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Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPWD) mentions the legal capability of mentally ill patient, which states that the state parties will make legislation to provide legal capacity to the persons with disability. Although Pakistan has signed the treaty, but the mental health laws of Pakistan are not in agreement on the legal capacity of a disabled person. This paper discusses the legal capability and Article 12 of CRPWD, to examine the possibilities under which the disabled person can utilize his/her legal rights. Second part demarcate the legal capacity and criminal liability. It is essential to mention that mental health patient in some cases cannot be charged for his criminal offence. A qualitative method of research is followed, which helped the researcher in the analysis of available data regarding legal capacity. It is observed that mental health laws of Pakistan need to be updated. The work recommends that article 12 of the CRPWD should be incorporated in the legislation regarding mental health patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will focus on some of the basic practical uses of "Estoppel Doctrine" not as a mere rule of evidence but a substantive nature. Due to its strong legal background, it has acquired the status of "Substantive Rule of Law." This enlarges the ambit of its application into civil and criminal cases. This article will focus on applying the Estoppel Doctrine in criminal and civil cases followed by basic legal justifications, opinion juristic and case laws. Many research papers have studied the history of Estoppel and its application and the existing conditions and legal discussions about it. The legal debate of dividing basic legal principles categorically and logically witnesses its emergence after the innovation of modern jurisprudence. The debate of declaring "Doctrine of Estoppel" as a mere "Rule of Evidence" or "Rule of Substantial Law" was one of those innovations. We also recommend more application of this doctrine in criminal and civil cases in order to achieve the best out of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]