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Objective: The primary objective of this doctoral-level study was to investigate the prevalence and anatomical variations of the second mesiobuccal (MB2) canals in maxillary first permanent molars, thereby contributing to the enhancement of endodontic treatment outcomes. Study Place and Duration: The research was conducted at the Bakhtawar Amin Medical and Dental College Multan, with a study duration of 12 months (January 2022 to December 2022). Study Design: This investigation employed a cross-sectional, observational study design, meticulously examining maxillary first permanent molars in a diverse patient population. Methods: A total of 400 extracted maxillary first permanent molars were collected and analyzed using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and dental operating microscope (DOM). Samples were categorized by age, gender, and ethnicity. The teeth were accessed, and MB2 canals were detected through a combination of clinical and radiographic methods. The prevalence and variations of MB2 canals were evaluated, and data were statistically analyzed using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, with a significance level set at p

Objective: To analyze and compare the response of human pulpal pain with Bio-dentine and Endo-sequence root repair material as pulp capping agents. Study Design: Quasi-experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: Operative Dentistry Department, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi Pakistan,from Feb 2019 to Aug 2020. Methodology: This study was performed on 100 maxillary and mandibular vital permanent molars with symptoms of reversible pulpitis. Patients were divided into two groups, with 50 patients in each group. In Group-A, Bio-dentine was used as a pulp capping agent whereas Endo-sequence root repair material was used for pulp capping in Group-B. Patients of both groups were then recalled after one week, one month and three months. A visual analogue scale was used to record the intensity of pain. Results: In a sample size of 100 patients, 16% were maxillary first molars, 4% were maxillary second molars, 26% were mandibular second molars, and 54% were mandibular first molars. Between Groups A and B, four patients from Group-A (8%) and three patients from Group-B (6%) complained of pain of mild category (1-3), according to VAS. The rest of the patients remained asymptomatic at 1 and 3-months follow-up (p-value=0.695). Hence no significant difference was found in the post-operative pain following pulp capping with Bio-dentine and Endo-sequence root repair material. Conclusion: Bio-dentine and Endo-sequence root repair material has comparable effectiveness. Hence, they can be used as suitable pulp capping agents.

Objective: This study aimed to determine if there was a significant difference in root canal obturation quality between single-rooted teeth produced using a manual approach and those prepared using a rotational method, as determined by intraoral periapical radiographs. Study Design: Randomized control trial Place and Duration: This randomized study was conducted at Bakhtawaramin Medical and Dental College during in the period from April, 2022 to September, 2022. Methods: Total 80 patients of both genders were presented. All the included cases had single rooted teeth. Age, gender, and residence were some of the detailed demographic information that was documented after getting informed written consent. Patients were equally divided in two groups. Group I underwent manual root canal treatment in 40 cases while in group II rotary endodontic preparation. Outcomes among both groups were recorded in terms of quality of root canal filling. SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: There were 45 (56.3%) females and 35 (43.7%) males. Mean age of the patients in group I was 33.3±8.35 years and in group II mean age was 34.9±7.23 years. We did not find any significant difference in root canal filling and homogeneity among both groups. Group II showed a significantly good results of T score as compared to group I with p value

This retrospective study investigated, in two cohorts of subjects living in Karachi Pakistan and awaiting treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the variables related to diagnostic delay ascribable to the patient, with particular reference to the cognitive and psychological ones. A total of 156 patients with OSCC (mean age: 62 years, M/F: 2.39 : 1) were recruited at the Agha Khan Hospital Karachi. Risk factors related to patient delay included: socio demographic, health-related, cognitive and psychological variables. The analysis was conducted by considering two different delay ranges: dichotomous (1 month) and polytomous (3 months) delay. Data were investigated by univariate and multivariate analyses and a P value >0.05 was considered statistically significant. For both delay measurements, the most relevant variables were: ‘Personal experience of cancer (dichotomous delay: P>0.05, odds ratio (OR) 50.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 50.11–0.99; polytomous delay: P

Objective: The Aim of this study is to determine the occupational risk factors and preventive measure for Covid-19 in prosthodontics. Study Design:Cross-sectional study Place and Duration: Conducted at Nishtar institute of dentistry Multan during from the period 01 July, 2021 to 31 Dec, 2021 Methods: There were one hundred and thirteen professionals working in prosthodontics were presented in this study. Enrolled cases were aged between 22- 55 years. After obtaining informed written permission, the demographics of enrolled professionals were recorded, including age, sex, residence, occupation, and marital status.Association of risk factors in their occupation related to Covid-19 and its preventive measures were measured and calculated. Awareness of vaccine and vaccination status was also recorded. SPSS 24.0 was used to analyze all data. Results:Among 113 cases, majority of the cases were females 73 (61.3%) and rest were males 40 (38.7%). 45 (39.8%) cases were aged between 22-28 years, 40 (35.4%) were aged between 29-34 years and 28 (24.7%) had ages > 35 years. 63 (55.8%) were married and 78 (69.02%) had urban residency. Majority were dentist 85 (75.2%) and 20 (17.7%) were dental assistants and 8 (7.1%)are dental technicians .64 (56.6%) were vaccinated and 40 (35.4%) were partially vaccinated.Most common symptoms were fever, cough, fatigue and shortness of breath. Risk factors were direct contact, not used of personal protective equipment (PPE) or lack of PPE i.e. gloves, hand wash, sanitizer and mask. Instantly change of gloves, hygienic cleaning, change of dress after job hours and social distance were the preventive measures. Conclusion: Given the pathways of COVID-19 transmission, even dental practitioners must adjust usual methods to avoid infection. In clinical conditions, dentists must recognize the signs and symptoms and perform stringent infection control. Keywords: Infectious Disease, Prosthodontics, Risk Factors, Symptoms

Objective: The purpose of this study was to perform cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to assess the frequency of mandibular second molars with C-shaped root canals in a population living in Pakistan. Study Design: Retrospective study Place and Duration: This retrospective study was conducted at Bakhtawar Amin Medical and Dental College during in the period from June, 2022 to November, 2022. Methods: Total 118 patients were presented with mandibular second molars scheduled for root canal treatment. CBCT scans of patients from diagnostic imaging center were selected. C-shaped root canals were determined by radiographic method using Fan’s criteria. The frequency and distribution of canals and their configuration along with the position of lingual/buccal grooves in the images were evaluated. SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze all data. Results: There were majority 72 (61.02%) females and 46 (38.98%) were males in this study. In our study mean age of the patients was 26.16±13.74 years. Frequency of C-shaped mandibular second molars was found in 12 (10.2%) cases. Among 12 cases, majority of the C-shaped root canals found in right side 7 (5.9%) and 5 (4.2%) C-shaped root canals found in left side. Majority of the C-shaped root canals found in females. Frequency of buccal groove among C-shaped root canals was 6 followed by both buccal and lingual groove in 4 and only lingual groove in 2 cases. Conclusion: According to CBCT analysis, 10.2% of second molars exhibited C-shaped canals. These teeth stood out due to the presence of a deep buccal groove. Right-sided mandibular second molar presence was statistically significant (P = 0.016), according to the data. Keywords: CBCT, Mandibular Second Molars, C-shaped canals, Buccal Groove

Background: Pain after root canal treatment is a challenging problem for the operative dentists over the last few years. The development of pain is dependent on the intensity of tissue damage. Inflammation is characterized by a series of vascular events in response to tissue injury. The release of mediators is responsible for much of the pain. The rationale of this study is to use NSAIDs alone or in combination with dexamethasone to reduce post treatment swelling and pain following endodontic therapy. The objective of the study was to compare the frequency of post obturation pain by using ibuprofen or ibuprofen/ dexamethasone infiltration in single visit endodontic cases.Methods: This study was carried out in the Operative Dentistry, Department (AFID), Rawalpindi, Pakistan from December 2015 to May 2016 after approval from the Institutional Ethical Review Board. After an informed consent, 128 patients fulfilling inclusion criteria were divided in to two equal groups. In Group A, after root canal treatment, an additional single shot local infiltration of 0.5 mg dexamethasone was given in periapical area. Both the patient groups were prescribed ibuprofen 400 mg three times a day. Patient’s pain response was recorded after 24 hours of treatment, using visual analogue scale. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17.Results: After 24 hours, 6 (9.4%) patients showed the pain in group A while 16 (25.0%) patients complained of pain in group B. Conclusions: The results of this study showed, group A showed less postoperative pain as compared to group B where only ibuprofen was given.