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Liquidity risk is the possible loss of funds as a result of not being able to find the required amount of funds at an appropriate cost when needed or not being able to sell a financial asset at the required time and price. Briefly, it is the risk of maturity mismatch of cash inflows and outflows. Banks that use the short-term funds they collect in long-term assets are exposed to such a risk. Despite international regulations, it is observed that even in banks with sufficient capital levels, problems arise in the management and liquidity due to the change in risk appetites of different financial institutions in different periods. After the World War II, and especially with the effect of the liberalization policies of the Democratic Party in Türkiye, which was in ruling between 1950-1960, 24 new banks were established. In the case of Demirbank, which resulted to took over by the Savings Deposit Insurance Fund (SDIF) in 2000, especially all the process until the transfer of the bank to the fund, is a lesson to learn on liquidity risk management. In this article it is aimed to shed light on a period in Turkish banking history, the theoretical framework and the regulatory and supervisory processes and the reactions of related institutions.

Araştırmanın amacı, Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi öğrencilerinin Oyun Bağımlılığı (OB) düzeyinin cinsiyet, sınıf düzeyi, ekonomik durum algısı ve başarı durumuna göre anlamlı bir farklılık gösterip göstermediğini belirlemektir. Genel tarama modelinde tasarlanan bu çalışmada veriler 27’si kadın ve 114’ü erkek olmak üzere toplam 141 gönüllü katılımcıdan elde edilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak Ilgaz tarafından Türk diline uyarlanan, yedi alt boyut ve 21 maddeden oluşan Ergenler İçin Oyun Bağımlılığı Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Ölçeğin geri çekilme alt boyutu ile ilgili olarak hesaplanan iç tutarlılık katsayısı düşük olduğundan (.42) bu alt boyutla ilgili bulgular analizlere dâhil edilmemiştir. Diğer alt boyutlarla ilgili hesaplanan iç tutarlılık katsayıları .73 ile .88 arasında değişmektedir. Parametrik test koşullarını sağlamaması sebebiyle toplanan veriler Kruskal Wallis H ve Mann Whitney U testleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Öğrencilerin OB puanlarının orta düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre OB düzeyi puan sıra ortalamalarının cinsiyete göre anlamlı bir farklık göstermediği tespit edilmiştir. Sınıf düzeyine göre durum değiştirme alt boyutunda birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin OB düzeyi üçüncü sınıf öğrencilerinin OB düzeyinden yüksek bulunmuş, diğer alt boyutlarda anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmemiştir. Ekonomik durum algısına göre OB düzeyi puan sıra ortalamaları arasında nüksetme ve çatışma alt boyutlarında anlamlı farlılıklar bulunmuştur. Ekonomik durumunu orta ve kötü olarak algılayanların OB puan sıra ortalamaları daha yüksektir. Akademik başarı durumuna göre durum değiştirme alt boyutu dışındaki diğer tüm alt boyutlarda OB puan sıra ortalamaları arasında anlamlı farlılıklar tespit edilmiş, akademik başarısı düşük olan öğrencilerin puan sıra ortalamaları daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Mevcut çalışmada, aile ekonomik durumu ile akademik başarının OB puanlarında önemli bir değişken olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular akademik başarıyı olumsuz yönde etkileyen hususların tespit edilmesi ve giderilmesinin yanı sıra oyun bağımlılığını azaltamaya da katkı sağlayabilir., The aim of the research is to determine whether the level of Game Addiction (OB) of the students of the Faculty of Sports Sciences shows a significant difference according to gender, grade level, perception of economic situation and achievement status. In this study, which was designed in the general screening model, the data were obtained from a total of 141 voluntary participants, 27 of whom were women and 114 of whom were men. The Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents, which was adapted to the Turkish language by Ilgaz and consists of seven sub-dimensions and 21 items, was used as a data collection tool. Since the internal consistency coefficient calculated in relation to the retraction sub-dimension of the scale is low (.42) the findings related to this sub-dimension were not included in the analyses. Calculated internal consistency coefficients related to other sub-dimensions.with 73 .it ranges from 88 Dec. The data collected because it did not meet the parametric test conditions were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis H and Mann Whitney U tests. It was determined that the OB scores of the students were at the intermediate level. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined that the OB level score ranking averages did not show a significant difference according to gender. In the sub-dimension of changing the situation according to grade level, the OB level of first-graders was found to be higher than the OB level of third-graders, and no significant differences were found in other sub-dimensions. According to the perception of the economic situation, significant differences were found in the sub-dimensions of relapse and conflict between the Dec rank averages of OB level scores. Those who perceive their economic situation as moderate and poor have higher average OB points. Significant differences were found between the OB score rank averages in all other sub-dimensions except the status change sub-dimension according to academic achievement status, and the score rank averages of students with low academic achievement were found to be higher. Deciency scores of students with low academic achievement were found to be higher. In the present study, it has been understood that family economic status and academic achievement are an important variable in OB scores. The findings obtained from this study can contribute to reducing game addiction as well as identifying and eliminating issues that negatively affect academic achievement.

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and cryo-ablation (CRA) have been traditionally performed with fluoroscopy which exposes patients and medical staff to the potential harmful effects of the X-ray. Therefore, we aimed to assess the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of RFA and CRA of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) guided by the three-dimensional (3D) electro-anatomical mapping (EAM) system without the use of fluoroscopy. We analyzed 168 consecutive patients with AVNRT, 62 of whom were under 19 years of age (128 in RFA (age 34.04 ± 21.0 years) and 40 in CRA (age 39.41 ± 22.8 years)). All procedures were performed completely without the use of the fluoroscopy and with the 3D EAM system. The acute success rates (ASR) of the two ablation methods were very high and similar (for RFA 126/128 (98.4%) and for CRA 40/40 (100%); p = 0.43). Total procedural time (TPT) was similar in RFA and CRA groups (75.04 ± 42.31 min and 73.12 ± 30.54 min, respectively; p = 0.79). Recurrence rates (1 (2.5%) and 8 (6.25%); p = 0.35) were similar. There were no complications associated with procedures in either group. In pediatric group, ASR (61/62 (98.38%) and 105/106 (99.05%), respectively; p = 0.69) and TPT (75.16 ± 42.2 min and 74.23 ± 38.3 min, respectively; p = 0.88) were similar to the adult group. High ASR was observed with both ablation methods (for RFA 49/50, 98%, and for CRA 12/12, 100%; p = 0.62] with very high arrhythmia-free survival rates (for RFA 98% and for CRA 100%; p = 0.62). Based on these results, it can be suggested that fluoroless RFA or CRA guided by the 3D EAM system can be routinely performed in all patients with AVNRT without compromising safety, efficacy, or duration of the procedure.

Energy is a fundamental input of social and economic development of a country. Yet, some of the countries in the world are rich in terms of energy and some countries lack the necessary amount of energy they require. The Republic of Turkey is situated at the threshold of Eurasia and is close to the richest energy basins of the world in its vicinity. However, Turkey is not self-sufficient in terms of energy and in order to correspond to its increasing energy necessity, it must import energy from neighboring countries, mainly from Russia. Moreover, the aim of this study is to analyze the energy trade of Turkey with Russia and its impact on its current account deficit. In order to analyze this issue, various econometric methods are utilized in this study. With respect to this analysis, it is evident that the energy importation of Turkey from Russia leads to an increase in its current account deficit.

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye Görme Engelliler Spor Federasyonu tarafından düzenlenen B1 futbol sporcuları ile B2-B3 futsal sporcuların müsabaka öncesi durumluk kaygı durumlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırmanın evreni, 2. lig 1. devre Kayseri’de yapılan B1 Futbol müsabakasına katılan 8 takımdan 52 engelli sporcu ile Kırıkkale’de yapılan B2-B3 Futsal müsabakasına katılan 8 takımdan 44 engelli sporculardan oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada müsabakalara katılan engelli sporcuların müsabaka öncesi durumluk kaygı durumlarını belirlemek için Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Anket araştırmasından elde edilen veriler SPSS istatistik programında analiz edilmiştir. Ölçeğin güvenirliği için yapılan Cronbach’s Alpha güvenirlik analizi sonucu .825 olarak bulunmuştur. Araştırma sorularını cevaplamak için alt grup ölçüm sayılarının bazı gruplarda az olması sebebi ile Non-parametrik testlerden Kruskal Wallis-H ve Mann Whitney-U testleri kullanılmıştır. Engel durumuna göre B2-B3 futsal oyuncuları ile B1 futbol oyuncularının kaygı puanları ayrı ayrı analiz edilmiştir. Her iki gruptaki futbol oyuncularının yaş gruplarına göre müsabaka öncesi kaygı düzeyi sıra ortalamaları arasında anlamlı bir farklılığın olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. B1 futbol oyuncularının aktif spor yapma süresine göre müsabaka öncesi kaygı düzeyleri arasındaki farkın anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Test sonuçları anlamlı farkın bir yıldan az süre ile spor yapanlarla altı yıl veya daha fazla süre ile spor yapanlar arasında olduğunu göstermektedir. B2-B3 futsal oyuncularının ise aktif spor yapma sürelerine göre müsabaka öncesi kaygı düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilememiştir. B1 futbol oyuncuları ile B2-B3 Futsal oyuncularının engel sebeplerine göre müsabaka öncesi durumluk kaygı düzeyleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilememiştir.

Bu makalenin konusu, göçer topluluklarda buyruk veren (otorite) ve buyruk alan ilişkisinde istihlâk normlarının etkisidir. Çalışmada, Mela Mehmûdê Bazidî’nin 1858-1859 yıllarında yazdığı kabul edilen Adat û Rusûmatnameê Ekradiye isimli kitabında yer alan konuyla ilgili veriler esas alınmıştır. Yapılan metin analizi sonucunda; göçer toplulukların aile merkezli oldukları, ileri gelen kesim ve fakir kesim olmak üzere iki toplumsal tabakadan meydana geldikleri, ileri gelen kesimde yer alan ağa ailelerinin toplulukta buyruk veren yani geleneksel otorite oldukları ayrıca iki kesimin istihlâklerinin de farklı olduğu gibi, ileri gelen kesimin bazı ayrıcalıklı istihlâklerinin de olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada, göçebe toplulukların geçim kaynağı hayvancılık olduğundan istihlâk normlarının da hayvancılıkla ilgili olduğu, buyruk veren ailelerin bu konumlarını korumak amacıyla; ikram etmek yoluyla servet dağıttıkları, gösterişçi istihlâk / tüketim ile maddi güçlerini sergiledikleri ve toplulukta yüksek değerleri temsil ettikleri sonuçlarına varılmıştır.

BackgroundConventional fluoroscopy (CF) guided catheter ablation (CA) is an established treatment option for ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). However, with the complex nature of most procedures, patients and staff bare an increased radiation exposure. Near-zero or zero-fluoroscopy CA is an alternative method which could substantially reduce or even eliminate the radiation dose. Our aim was to analyse procedural outcomes with fluoroscopy minimising approach for treatment of VAs in patients with structurally normal hearts (SNH) and structural heart disease (SHD).MethodsFifty-two (age 53.4±17.8 years, 38 male, 14 female) consecutive patients who underwent CA of VAs in our institution between May 2018 and December 2019 were included. Procedures were performed primarily with the aid of the three-dimensional (3D) electro-anatomical mapping (EAM) system and intra-cardiac echocardiography (ICE). Fluoroscopy was considered only in left ventricular (LV) summit mapping for coronary angiography and when epicardial approach was planned. Acute and long-term procedural outcomes were analysed.ResultsSixty CA procedures were performed. Twenty-five patients had SHD-related VAs (Group 1) and 27 patients had SNH (Group 2). While Group 1 had significantly higher total procedural time (256.9±71.7 vs 123.6±42.2 minutes; p < 0.001) compared to Group 2, overall procedural success rate [77.4% (24/31) vs 89.7% (26/29); p= 0.20)] and recurrence rate after the first procedure [8/25, (32%) vs 8/27, (29.6%); p= 0.85] were similar in both groups. Fluoroscopy was used in 3 procedures in Group 1 where epicardial approach was needed and in 4 procedures in Group 2 where LV summit VAs were ablated. Overall procedure-related major complications were low (3/60, 5%).ConclusionsFluoroscopy minimising approach for CA of VAs is feasible and safe in patients with SHD and SNH. Fluoroscopy could not be completely abolished in VAs with epicardial and LV summit substrate location.

In this study, a new testing procedure is proposed to compare two linear regression models based on a computational approach test when the variances are not assumed to be equal. This method is based on restricted maximum likelihood estimators and some simple computational steps. To assess performance of the proposed test, it was compared with some existing tests in terms of power and type I error rate of the test. The simulation study reveals that the proposed test is a better alternative than some existing tests in most considered cases. Besides, an illustration of the proposed test was given by using a sample dataset.

Background In this retrospective study, we aimed to detect factors related to the acute success rate (ASR) of radiofrequency (RFA) and cryo-ablation (CRA) of SVTs guided by three-dimensional (3D) electroanatomical mapping (EAM) system completely without the use of fluoroscopy (FLR). Methods and results We analyzed 324 consecutive patients with SVTs [age was 30.65±20.71 (3.6–83.1) years, 147 patients Conclusions This study revealed that catheter ablation of SVTs completely without the use of fluoroscopy can be performed with high ASR and without procedural complications. Likewise, ASR of fluoroless ablation was the highest for patients with AVNRT and lowest for patients with AT. Moreover, right-sided SVTs were an independent risk factor for ablation failure. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None

Catheter radio-frequency ablation (RFA) and cryo-ablation (CRA) procedures are an effective and safe treatment options for adult and pediatric patients with accessory pathway (AP) mediated tachycardias. Non-fluoroscopic techniques during catheter ablation (CA) procedures reduce potentially harmful effects of radiation. Our aim was to investigate the efficacy and safety of completely fluoroless RFA and CRA procedures in pediatric and adult patients with APs. Consecutive patients with AP-related tachycardia and high risk asymptomatic ventricular pre-excitation were assessed in retrospective analysis. Three-dimensional (3D) electro-anatomical mapping (EAM) and intra-cardiac echocardiography (ICE) were used as principal imaging modalities. Fluoroscopy was not used during any stage of the procedures. Among 116 included patients (22.76 ± 16.1 years, 68 patients

Farabi is one of the most outstanding philosophers of school of thought that hesupported and Islamic Civilization in his age. His most well-known work is “alMadinaal-Fadila” with its common use, which is accepted as a utopia work.The aim of this paper is to evaluate the book of Farabi, al-Madina al-Fadila inthe context of terminal and instrumental values that take place in the inventory ofMilton Rokeach who is an American social psychologist and comes from a Jewishfamily. With a specific evaluation, it is tried to determine what kind of values thatis what kind of statements of human aspirations are addressed in this work. After the evaluations, it was found that, Farabi focuses on “mature love”,“wisdom”, “helpful”, and “responsible” values and mostly states the values thatthe leader of al-Madina al-Fadila (Perfect State) must have., Farabi (ö.339/950), yaşadığı devirde mensubu olduğu İslam medeniyetinin vesavunduğu düşünce ekolünün en seçkin düşünürlerden biridir. Onun en çok bilinentemel eseri ise yaygın adıyla “el-Medinetü’l Fâzıla” (Fâzıl Şehir)’dir. Farabi’ninbu eseri, ütopya eser olarak kabul edilmektedir.Bu çalışmanın amacı, Farabi’nin el-Medinetü’l Fâzıla isimli eserini PolonyalıYahudi bir ailenin çocuğu olan Amerikalı sosyal psikoloji uzmanı Milton Rokeach(1918-1988)’ın gerçekleştirdiği “The Rokeach Value Survey (RVS)” envanterindeyer alan amaç ve araç değerler bağlamında okumaya tâbi tutmaktır. Belli birusule ve düşünceye göre gerçekleştirilen bu okumayla Farabi’nin, bir ütopya olanbu eserinde hangi değerleri, yani insan özlemlerinin hangi ifadelerini ön planaçıkardığı saptanmaktadır.Yapılan değerlendirmeden Farabi’nin, “gerçek sevgi” ve “bilgelik/hikmet”ile “yardımsever” ve “sorumlu” değerlerini sıklıkla vurguladığı ve daha çokFâzıl Şehir liderinin (reisinin) sahip olması gerektiği değerler üzerinde durduğusonuçlarına varılmıştır.

In this study, the definition of poverty and the determinants of poverty are discussed in detail. After examination of the poverty situations of all income groups according to World Bank classification have been analyzed separately by the method of regression. According to the analysis conducted by the method of dynamic panel generalized least square regression, impact on current poverty from the previous year and the current growth of poverty has been observed, yet the effects of inflation on poverty are controversial. The exchange rate is not included in the regression because the two-main macroeconomic discussed determinants of poverty in the literature are used in the regression as control variables that there is multicollinearity between exchange rate, growth and inflation. This study points out that in the struggle against the poverty, the most important contribution is gained with economic growth. Since high volatility in price level and exchange rates prevents the growth, inflation and exchange rate policies assessed in the perspective of the importance of growth policy.

44th International Conference on Metallurgical Coatings and Thin Films (ICMCTF) -- APR 24-28, 2017 -- San Diego, CA Gurbuz, Mevlut/0000-0003-2365-5918 WOS: 000416041400015 Magnesium-based alloys are promising materials as next generation biodegradable implants, however low corrosion resistance and inadequate mechanical properties are limiting their application as a biodegradable implant material. In this study, Mg-Sr-Ca ternary alloys were prepared in a vacuum/atmosphere controlled furnace and coated by microarc oxidation (MAO) process for 5 min to decrease the degradation rate and enhance the biocompatibility. Moreover, Ag doped Hydroxyapatite nano powder (Ag-HA) was also added to alkaline MAO solution by amount of 1 and 10 g/l to improve the antibacterial properties while enhancing their bioactivity in a one single process. XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR spectroscopy, simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion and antibacterial tests were employed for the characterization of the coated alloys. The results showed that, the addition of more Ag-HA increased the HA formation both before and after SBF immersion test and enhanced their antibacterial properties. However, Ag-HA addition decreased the corrosion resistance of the coated alloys in SBF compared to Ag-HA free coating. The results indicated that the present Ag-HA nano powder added MAO coating is a good combination to enhance the corrosion resistance, bioactivity and the antibacterial properties of Mg based biodegradable alloys. Amer Vacuum Soc, Sci & Technol Mat, Interfaces, & Proc, Adv Surface Engn Div

This study examines the relationship between firm size and job creation by using an extensive data set covering all non-farm Turkish businesses with 20 or more employees from 2003 to 2010. We find that small firms (firms with employees between 20 and 100 employees) have higher mean job flow rates (job creation, job destruction and net job creation rates) than large firms. Firm size and job flow rates are inversely related, and this relationship is especially prominent for firms with 50 employees or more. Although the overall pattern observed is also observed in both sectors, job creation rates in services are higher than the ones in manufacturing. The magnitudes of job destruction rates are comparable across sectors. Higher job creation rate in services but comparable job destruction rate results in higher net job creation rate in services. As for shares, only for smaller firms (20–49 and 50–99 size categories), job creation shares are greater than their shares in employment. But these firms have disproportionate job destruction shares as well. We also find that only the 20–49 category firms contribute to net job creation more than their share in employment. The smaller firms have high disproportionate shares in job creation and destruction in manufacturing and services as well.

WOS:000392980100009 PubMed: 29901030 Objectives: This study aims to determine the relationship between atrial electromechanical delay (EMD), carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), and epicardial fat thickness (EFT) in ankylosing spondylitis (AS), which has a complicated inflammatory nature. Patients and methods: The study population included 42 consecutive patients with AS (28 males, 14 females; mean age 39.3 +/- 8.5 years; range 22 to 60 years) and 40 healthy subjects as controls (24 males, 16 females; mean age 37.2 +/- 8.7 years; range 22 to 60 years) (p>0.05). All patients underwent a standard tissue Doppler echocardiography to assess the left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, atrial EMD, CIMT, and EFT. All values were compared between the groups. Results: Interatrial (29.5 +/- 5.8 ms vs. 17.9 +/- 5.3 ms) left and right intraatrial EMD (18.2 +/- 4.6 ms and 11.7 +/- 3.5 ms vs. 11.9 +/- 3.2 ms and 7.1 +/- 3.2 ms, respectively) intervals were longer in AS patients than in healthy controls (all p

It is of clinical importance to determine creatinine clearance and adjust doses of prescribed drugs accordingly in patients with heart failure to prevent untoward effects. There is a scarcity of studies in the literature investigating this issue particularly in patients with heart failure, in whom many have impaired kidney function. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of awareness of medication prescription as to creatinine clearance in patients hospitalized with heart failure. Patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of heart failure were retrospectively evaluated. Among screened charts, patients with left ventricular ejection fraction

Heart rate (HR) reduction with ivabradine improves left ventricle filling by the prolongation of the diastolic time and increases stroke volume. But, it remains unclear what ivabradine’s effect is on atrial conduction time and atrial mechanical functions. The aim of our study was to evaluate in stable outpatients with systolic heart failure (HF) the 3 months effect of ivabradine on atrial conduction time and mechanical functions. We evaluated prospectively 43 (31 males, 12 females) patients with HF. Before and after treatment, all patients were evaluated by transthoracic M mode, two dimensional (2D), pulsed-wave (PW), continuous wave (CW), color flow and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), and LA volumes were obtained apical four-chamber views by a disc’s method. LA maximum volume (Vmax) at the end-systolic phase, LA minimum volume (Vmin) at the end-diastolic phase, and LA volume before atrial systole (Vp) were evaluated. The LA function parameters were calculated as follows: LA passive emptying volume = Vmax − Vp; LA passive emptying fraction = [(Vmax − Vp)/Vmax] × 100%, LA active emptying volume = Vp − Vmin; LA active emptying fraction = [(Vp − Vmin)/Vp] × 100%. Thirty men and 13 women with mean ± SD age of 63.9 ± 10.1 years were included in this study. Resting heart rate was significantly reduced after ivabradine treatment. There were no significantly difference in LVEF, and E/A before and after ivabradine treatment. LA diameter and Vmin were similar before and after ivabradine treatment (p = 0.793 and p = 0.284). However, Vmax and Vp were significantly decreased after ivabradine treatment (p = 0.040 and p = 0.012). Moreover, LA active emptying volume and LA active emptying fraction were significantly decreased after ivabradine treatment (p = 0.030 and p = 0.008). The PA lateral, septal, and tricuspid durations were significantly reduced after ivabradine treatment (p

Bu araştırmanın amacı Beden eğitimi ve spor yüksekokulunda öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencilerinin hakem kavramıyla ilgili algılarını metaforlar aracılığıyla belirlemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 2019-2020 eğitim öğretim yılı güz döneminde Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulunda öğrenim gören toplam 119 üniversite öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen yarı yapılandırılmış “Hakem ……… gibidir; çünkü,…………” cümlesinin öğrenciler tarafından tamamlanması ile elde edilmiştir. Veriler içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. İçerik analizi yoluyla birbirine benzer ifadeler uygun kategoriler altında bir araya getirilmiştir. Verilerin analizi sonucunda öğrencilerin hakem kavramına yönelik 27 olumlu, 14 olumsuz metafor ürettikleri, hakem kavramını çoğunlukla “hakim, terazi, lider ve adalet”, kavramlarıyla açıkladıkları görülmüştür. Üretilen metaforlar üretilme gerekçeleri dikkate alınarak “adalet, yönetim, rehber, güvensizlik ve gelişim temaları altında toplanmıştır. Öğrencilerin üretmiş oldukları metaforlardan en sık tekrarlanan metaforların hakim, terazi ve lider metaforu olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda öğrencilerin hakem kavramına yönelik 41 farklı metafor ürettikleri ve hakemi çoğunlukla hakim, terazi, lider ve adalet kavramlarıyla eş anlamlı olarak algıladıkları görülmüştür., The aim of this research is to determine the perceptions of university students studying at the school of physical education and sports related to the concept referee through the metaphors. The study group of the research consists of 119 university students studying in Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University School of Physical Education and Sports in the fall semester of the academic year 2019-2020. The data of the research were collected by having the students complete semi-structured sentence “Referee is like………because…....” developed by the researcher. The data were subjected to content analysis. Similar expressions were classified under appropriate categories through content analysis. As a result of the analysis of the data, it was observed that the students produced 27 positive and 14 negative metaphors for the concept of referee and mostly explained the concept of referee with the concepts “judge, scales, leader and justice”. The produced metaphors were gathered under the themes of “justice, management, guide, distrust and development” considering the reasons for their production. It was determined that the most frequently repeated metaphors produced by the students were the judge, scales and leader. As a result of the research, it was observed that the students produced 41 different metaphors for the concept of referee and perceived the referee synonymous with the concepts of judge, scales, leader and justice.

RefikHalit Karay has put forward works in different fields such as; story, novel,humour, irony, theatre, essay and remembrance. One of his works is the novelnamed Yezidin Kızı (Daughter of Yezidi). The novel printed first in 1938 inAleppo, the second edition was printed in 1939 in İstanbul. It is read in ourday curiously. In the novel which the author wrote in Syria whilehe was in the exile, there are interesting informations about Yezidis andYezidism. Those informations are important since they were collected onecentury ago through observations, interviews and researches in the field. Theaim of this study is to bring the information about Yezidis and Yezidism in thebook to the attention of social scientists after readers and literatureresearchers., Refik Halit Karay, hikâye, roman, mizah, hiciv,tiyatro, deneme ve hatıra türlerinde eserler vermiş bir yazardır. Onuneserlerinden biri de Yezidin Kızıromanıdır. Yezidin Kızı romanının ilk baskısı 1938'de Halep'te, ikincibaskısı ise 1939'da İstanbul'da yapılmıştır. Eser, günümüzde de ilgiyleokunmaktadır. Yazarın, Suriye’de sürgündeyken yazdığı Yezidin Kızı romanında, Yezidiler ve Yezidilik hakkında ilgi çekicibilgi ve tespitlere yer verilmektedir. Bu bilgi ve tespitler, bir asra yakınbir zaman önce, alanda yapılan gözlem, görüşme ve araştırmalar sonucunda eldeedildiği için önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Yezidin Kızı romanında yer alan Yezidilik ve Yezidilerle ilgilibilgi ve tespitleri roman okurlarıyla edebiyat araştırmacılarından sonra sosyalbilimcilerin de dikkatine sunmaktır.

This study investigates the effects of the real exchange rate on job flows in Turkish manufacturing industries between 2006 and 2015 using data at the four-digit NACE Revision 2 level. Using dynamic panel data models, we find that a real appreciation increases gross and net job creation rates, and that the effect of appreciation is magnified as the exposure to international competitiveness of industries increases. We think that this is because Turkish manufacturing firms import a greater share of their inputs compared to the firms in developed countries. Hence, an appreciation creates more jobs because lower imported input costs enable firms to outcompete foreign producers.

This research aimed to determine whether the life quality of amputees was a significant predictor of their depression levels and whether there was a significant difference between the life quality levels and depression of amputee athletes and those leading sedentary lifestyles according to their marital status and disabled limbs. The data were collected from 202 amputees including 76 athletes and 126 sedentary. Personal Information Form, a 27-item Short Form Life Quality Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory were used as the data collection tools. The internal consistency coefficient calculated for the Life Quality Scale was 0.90, and it was 0.89 for Beck Depression Inventory in the study. The results of simple linear regression analysis performed for determining the life quality's strength of predicting depression revealed that the life quality scores of amputees were a negative significant predictor of their depression scores. It was determined that married individuals had significantly higher life quality scores and lower depression scores when compared to single individuals. In terms of the disabled limb, the difference between the life quality scores of individuals with arm-leg and foot-leg amputation was found to show a significant difference rather than those with leg amputation. In addition, it was noticed that the depression scores of the individuals with foot and leg amputation were significantly higher than those with arm amputation. Consequently, it was possible to mention that life quality affected depression, and sport was an important instrument for increasing the life quality and decreasing the depression levels of amputees. Appropriate sportive activities should be emphasized to achieve desired life quality levels and relieve depression of disabled people. © 2018 by authors, all rights reserved.

Our aim was to compare the effect of smoking on cardiac automaticity between pre- and postmenopausal women by using heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. Thirty three premenopausal (mean age; 32.4 ± 9.2 years) and 29 postmenopausal (mean age; 49.0 ± 6.1 years) smoker women were enrolled. Basic clinical, echocardiographic, Holter parameters and HRV values were compared between the two groups. The high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) power spectrum of HRV and HF/LF were significantly higher (p< 0.05) and standard deviation of the averages of NN intervals in all 5-min segments of the entire recording (SDANN) from the time-domain criteria was significantly lower (p< 0.05) in postmenopausal smokers. Linear logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking duration, oestrogen level and age were significant and independent factors for impaired HRV parameters in postmenopausal smoker women (OR=3.142; 95% CI = 2.78–6.89; p = 0.001; OR=2.394; 95% CI = 1.1–4.9; p = 0.03; OR=1.4; 95% CI = 1.03–2.03; p = 0.04, respectively). Smoking impairs cardiac autonomic function both in pre- and postmenopausal women, while the effect is more prominent in the latter group. Smoking together with aging and decrease in oestrogen levels might be related with a higher degree of cardiac autonomic alterations. Key words: Post-menopausal, women, smoking, cardiac automaticity, heart rate variability. DOI: 10.12973/ejms.2014.127p

In this study we investigate the problem of estimation and testing of hypotheses in multivariate linear regression models when the errors involved are assumed to be non-normally distributed. We consider the class of heavy-tailed distributions for this purpose. Although our method is applicable for any distribution in this class, we take the multivariate t-distribution for illustration. This distribution has applications in many fields of applied research such as Economics, Business, and Finance. For estimation purpose, we use the modified maximum likelihood method in order to get the so-called modified maximum likelihood estimates that are obtained in a closed form. We show that these estimates are substantially more efficient than least-square estimates. They are also found to be robust to reasonable deviations from the assumed distribution and also many data anomalies such as the presence of outliers in the sample, etc. We further provide test statistics for testing the relevant hypothesis regarding the...

Kapusuz, Murat/0000-0002-2243-8551; Hakan, OZCAN/0000-0002-7848-3650 WOS: 000329889500021 The artificial neural network (ANN) technique with a feed-forward back propagation algorithm was used to examine the effect of clay composition and temperature on thermal stability, crystallinity and thermomechanical properties of poly(ethylene oxide)/clay nanocomposites. Based on dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments, values of decomposition temperature, char yield, enthalpy of melting, storage modulus (E') and tan delta were successfully calculated by well-trained ANNs. The simulated data is in very good agreement with the experimental data. ANN results confirm that thermal stability of PEO nanocomposites increases with the decrease of enthalpy of melting and relative crystallinity, and there is a directly proportional relationship between the modulus (stiffness) and thermal stability. The ANN technique is confirmed to be a useful mathematical tool in the thermal analysis of polymer/clay nanocomposites. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Ondokuz Mayis UniversityOndokuz Mayis University [PYO.MUH.1901.10.007] Funding for this work was provided by Ondokuz Mayis University under Grant No. PYO.MUH.1901.10.007. Use of facilities at the Middle East Technical University Central Laboratory and Koc University Surface Science and Technology Center is acknowledged. Authors thank Dr. M. Bans Yagci of Koc University for his help on SEM experiments.

Social chance has many dimensions, features and various results related to different disciplines so that it is universal and indispensable. There are some scientific studies which deal with social chance in literature. In this article, it is tried to understand today’s social chance and comprehend the aspect of social change from the point of view that culture has common universal values despite all the varieties ofcultures. For this purpose, firstly social change and secondly socialvalues facts are to be analyzed with acquired information by literaturereview. And then, it is answered some questions that is it possible tocomprehend in process of social change and determine the aspect ofthis change by analyzing modern social changes? One of the mostimportant conclusion is that each period has own norms and valuesand has a style to understand and interpret it; it is determined thatthese values are based on transcendental resources in traditional times;rational and humanistic resources in modern times; mostly self-interestresources in postmodern times. Another conclusion is that certainty ofchoices and decisions are decreasing instead elusiveness and opennessto different possibilities is increasing in the progress from traditionalismto modernism, from modernism to postmodernism. As a result, it iscame to conclusion that it is possible to comprehend social change anddetermine the aspect of this change with reference to social values andby this means; time, labor and material resources can be usedefficiently. Sosyal değişim evrensel ve kaçınılmazdır. Bundan dolayı birçok boyutu, özellikleri ve farklı bilim dallarını ilgilendiren çeşitli sonuçları vardır. Literatürde toplumsal değişimi şu veya bu yönüyle ele almış bilimsel çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bu makalede ise, kültürlerin çeşitliliğine rağmen, kültürlerin evrensel ortak değerleri vardır, görüşünden hareketle çağdaş değerler esas alınarak günümüzde yaşanan toplumsal değişim anlamaya ve değişimin yönü kavramaya çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla, önce toplumsal değişim ve ardından toplumsal değerler literatür taraması sonucu elde edilen verilerle tespit ve tahlil edilmiştir. Daha sonra, çağdaş sosyal değerlerin analiz edilmesiyle, yaşanmakta olan toplumsal değişim kavranabilir ve değişimin yönü belirlenebilir mi soruları cevaplandırılmaktadır. Varılan en önemli sonuçlardan biri, her dönemin kendine özgü değerleri ve bu değerleri anlama, yorumlama tarzı olduğu; değerlerin geleneksel dönemde aşkın/ilahi kaynaklara; modern dönemde dünyevi, insani ve akli olana; postmodern dönemde ise dünyevi, insani ve daha çok da bireysel haza odaklanan arzulara dayandığının tespit edilmiş olmasıdır. Varılan diğer bir sonuç da, gelenekselden moderne, modernden post moderne gidildikçe tercihlerde ve kararlarda kesinliğin azaldığı, bunun yerini muğlaklığın, farklı yorumlara/ihtimallere açık olma durumunu aldığı sonucuna varılmış olmasıdır. Sonuç olarak, toplumsal değerlerden hareketle sosyal değişimi kavramanın ve değişimin yönünü saptamanın mümkün olduğu, bu sayede zaman, emek ve maddi kaynakların verimli kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that aspirin would reduce the risk for acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) in patients with pneumonia.Pooled data suggest that pneumonia may trigger an ACS as a result of inflammatory reactions and the prothrombotic changes in patients with pneumonia. Hypothetically considering its antiaggregating and anti-inflammatory effects, aspirin might also be beneficial for the primary prevention of ACS in patients with pneumonia.One hundred and eighty-five patients with pneumonia who had more than one risk factor for cardiovascular disease were randomized to an aspirin group (n=91) or a control group (n=94). The patients in the aspirin group received 300 mg of aspirin daily for 1 month. ECGs were recorded on admission and 48 h and 30 days after admission to assess silent ischemia. The level of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T was measured on admission and 48 h after admission. The primary endpoint was the development of ACS within 1 month. The secondary endpoints included cardiovascular death and death from any cause within 1 month.The χ-test showed that the rates of ACS at 1 month were 1.1% (n=1) in the aspirin group and 10.6% (n=10) in the control group (relative risk, 0.103; 95% confidence interval 0.005-0.746; P=0.015). Aspirin therapy was associated with a 9% absolute reduction in the risk for ACS. There was no significant decrease in the risk of death from any cause (P=0.151), but the aspirin group had a decreased risk of cardiovascular death (risk reduction: 0.04, P=0.044).This randomized open-label study shows that acetyl salicylic acid is beneficial in the reduction of ACS and cardiovascular mortality among patients with pneumonia.

Objectives: It has been shown that the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (N/L ratio) is associated with cardiovascular events and mortality. In this study, we investigated the N/L ratio in patients with coronary artery ectasia (CAE). Study design: Fifty patients diagnosed with CAE using coronary angiography were included in the study (29 male, 21 female; mean age, 51.1+-7.1 years). The control group consisted of 28 patients who had normal coronary arteries as determined by coronary angiography (16 male, 12 female; mean age, 49.5+-9.4 years). Basal characteristics were recorded. The number of ectatic segments was noted. Hematologic parameters were measured and the N/L ratio was calculated. Results: The N/L ratio was significantly higher in the CAE group compared with control group (median [25-75% percentile] 2.2 [1.6-3.0] vs. 1.8 [1.4-2.0], p=0.014, respectively). The Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated that the N/L ratio positively correlated with number of ectatic segments (r=0.35; p

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance encountered in clinical practice and is associated with impaired quality of life. Data from the previous studies have shown that sleep quality (SQ), as a component of life quality, may also deteriorate in patients with AF. However, it remains unclear; we do not know whether SQ improves after sinus rhythm is maintained. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relationship between SQ and AF, as well as the effects of sinus rhythm restoration with direct current cardioversion (DCC) on SQ among patients with persistent AF. Methods One hundred fifty-three patients with a diagnosis of nonvalvular AF and 150 age-matched control subjects with sinus rhythm were recruited. SQ was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The study was designed with two stages. First, the difference in SQ between AF patients and age-matched controls was examined. Patients with global PSQI scores greater than 5 were defined as “poor sleepers.” Thus, a higher global PSQI score indicated worsened SQ. Predictors of poor SQ were also analyzed using a regression model. Second, the effect of rhythm control on SQ was studied in patients with AF who were eligible for DCC. Of the 65 patients with persistent AF, 54 patients with successful cardioversion were followed for 6 months. The remaining 11 patients, whose cardioversion was unsuccessful, were not followed. After 6 months of follow-up, the PSQI scores of patients with sinus rhythm maintenance (n = 39) and patients with AF recurrence (n = 15) were reassessed. Changes in global PSQI scores (baseline vs after 6 months) were analyzed. Results The PSQI scores were significantly higher in the AF group compared to the control group (9.4 ± 4.6 vs 5.8 ± 4.1, P = 0.001, respectively). The prevalence of poor sleepers was significantly higher in the AF group (76%) than in the control group (45%) (P < 0.001 by the χ2 test). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that AF (odds ratio [OR]: 3.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.00–5.55), age (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00–1.04), and diabetes mellitus (OR:1.79, 95% CI: 1.03–3.14) were independent predictors of poor SQ. In the second stage, the effect of rhythm control on the SQ of the 54 patients with successful DCC was analyzed. PSQI scores improved significantly between baseline and the 6 months in sinus rhythm maintenance group (8.7 ± 4.1 vs 7.2 ± 3.8, P < 0.001, respectively). However, in the AF recurrence group, the change in global PSQI scores between baseline and the sixth month was not statistically significant (9.8 ± 4.5 vs 9.2 ± 4.2, P = 0.56, respectively). Conclusion Patients with AF have shorter sleep duration and poor SQ. Maintenance of sinus rhythm after DCC may have a favorable effect on the SQ of patients with AF. Nevertheless, AF is an independent predictor of poor SQ.

Postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common complication of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The mean platelet volume (MPV) is an important marker of platelet activity and is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. We investigated whether the MPV is associated with the development of AF after CABG. This study included 208 patients undergoing elective isolated CABG. We evaluated the standard preoperative 12-lead electrocardiograph (ECG) recorded at a paper speed of 25 mm/s obtained for each patient from our hospital records before surgery. All study patients underwent standard CABG requiring cardiopulmonary bypass without concurrent valvular surgery. Forty-three patients were excluded. After CABG, all patients were monitored by telemetry and 12-lead ECGs. AF was defined using the established Society of Thoracic Surgeons definition. Postoperative AF occurred in 38 (22%) patients. The hemoglobin and platelet and leukocyte counts were similar in the groups with and without AF. However, the MPV and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher in the AF group (8.9 [1.4] vs. 7.9 [1.2], p < 0.001 and 3.2 ± 1.9 vs. 2.6 ± 1.2, p = 0.005, respectively). In addition, the C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were significantly higher in the AF group (8.9 [19.6] vs. 5.3 [8.7], p = 0.025). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that MPV and CRP were independent predictors of postoperative AF (odds ratio [OR] 2.564, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.326-4.958, p = 0.005; OR 1.055, 95% CI 1.000-1.114, p = 0.050, respectively). Our results show that increased platelet activity is associated with the development of AF after CABG.

Sosyolojik acidan toplumsal cokus nitelemesi, genelde omrunu tamamlamis toplumsal yapilar icin kullanilmaktadir. Toplumsal yapinin diger asamalarina gosterilen ilgiyle karsilastirildiginda toplumsal cokus calismalarinin, ihmal edildigi gorulmektedir. Tarih boyunca, gecirdigi degisim sureci cokusle sonuclanmis pek cok toplumsal yapi ornegiyle karsilasilmaktadir. Bu cokuslerin “catismali” ve “catismasiz” olarak iki farkli bicimde meydana geldigi tespit edilmistir. Cokusle sonuclanan toplumsal yapilardan biri Turkiye’nin Dogu Anadolu Bolgesi’ndeki gocer toplumsal yapisidir. Bu calismada, gocer toplum yapisinin sosyal iliski agi, cokusu ve nedenleri kuramsal bir yaklasimla ele alinip incelenmektedir. Calismada, bir toplumsal yapida yasayan bireylerin dis faktorlerden etkilenmesinin, o yapiya ait degerlerin anlamini yitirmeye baslamasina ve zamanla yapinin cokmesine neden oldugu tezi ileri surulmustur. Calismada varilan sonuclarin, gocer toplum yapisiyla birlikte, toplumsal cokus olgusunun da daha iyi anlasilmasina ve bu konudaki literaturun gelistirilmesine katkida bulunacagi dusunulmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Gocerler, toplumsal cokus, cografi potansiyel, toplumsal yapi

Several studies have been conducted to investigate B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in different obese populations. However, in these studies BNP levels were lower in obese population with an unclear mechanism which has not been explained yet. We sought to investigate the relationship among plasma NT-proBNP levels, obesity and insulin resistance in subjects with no known heart disease. The study population consists of two groups. Subjects with a body mass indexs (BMI) of ≤25 kg/m2 were classified as lean group (LG, n=30), BMI of >25 kg/m2 were classified as overweight and obese group (OG, n=78). Severe hypertension, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, renal or hepatic insufficiency, age >65, pregnancy and malignancy were excluded. There was a negative correlation between NT-proBNP and weight (r=-0.379, p=0.004) and BMI (r=-0.286, p=0.030) in LG, but there was no such reverse correlation between NT-proBNP and BMI (r=-0.057, p=0.463) in OG. We performed multivariable logistic regression analyses to examine predictors of obesity levels. There were not any significant relation between these predictors and obesity. Insulin levels had a strong association with obesity level however this association was still insignificant (p=0.054). In LG group, there was a negative correlation between NT-proBNP and BMI. There was no correlation between NT-proBNP and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) and insulin levels (r=-0.035, p=0.789) in LG group, but there was a statistically significant negative correlation between BNP and HOMA (r=-0.219, p=0.009) and insulin levels (r=-0.252, p=0.002) in OG group. Race and ethnicity may contribute this association. Obez ve fazla kilolu kisilerde N-terminal pro-B-tip natriuretik peptid ve insulin direnci Farkli obez populasyonlarda B-tip natriuretik peptid (BNP) seviyelerini arastiran bazi calismalar yapilmistir. Henuz tam aciklanamayan bir mekanizma ile obezlerde BNP duzeyleri siklikla dusuk olarak saptanmaktadir. Bilinen kalp hastaligi olmayan bireylerde plazma NT-proBNP seviyeleri, obezite ve insulin direnci arasindaki iliskiyi arastirmayi amacladik. Calisma populasyonumuz iki gruptan olusmaktaydi. Vucut kitle indeksi (VKI) ≤25 kg/m2 olanlar zayif grubuna (LG, n=30), >25 kg/m2 olanlar ise fazla kilolu ve obez grubuna (OG, n=78) alindi. Ciddi hipertansiyonu, kalp yetmezligi, iskemik kalp hastaligi, bobrek veya karaciger yetmezligi, malignitesi olan hastalar, gebeler ve 65 yas ustu hastalar calismaya alinmadi. Zayif hastalarin grubunda NT-proBNP ile kilo (r=-0,379, p=0,004) ve VKI (r=-0,286, p=0,030) arasinda negatif bir iliski varken, obez grupta NT-proBNP ve VKI arasinda boyle bir ters korelasyon saptanmadi. Obezite seviyelerinin belirteclerini saptamak icin cok degiskenli lojistik regresyon analizleri yaptik. Bu belirtecler ile obezite arasinda anlamli iliski saptanmadi. Insulin seviyelerinin obezite ile guclu bir iliskisi vardi ancak yine de bu iliski istatistiksel anlamlilik duzeylerine ulasamiyordu (p=0,054). Zayif hasta grubunda NT-proBNP ve VKI arasinda ters korelasyon vardi. Ayni grupta NT-proBNP ve homeastatik modelde degerlendirme (HOMA) ve insulin seviyeleri (r=-0,035, p=0,789) arasinda korelasyon yoktu, ancak obez grupta BNP ve HOMA (r=-0,219, p=0,009) ve insulin seviyeleri (r=-0,252, p=0,002) arasinda istatistiksel olarak anlamli ters iliski vardi. Irk ve etnik koken bu farkliliga katkida bulunuyor olabilir. J. Exp. Clin. Med., 2012; 29:179-182

WOS:000311771900011 PubMed: 23042315 Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which includes a cluster of risk factors, is being increasingly recognized as a new risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Heart rate turbulence (HRT) is a Holter-based non-invasive method for detecting cardiac autonomic imbalance and is an independent, powoful predictor of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in different patient groups. This study evaluated the effect of MetS on HRT in non-diabetic patients. Methods: This study included 80 non-diabetic MetS subjects and 50 healthy subjects. All 130 subjects underwent a 24-h ambulatory Holter electrocardiogram recording. Two indices of HRT were analyzed: turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope (TS). HRT values were classified into 3 categories for risk stratification: 1) Category 0, TO and TS were normal; 2) Category 1, either TO or TS was abnormal; 3) Category 2, both TO and TS were abnormal. Results: When we compared MetS rates in the HRT risk stratification groups, there were significant differences for all groups as compared with the controls (Category 0 = MetS 28.8%, n = 15, Control 71.2%, n = 37, p < 0.001; Category 1 = MetS 80.8%, n = 42, Control 19.2%, n = 10, p

Non-dipping blood pressure pattern was shown to be associated with increased cardiovascular events. In addition, cardiac autonomic dysfunction was found to be associated with non-dipper phenomenon. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the cardiac autonomic functions in dipper and non-dipper pre-hypertensive subjects. A total of 65 pre-hypertensive subjects were enrolled in this study. They were divided into two groups as non-dippers (40 subjects, 52% female) and dippers (25 subjects, 52.5% female). Cardiac autonomic functions of the two groups were compared with the aid of heart rate variability, heart rate turbulence (HRT), atrial premature contractions (APCs), ventricular premature contractions (VPCs), and mean heart rate (MHR). There was no significant difference between non-dippers and dippers in basal characteristics. The two parameters of HRT, turbulence onset and turbulence slope, were found to be significantly abnormal in non-dippers than in dippers (P < .011 and P < .002, respectively). Heart rate variability parameters, including SDNN, SDANN, RMSSD, and pNN50, were found to be similar in dipper and non-dipper pre-hypertensive subjects (P < .998, P < .453, P < .205, and P < .788, respectively). APCs, VPCs, and MHR were compared, and there were statistical differences between the groups (APCs 5.80 ± 4.55, 9.14 ± 7.33, P < .024; VPCs 8.48 ± 8.83, 13.23 ± 9.68, P < .044; and MHR 70.16 ± 11.08, 76.26 ± 11.31, P < .035; respectively). This study demonstrated a possible cardiac autonomic dysfunction in pre-hypertensive subjects with non-dipper pattern. This may be a basis for future studies related to pre-hypertension and non-dipping BP pattern.