerbrust verbessert, wobei die Zugabe von 100 mg / kg Fenofibrat im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe (P < 0,05) den Geschmack von Hühnerbrust signifikant verbessert. Die Zugabe von Fenofibrat erhöht den Anteil an Olein- und Linolsäure und verringert den Anteil an gesättigten Fettsäuren wie Palmitinsäure und Stearinsäure in der Hühnerbrust., En una muestra completamente aleatorizada de 10 pollos machos de un día de edad del híbrido comercial Ross 308, en 3 ciclos y 4 repeticiones, durante 42 días evaluamos el efecto de diferentes niveles de fenofibrato en las características de la carne de broiler. A la dieta basal en cada ciclo fue añadido uno de los 3 niveles diferentes de fenofibrato (0, 50 y 100 mg / kg). El análisis del efecto fue realizado utilizando el programa de análisis estadístico SAS, mientras que la comparación de los valores medios se realizó mediante la prueba de rango múltiple de Duncan con una probabilidad de error del 5%. Los resultados indican que la adición de fenofibrato mejoró las características de sabor de la pechuga de pollo, donde la adición de 100 mg / kg de fenofibrato mejoró significativamente el sabor de la pechuga de pollo, en comparación con el grupo de control (P < 0,05). La adición de fenofibrato aumentó la proporción de ácido oleico y linoleico, y disminuyó la proporción de ácidos grasos saturados, como el ácido palmítico y esteárico, en la pechuga de pollo., Questa ricerca è stata svolta su un campione completamente randomizzato di 10 pulcini maschi di un giorno dell’ibrido commerciale Ross 308, in 3 cicli e 4 ripetizioni, durante 42 giorni. Con essa abbiamo valutato l’impatto di differenti livelli di fenofibrato sulle caratteristiche della carne dei polli da carne. Al mangime base in ogni singolo ciclo è stato aggiunto uno dei 3 differenti livelli di fenofibrato (0, 50 e 100 mg/kg). L'analisi dell’impatto è stata condotta con l'impiego del programma d'analisi statistica SAS, mentre la comparazione dei valori medi è stata eseguita con il test di comparazione multipla di Duncan con probabilità d'errore del 5%. I risultati hanno dimostrato che l'aggiunta del fenofibrato migliora le caratteristiche del gusto del petto di pollo, laddove l’aggiunta di 100 mg/kg di fenofibrato, rispetto al gruppo di controllo (P < 0,05), ha migliorato significativamente il gusto dei petti di pollo. L’aggiunta del fenofibrato nei petti di pollo ha aumentato la percentuale di acido oleico e linoleico, mentre ha diminuito la presenza di acidi grassi, come l’acido palmitico e stearico.

A total of 270 one-d-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 9 experimental diets (3 replicates of 10 birds each), including three types of supplemental lipotropic factors (control, 0.1% or 0.2% choline and 0.5% or 1% lecithin) in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. Supplementation of lecithin improved FCR values during 1-21 days of age. Although no differences were noticed for mortality index among different diets, the group supplemented with a combination of choline (0.1) and lecithin (0.5) showed the highest (P

Contents The effects of three climates (hot and dry, mild and humid and Alpine) and three flock densities ( 300 m2) on ostrich reproductive and productive traits were studied. Data were compared with the benchmark target sets by the World Ostrich Association (Ostrich benchmark Performance Targets. Version 2, May, 2008) for reproductive qualifications of ostrich. No significant difference was observed on egg production, weight, fertility, hatchability and day-old chicks weight among the three climate conditions; however, the Alpine climate had a lower performance trend. Mild and humid climates had a significant effect of age at sexual maturity for both males and females as well as on the duration of egg production season. Stocking density did not show significant difference on egg production, hatchability, age of male and female at sexual maturity and on duration of egg production season, while an area >300 m2 showed a reduction in egg weight and day-old chick weight. Further, an area

L-carnitine as well as lysine and methionine are amino acids of important nutritional and nutraceutical interest and are used in nutritional strategies as diet supplements to improve feed quality characteristics in animals and broiler chicken in particular. This study investigated the effect of different levels of L-carnitine and extra levels of lysine-methionine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and some immune system markers. Two hundred seventy male Ross 308 broilers were a fed control diet (C) and eight different diets supplemented with an excess of amino acids. In the experimental diets, identified as D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8, extra L-carnitine, lysine, and methionine were added in excess with respect to the American National Research Council (NRC) recommendations: L-carnitine equal to NRC (D1); control diet supplemented with lysine at 30% in excess of NRC, methionine at 30% in excess of NRC, and L-carnitine equal to NRC (D2); control diet supplemented with lysine equal to NRC, methionine equal to NRC, and L-carnitine at 15% in excess of NRC (D3); control diet supplemented control diet supplemented with lysine at 15% in excess of NRC, methionine at 15% in excess of NRC, and L-carnitine at 15% in excess of NRC (D4); control diet supplemented lysine at 30% in excess of NRC, methionine at 30% in excess of NRC, and L-carnitine at 15% in excess of NRC (D5); control diet supplemented with lysine equal to NRC recommendations, methionine equal to NRC recommendations, and L-carnitine at 75% in excess of NRC (D6); control diet supplemented with lysine at 15% in excess of NRC, methionine at 15% in excess of NRC, and L-carnitine at 75% in excess of NRC (D7); and control diet supplemented with lysine at 30% in excess of NRC, methionine at 30% in excess of NRC, and L-carnitine at 75% in excess of NRC (D8). During the starter and growth phases, feed intake was not affected by dietary treatment (p > 0.05). By contrast, body weight and FCR were both affected (p < 0.001) during the starter period. During the finisher phase, feed consumption was affected (p < 0.05) by dietary treatment. Feed intake of broilers fed on C, D3, D6, and D7 were statistically similar (p > 0.05) (1851.90, 1862.00, 1945.10, and 1872.80 g/pen/day, respectively) and were higher (p < 0.05) than 1564.40 g/pen/day (D5). With the exception of drumsticks, neck, back thoracic vertebrae, and proventriculus weights, economical carcass segments were not affected (p > 0.05) by the dietary supplementation of amino acids. Duodenum and ileum weights and lengths decreased with amino acid supplementation (p < 0.05). IgT and IgG titers against Sheep Red Blood Cells (SRBC) for both primary and secondary responses were not affected by dietary treatments (p > 0.05). Dietary amino acids supplementation did not affect IgM titer after the secondary challenge (p > 0.05) and had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on serum antibody titers in broilers vaccinated against Newcastle disease (NCD) and Gumboro ‘s disease at the 27th and 30th days, respectively

Objetive. In the present study a completely randomized 3×3 factorial design was used to analyze the effects of different levels of L-Carnitine, lysine(Lys) and methionine (Met) on the blood concentrations of energy, protein and lipid metabolites of male broiler chickens. Materials and methods. A total of 270 newly hatched male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 9 groups (ten broilers per replicate and three replicates per treatment). The control group was fed a basal diet, whereas the treatment groups were fed basal diets supplemented with L-Carnitine (0 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) and lysine-methionine (0, 15 and 30%) for 42 days. On day 42, one bird was randomly chosen per replication, a blood sample was taken and the blood concentrations of glucose (GLU), uric acid (UAc), triglyceride (TG), VLDL, HDL, LDL, total protein (TP), albumin (Alb) and total cholesterol (TC) were analyzed. Results. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation had a significant effect (p

This study investigated the growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood biochemistry, humoral immunity and caecal microbiota of broiler chicks fed 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% olive meal (OM) in diet. In addition, this study investigated the use of enzymatic feed supplements (β-glucanase, phytase and hemicellulase) to enhance digestibility of high fibre diets. At the end of the feeding period (42 days), there were no significant differences among dietary groups on broiler growth performance, including bodyweight (BW) and bodyweight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion efficiency (FCE). The evaluated carcass traits and meat cuts (breast, drumsticks and wings) did not vary among dietary treatments. Although some minor differences were observed in blood albumin and cholesterol concentrations among groups, the cecum microbiota did not differ in broilers. Antibody titers following vaccinations against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Gumboro disease were higher in birds fed 4% OM. Adding supplemental enzymes to diet had minimal effect on the parameters. Findings from this study support the literature, which suggests that OM is a suitable feed by-product in broiler diets. Moreover, including OM in poultry rations has the potential to provide an economic and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional diets. Finally, the current trial identified that the addition of enzymes was not necessary to achieve optimal productive performance in broiler fed diet containing OM. Keywords : Feed by-product, growth, nutrition, poultry

Gemfibrozil and L-carnitine are involved in fatty acid metabolism. We assessed the impact of administering gemfibrozil together with L-carnitine on the performance, lipid redistribution, intramuscular fat, and carcass quality in broiler chickens. Day-old male Ross 308 chicks were randomly divided among nine treatments, with three replicates per treatment. There were of 10 chicks in each replicate. The experiment involved a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments, with three levels of L-carnitine, in combination with three levels of gemfibrozil. Body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were obtained weekly from 3 to 6 weeks of age. At the end of the experimental period, the chicks were sacrificed and carcass and blood samples were obtained for various measures. There were interactions between L-carnitine and gemfibrozil on weight gain, feed intake, FCR, full and empty abdominal carcass weights, breast and wing weights, abdominal fat weight, heart weight and triglyceride concentration (P>0.05). The presence of dietary L-carnitine and gemfibrozil together reduced the weight gain, feed intake, abdominal fat weight and triglyceride concentration. Conversely, combinations of L-carnitine and gemfibrozil significantly increased the heart weight. There were no effects of L-carnitine and gemfibrozil on eviscerated carcass weight nor on liver weight. Dietary L-carnitine and gemfibrozil together influence measures of performance, fat distribution and carcass quality in broiler chickens.

L-carnitine as well as lysine and methionine are amino acids of important nutritional and nutraceutical interest and are used in nutritional strategies as diet supplements to improve feed quality characteristics in animals and broiler chicken in particular. This study investigated the effect of different levels of L-carnitine and extra levels of lysine-methionine on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and some immune system markers. Two hundred seventy male Ross 308 broilers were a fed control diet (C) and eight different diets supplemented with an excess of amino acids. In the experimental diets, identified as D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, and D8, extra L-carnitine, lysine, and methionine were added in excess with respect to the American National Research Council (NRC) recommendations: L-carnitine equal to NRC (D1), control diet supplemented with lysine at 30% in excess of NRC, methionine at 30% in excess of NRC, and L-carnitine equal to NRC (D2), control diet supplemented with lysine equal to NRC, methionine equal to NRC, and L-carnitine at 15% in excess of NRC (D3), control diet supplemented control diet supplemented with lysine at 15% in excess of NRC, methionine at 15% in excess of NRC, and L-carnitine at 15% in excess of NRC (D4), control diet supplemented lysine at 30% in excess of NRC, methionine at 30% in excess of NRC, and L-carnitine at 15% in excess of NRC (D5), control diet supplemented with lysine equal to NRC recommendations, methionine equal to NRC recommendations, and L-carnitine at 75% in excess of NRC (D6), control diet supplemented with lysine at 15% in excess of NRC, methionine at 15% in excess of NRC, and L-carnitine at 75% in excess of NRC (D7), and control diet supplemented with lysine at 30% in excess of NRC, methionine at 30% in excess of NRC, and L-carnitine at 75% in excess of NRC (D8). During the starter and growth phases, feed intake was not affected by dietary treatment (p &gt, 0.05). By contrast, body weight and FCR were both affected (p &lt, 0.001) during the starter period. During the finisher phase, feed consumption was affected (p &lt, 0.05) by dietary treatment. Feed intake of broilers fed on C, D3, D6, and D7 were statistically similar (p &gt, 0.05) (1851.90, 1862.00, 1945.10, and 1872.80 g/pen/day, respectively) and were higher (p &lt, 0.05) than 1564.40 g/pen/day (D5). With the exception of drumsticks, neck, back thoracic vertebrae, and proventriculus weights, economical carcass segments were not affected (p &gt, 0.05) by the dietary supplementation of amino acids. Duodenum and ileum weights and lengths decreased with amino acid supplementation (p &lt, 0.05). IgT and IgG titers against Sheep Red Blood Cells (SRBC) for both primary and secondary responses were not affected by dietary treatments (p &gt, 0.05). Dietary amino acids supplementation did not affect IgM titer after the secondary challenge (p &gt, 0.05) and had a significant effect (p &lt, 0.05) on serum antibody titers in broilers vaccinated against Newcastle disease (NCD) and Gumboro &lsquo, s disease at the 27th and 30th days, respectively.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of excess dietary Lysine (Lys) and Methionine (Met) on some blood parameters, cholesterol and fat content of carcass and the performance of broiler chicks. In a completely randomized design three hundred male Ross 308 broilers were allotted to five group, each of which included four replicates (15 birds per replicate). The groups received the same basal diet supplemented with Lys and Met(as TSAA) in 0, 10, 20, 30 or 40% more than NRC (1994) recommendation. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software and Duncan’s test was used to compare the means on a value of P< 0.05. The results indicated that the two highest levels of Lys and Met treatments (30 and 40% more than NRC recommendation) led to significant increase in carcass efficiency, breast muscle yield, heart and liver weight and also plasma cholesterol (P< 0.05), whereas feed conversion ratio (FCR), crude fat contents of breast and thigh muscles and plasma triglyceride were the least in these two treatment groups (P< 0.05). Addition Lys and Met 40% more than NRC tend to significant decrease in body weight gain but there was no significant effect of treatment on cholesterol content of the breast and thigh muscle and also thigh and leg yield. The finding of this experiment showed that increasing Lys and Met to diets of today’s broiler in excess of NRC recommendations can improve FCR, abdominal fat deposition, breast meat yield, fat content of the breast and thigh muscles and carcass efficiency and also results reported here support the hypothesis that it is possible to produce poultry meat with different fat content by supplementation excess Lys and Met to diet.

In this study, 160 73-week-old laying hens (HyLine W-36) were used to investigate the changes in production performance and egg quality parameters of aged laying hens after injection of different doses of growth hormone (GH) and a fixed dose of testosterone (Ts). The hens were weighed individually, placed in laying cages and then randomly assigned to four treatments with four replicates of 10 birds each, in a completely randomised design. The experiment was started at the 75th week and lasted until the 82nd week of age. The treatments were: 1: injection of 100 µL distilled water (control group), 2: injection of 500 µg Ts/kg liveweight + 50 µg GH/kg liveweight, 3: injection of 500 µg Ts/kg liveweight + 100 µg GH/kg liveweight and 4: injection of 500 µg Ts/kg liveweight + 150 µg GH/kg liveweight. In this study, ovulation rate (egg production percent), egg mass and feed intake were significantly higher in Treatment 3 than the control group (P < 0.05), and in Treatment 4, feed conversion ratio was significantly higher than for the other experimental groups (P < 0.05). In addition, the birds in Treatment 3 showed greater egg weight, albumen height, eggshell weight, eggshell density and eggshell weight per surface area than the control group (P < 0.05). In Treatment 3, egg length significantly increased compared with Treatments 1 and 4 (P < 0.05), and in Treatments 2 and 4, shell breaking strength was significantly lower than for the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our results showed positive effects of GH and Ts administration on egg quality parameters and production performance in aged laying hens. Taken together, in the present study Treatment 3 was found more effective in improving egg quality and production performance of the old laying hens.