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Punch biopsy results in misdiagnosis of clinically unsuspected giant pilomatrixoma located over the parotid gland. This study presents a case of pilomatrixoma that was misdiagnosed as a malignant epithelial tumor using punch biopsy. A 25-year-old male was admitted to our clinic for the evaluation of a mass measuring 7×8×8 cm located over the parotid gland. The patient had previously undergone punch biopsy at another clinic because of a lesion in the parotid gland. Punch biopsy revealed a malignant epithelial tumor. The patient underwent excisional biopsy at our clinic. After the biopsy, the residual skin defect was treated using full-thickness skin grafts. The facial nerve and parotid gland were preserved during the biopsy. Histopathological examination of the excisional biopsy material revealed pilomatrixoma. Punch biopsy may result in misdiagnosis of skin lesions in the parotid gland. A differential diagnosis for benign tumors such as pilomatrixoma is essential prior to an aggressive surgical intervention of the parotid gland.

A 37-year-old male patient was admitted our clinic with complaints of edema and mild pruritus on the eyelids, ears, and neck. On dermatological examination there were pale erythema and edema on eyelids and ears; also coarsening of the facial skin and grooving in the forehead lines. In his medical history, it was learned that systemic corticosteroids, antihistamines and epinephrine treatments were given with the diagnosis of urticaria, angioedema for about two months, but he did not benefit from these treatments. A diagnosis of atypical scleromyxedema without monoclonal gammopathy was done according to the clinical, histopathological and laboratory findings. Acitretin treatment with a dose of 35 mg/day was started. Marked regression in the lesions was observed two months later.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important factors during tumorigenesis by affecting posttranscriptional gene expression. miRNA 204 (miR-204) is a miRNA frequently investigated in different types of cancers. According to literature, autophagy has dual roles in cancer, acting as both a tumor suppressor and cell survival agent. Also, the current data suggests that autophagy is activated in human colorectal cancer cells and enhances the aggressiveness of human colorectal cancer cells. So, our aim is to investigate potential effect of miR-204-5p on colorectal cancer by associating its expression with autophagy-related targets of miR-204-5p. This is the first miRNA study conducted on patients with colorectal cancer and healthy subjects and also to search the relation of miR-204-5p with clinicopathological factors and survival. Sixty-six patients with colorectal cancer and healthy subjects without any known chronic disease were enrolled into our study. Total miRNA was isolated from paraffin-embedded tissues of all patients' cancerous and normal tissues, and healthy subjects. cDNAs were obtained from this miRNAs by reverse transcriptase method, and miR-204-5p relative expression levels were detected by qRT-PCR method. Patients were divided into two groups according to median relative expression levels of miR-204-5p, as low- and high-expression group. Relation of miR-204-5p with clinicopathological factors and overall survival was also investigated. Medians of miR-204-5p relative expression levels in cancerous and normal tissues of patients were found as 0.00235 and 0.00376, respectively. The difference between two groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.11). Nonetheless, median of miR-204-5p relative expression levels in healthy subjects were found as 0.00135, and the difference between patient with cancer and healthy subjects and between normal tissues of patients and healthy subjects were statistically significant (p = 0.021 and p = 0.0005, respectively). There were 32 patients (48.5 %) showing high expression and 34 patients (51.5 %) showing low expression according to miR-204-5p relative expression levels. There were no statistically significant relation between clinicopathologic features and miR-204-5p relative expression levels. We also investigated the relation between miR-204-5p relative expression levels and overall survival, and no statistically significant relation was found between them (p = 0.462). The absence of any significant difference between tumor and non-tumor samples, low sample size, and performance at just one center are the limitations of our study. In opposition to literature, miR-204-5p is overexpressed in colorectal cancer patients as compared with healthy subjects and this situation is not associated with clinicopathological factors and overall survival. This may be explained by the fact that miR-204-5p increases in colorectal cancer cases in order to inhibit increased activity of LC3B-II in autophagy and Bcl2 against apoptosis posttranscriptionally and to take role as tumor suppressor.

This study was aimed to investigate the protective effects of caffeic acid phenyl esther (CAPE) and Intralipid (IL) against hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity caused by acute intoxication of glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl)glycine) (GI) in rats. Forty-nine Wistar Albino rats were randomly divided into seven groups as: I, Control; II, Intralipid (IL) (18.6 mL/kg, orally); III, CAPE (10 µmol/kg, intraperitoneally); IV, GI (4 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally); V, GI + IL; VI, GI+CAPE; and VII, GI + IL + CAPE. Total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels were measured in serum samples. Tissues were analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining protocol. Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 were evaluated by immunohistochemical method. The results revealed that, in hepatic tissues, the TAS levels were lower and the TOS levels were higher in the GI group compared to other groups. In renal tissues, the TAS levels were significantly lower in the GI group than in the control, IL, CAPE, and GI + IL + CAPE groups. The TOS levels were significantly higher in the GI group than in the control group. Moreover, histopathological analysis revealed severe hepatotoxicity in the GI group. In the GI + CAPE + IL group, hepatotoxicity recovered significantly. Nephrotoxicity was also observed in the GI group and moderately reduced in the GI + CAPE group. Biochemical results were confirmed by histopathologic examination. The results also revealed that CAPE and IL, due to their antioxidant effects, have a decreasing effect against both hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity caused by GI. Therefore, CAPE and IL may function as potential agents for supportive therapy since they decrease organ damage, or may facilitate the therapeutic effects of the routine treatment of patients with GI poisoning.

Radiocontrast-induced nephropathy has become one of the most important causes of renal acute failure. The most effective management of reducing the incidence of contrast nephropathy is to understand and prevent its causes. We aimed to investigate the protective role of ebselen against radiocontrast-induced nephrotoxicity in terms of tissue oxidant/antioxidant parameters and light microscopy in rats.Albino Wistar rats were randomly separated into four groups. The Group 1 rats were treated with sodium chloride as the control group, Group 2 with radiocontrast, Group 3 with radiocontrast plus ebselen, and Group 4 with ebselen alone. After 24 h, the animals over the experimental period were euthanized and blood samples were analyzed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr) levels. Kidney sections were analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities, as well as histopathological changes.In the radiocontrast group, BUN, MDA, and GSH-Px levels increased while SOD activity decreased compared with the control group. These decays were improved by ebselen administration in the radiocontrast group. Significant histological deteriorations were observed in the radiocontrast group. We noted improvement in the histologic findings with ebselen administration.These results indicate that ebselen might produce a protective mechanism against radiocontrast-induced nephrotoxicity.

Riedel's thyroiditis (RT) is a rare inflammatory disease that results in fibrosis of the thyroid gland and invasion to the surrounding structures of the neck. Follicular adenoma (FA) of the thyroid is the most common benign neoplasm of the gland.A 42-year-old woman was referred to the outpatient clinic due to a multinodular goiter and thyroiditis. The patient was euthyroid and thyroid function tests were within normal limits. Thyroid antibodies (thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody) were high. Thyroid ultrasonography showed multiple iso-hypoechoic nodules and thyroiditis. Fine-needle aspiration cytology was performed, and it was consistent with 'suspicious for a follicular neoplasm' according to the Bethesda system. Due to the clinical findings, which included weight loss and sweating, and the cytological results indicative of a follicular neoplasm, the patient underwent a total thyroidectomy. The histopathological diagnosis was RT associated with FA. The patient was started on thyroid hormone (thyroxine) replacement therapy after surgery and was evaluated for additional fibrosis related to RT.To our knowledge, this is the first case of RT associated with FA in an asymptomatic patient with a multinodular goiter and high thyroid antibodies reported in the literature.

Background: The engineering properties (physical, mechanical and chemical) are importance to postharvest technologies of the agricultural materials. To plum fruits quality, the harvest and postharvest applications, the engineering properties of plum fruits should be considered. The effect of AVG (Aminoethoxyvinylglycine) treatments on some physical, mechanical and chemical properties of plum fruits (cv. Santa Rosa) were determined.Materials and Methods: For this research, the plant material ‘Santa Rosa’ plum (Prunus salicina L.) fruits were obtained in Tokat/Turkey (39o51' N and 40o55' E), in 2012. AVG treatments were as 0 mg L-1, 100 mg L-1 and 200 mg L-1, and three different harvest dates including 25 July, 1 August and 7 August were used.Results: The geometric mean diameter, volume of fruit and surface area values increased with AVG doses, whereas, fruit density decreased as AVG doses increased. L* and b* values decreased from 43.75 to 24.14 and 20.24 to 13.21, whereas, a* value increased from -9.03 to -2.63 for flesh plum, respectively. The fruit removal force of plum fruit increased from 19.09 N to 20.20 N in magnitude with an increase in AVG doses. The friction coefficients of fruits increased as AVG doses increased and harvest dates. Total soluble solids content was higher in AVG-0 (0 mg L-1) as compared to AVG-1 and AVG-2 (100 mg L-1 and 200 mg L-1) AVG-2 applications, whereas, pH and titratable acidity were lower in 200 mg L-1 as compared to 0 mg L-1 and 100 mg L-1 treatments.Conclusion: Post-harvest technological applications of the plum fruits must be designed by taking criteria into consideration for plum engineering properties.Key words: Color, friction coefficient, fruit removal force, firmness

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate methods of removing pathogenic micro-organisms from bone grafts that have been contaminated during surgery. Materials and Methods Femora were removed from Sprague-Dawley rats and were divided into sections and contaminated in solutions of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Contaminated bone specimens in each group were immersed in various solutions for specified periods so their antibacterial effects could be evaluated. After these procedures were performed, bone specimens were cultured in nutrient media. Bone structure was evaluated, and the appropriate decontamination method was selected. Results Solutions such as povidone-iodine, neomycin, cephazolin sodium, and rifamycin were found to be effective decontaminants. These solutions did not damage the bone structure. Among these solutions, only rifamycin was effective against all bacteria used in this study to contaminate bone grafts. Conclusions Rifamycin seems to be the most suitable agent for the elimination of contamination introduced into bone grafts during surgery.

Amaç: ønvaziv kansere dönüúebilecek öncü lezyonlarla seyreden serviks kanseri önlenebilir bir hastalıktır. Erken tanıda servikovajinal sitolojiler önemlidir. Amacımız, 2001 Bethesda Sistemine göre serviko-vaginal smear olgularımızın sitopatolojik bulgularını güncel bilgiler eúli÷inde yeniden de÷erlendirerek sunmaktır. Gereç ve yöntem: Çalıúmamızda 2005 – 2010 arasında Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Patoloji laboratuvarında Bethesda sistemine göre tanı almıú 11946 olgunun raporları tekrar gözden geçirildi. Bulgular: 11946 servikovaginal smearda ASC-US (Atipical Squamous Cells-Undetermined Significance) %0.92, ASC-H (Atipical Squamous Cells-Cannot Exclude High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions) %0.1, LSIL(Low Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion): %0.08, HSIL(High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion) %0.07 ve malign hücre %0.02 olarak bulundu. ASH:SIL (Atipical Squamous Cells: Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion) oranı 144:19 olarak belirlendi. Sonuç: ASC-US, ASC-H, LSIL, HSIL ve skuamöz hücreli karsinom olgularımız az sayıdadır. Laboratuvardaki kalite kontrolünü belirlemede ASH:SIL oranı önemlidir. Fakat daha iyi yorumlama yapılabilmesi için geniú diziler içeren çalıúmalar yapılmalıdır., Aim: Servical cancer is a preventable disease, which manifests as prior lesions that can turn into invasive cancers. Servico-vaginalsitologies are important in early diagnosis. We aim to offer the sitopathologic findings of servico-vaginal smear according to 2001Bethesda System in view of updated knowledge.Materials methods: In our study, the 5961 case reports diagnosed according to Bethesda System in Mustafa Kemal UniversityLaboratuary of Pathology between 2005-2007 have been reviewed.Results: Of 11946 cases, the findings in servico-vaginal smear were as fallows: ASC-US (Atipical Squamous Cells-UndeterminedSignificance) 0.92%, ASC-H (Atipical Squamous Cells-Cannot Exclude High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions) 0.1%,LSIL(Low Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion) 0.08%, HSIL (High Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion) 0.07%, and maligncells 0.02%. The ratio of ASH to SIL (ASH:SIL) has been determined as 144:19.Conclusion: The cases of ASC-US, ASC-H, LSIL, HSIL and squamous cell carcinoma are relatively few. In determining the quality control inthe laboratuary the ASH:SIL ratio is important. However, for a better evaluation, studies with wider series should be carried out.

Paraganglioma of the maxillary sinüs is an extremely rare tumor. In this report, a paraganglioma located in the left maxillary sinüs in a 37-year-old male is presented. Pathologic features of the tumor and the differentiai diagnosis a re investigated. Key words: Paraganglioma, maxillary sinüs, Maksillar sinüs paraganglioması oldukça nadir bir tümördür. Bu makalede otuz yedi yaşında erkek hastada sol maksillar sinüs kaynaklı paraganglioma olgusu sunuldu. Tümörün patolojik özellikleri yanısıra, mikroskopik ayırıcı tanısı irdelendi. A nahtar kelimeler: Paraganglioma, maksillar sinüs

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of low-dose, low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) in the treatment of lichen planus (LP). Twenty-four patients clinically and histopathologically diagnosed as LP with intense pruritus were treated with 3 mg of enoxaparin (Clexane), subcutaneously once a week for 4-14 weeks. Complete remission was observed in 20 of 24 patients (83%) who had widespread cutaneous involvement, but no or minimal effect was observed in four of 24 patients, three of whom had chronic hypertrophic LP. Low-dose enoxaparin was observed to be effective in the treatment of LP without any side-effects. Enoxaparin may be an effective and simple alternative therapy for LP.

Purpose: Cisplatin (CCDP), an indispensable agent of several chemotherapy protocols, has serious dose limiting side effects, including nephrotoxicity. In this experimental study, we used deferoxamine mesilate (DFO), an iron chelating agent, to ameliorate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and methods: Sixty adult male bulb-c mice were divided in 6 equal groups. Group 1 received distilled water, group 2 received 100 mg/kg DFO, group 3 received 0.9 mg/kg CCDP, group 4 received 100 mg/kg DFO one hour before 0.9 mg/kg CCDP, group 5 received 1.8 mg/kg CCDP, and group 6 received 200 mg/kg DFO one hour before 1.8 mg/kg CCDP transperitoneally for 10 days. The next day, blood and urine samples were obtained, and all the animals were sacrificed, the kidneys and testes were removed, and histopathologic and biochemical analyses were performed. Results: Low-dose and high-dose CCDP treated mice had significantly more extensive proximal tubular degeneration (p < 0.001) when compared to control animals. Moreover, these changes were significantly less extensive in the mice taking DFO than mice taking CCDP. DFO showed no effect on cisplatin induced testicular histopathology. The cisplatin administration significantly increased the serum urea and plasma creatinin concentrations, and DFO administration prior to CCDP significantly decreased serum urea and plasma creatinin concentrations. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that DFO administration may be safe and useful for ameliorating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Case report: We present the clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features of an orbital mass in a 10-year-old boy. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of primary peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour. Comments: This recently recognized rare tumour of the orbit should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hypercellular small round cell tumour of the orbit.

Background Gallbladder diseases present with cholelithiasis in a wide spectrum of adenomas and cancers. Two or three specimens are sampled in cholecystectomies in routine pathology practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the increase in frequency of histologic alterations in cholecystectomies, particularly precancerous lesions, by increasing the sample size to understand the carcinoma pathway. Methods Cholecystectomies of 432 patients with pathology records and materials from two medical centers were collected, and two groups were created. Initial data with two or three samples were allocated to Group 1 and the new six samples with the initial ones were allocated to Group 2. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) sections were examined for histopathologic alterations, and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) Alcian blue (pH 2.5) and high iron diamine (pH 2.5) stains were used to signify the mucin profile in case of metaplasias. For the comparison of findings, non-parametric tests, McNemar’s tests, chi-squared tests and Fisher’s exact test were performed. Results Of the 432 patients, 308 (71.3%) patients were female and 124 (28.7%) patients were male. The mean age of patients was 47.9 ± 14.6 years. Cholesterolosis was observed in 95 (22%) patients in Group 1 and 108 (25%) patients in Group 2. Gallstones were detected in 255 (59%) of the cholecystectomies. There was a significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2 by increasing the sample size when we compared cholesterolosis, metaplasia and polyps (P

Background and Objective: Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death in men. The localized disease often responds to conventional therapies like androgen ablation via castration and/or administration of chemical inhibitors but advanced disease resistant to any curative therapies is still challenge for investigators. There are increasing efforts to enhance the possibility of finding positive and sensitive immune markers for diagnosing and treating prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression patterns of AMACR and iNOS in prostate adenocarcinomas with different histopathologic grade. Methodology: We applied immunohistochemical markers; AMACR and iNOS. Formalin-fixed parafin embedded tissues of 64 prostate needle biopsy specimens diagnosed as prostate adenocarcinoma between 2005-2010 years were included in the study. Results: AMACR expression were found in 58 (90.6%) and iNOS expression in 54 (84.4%) of 64 prostate adenocarcinomas. No significant relationship of AMACR and iNOS was obtained (p>0.05). There was no significant correlation of histopathologic grade of the tumors with AMACR and iNOS expression (p>0.05). Conclusions: The expression of AMACR and iNOS might be important diagnostic immune markers for prostate adenocarcinomas especially in needle biopsies where the quantity and quality of tissue are limited.

Objective: The aim of this study was to present the incidence of fetal anomalies in our region of Hatay, Turkey in order to determine the efficiency of prenatal diagnosis through fetal autopsy, and to compare our statistical data with other national and international studies. Material and Method: This study was conducted on 274 fetuses from terminated pregnancies due to abnormal prenatal findings and intrauterine deaths from 2005 to September 2010. Fetuses were evaluated through postmortem examination, external measurements, X-rays, Magnetic Resonance Images, Multislice Computerized Tomography and photographs. The autopsy was completed by the histological examination of each organ. Results: Autopsy was conducted on 274 fetuses. A fetal anomaly was detected in 160 (58.39%) cases. The central nervous system contained the most frequent structural defects (79 cases, 49.38%), followed by malformations in the musculoskeletal system in 36 cases (22.5%). The most frequent multiple system anomalies were central nervous system defect and bilateral adrenal agenesis, musculoskeletal system malformations and urinary system defects. Fetal autopsy provided additional findings in 43 cases (26.88%). Conclusion: Fetal autopsy is a very important procedure and an integral part of the general prenatal management. New findings through this method may suggest invaluable data for parents about potential risks in future pregnancies., Amaç: Bölgemizdeki fetal anomali insidansını belirlemek, ülkemizdeki ve diğer ülkelerdeki istatistiksel verileri karşılaştırmak, fetal otopsi aracılığı ile prenatal tanının doğruluğunu belirlemek. Gereç ve Yöntem: 2005-2010 yılları arasında anormal prenatal bulgular veya intrauterin ölüm nedeni ile sonlandırılmış 274 olgu çalışmaya alındı. Fetuslar postmortem değerlendirildi. Dış vücut ölçümleri alındı, röntgen, manyetik rezonans, bilgisayarlı tomografi ve fotoğrafları çekildi. Otopsi organların histolojik incelemesi yapılarak tamamlandı. Bulgular: Toplam 274 olguya otopsi yapıldı. 160 olguda (%58,39) fetal anomali saptandı. Santral sinir sistemi anomalileri en sık yapısal defektti (79 olgu, %49,38). Bunu kas iskelet sistemi anomalileri izledi (36 olgu, %22,50). Çoklu sistem tutulumunda santral sinir sistemi anomalilerine bilateral adrenal agenezi ve kas iskelet sistemi anomalilerine de üriner sistem defektleri eşlik etmekteydi. Toplam 43 olguda (%26,88) otopsi sonucunda ek anomali saptandı. Sonuç: Fetal otopsi çok önemli bir işlemdir ve genel prenatal değerlendirmenin ayrılmaz bir parçasıdır. Bu yöntemle elde edilen yeni bulgular ebeveynlere gelecek gebeliklerdeki muhtemel riskler için çok önemli bilgiler verebilir.

To evaluate the effects of memantine on infarct size in cerebral ischemia and on neurological outcome after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion in rats.In this study, performed between 2002-2004 in Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey, 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Cerebral ischemia was constituted by the intraluminal filament method with a 4-0 nylon suture. Reperfusion was started after 2 hours of MCAO. The rats were randomly divided into 2 groups as control and memantine. Saline 0.9% (0.5 ml/kg) and memantine (30 mg/kg) were administered via nasogastric intubations. Three coronal slices of 2 mm thickness were obtained from cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem, and were stained with a 2% solution of triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Transparent sheets were placed over each section and the areas of the brain and infarct were measured.Forty-five slices from each group (total 90) were obtained. Percent of ischemic area (%) in cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem level in memantine was lower than those of the control group (p0.0001). In addition, we determined an improvement in neurological score at 24th and 72nd hours in the rats that have been given memantine. The memantine group showed significantly better recovery than the control group (p0.0001).We concluded that memantine may decrease ischemic area in experimental cerebral ischemia in rats and it seems that memantine may be beneficial in cerebral ischemia.

This study investigated the effect of interferon α2b on chlorhexidine gluconate (CH)-induced peritoneal fibrosis (PF) in rats and assessed peritoneal tissue levels of metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-2. Wistar albino rats ( n = 8 per group) were treated as follows: control group, 3 ml/day of 0.9% saline intra-peritoneally for 28 days; CH group, 0.1% CH (200 g [3 ml]/day) in 15% ethanol and 0.9% saline intra-peritoneally for 28 days; CH + interferon (IFN) group, CH (as above) plus pegylated IFN-α2b 1.5 μg/kg per week subcutaneously on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28; IFN group, pegylated IFN-α2b (as above). Parietal peritoneum samples were obtained from the left anterior abdominal wall after 35 days. Parietal thickness, degree of vascular proliferation and inflammation, and MMP-2 and TIMP-2 levels were determined. The mean peritoneal thicknesses of the control, CH, CH + IFN and IFN groups were 7.02 ± 3.89, 156.86 ± 29.13, 59.88 ± 22.1, 9.27 ± 2.03 μm, respectively. Pegylated IFN-α2b decreased CH-induced expression of MMP-2 in the parietal peritoneum, but had no effect on TIMP-2 levels. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage and duration for pegylated IFN-α2b treatment.

We report the CT, ultrasonographic, and pathologic features of a localized forms of Castleman's disease in the porta hepatis due to their unusual location. Our report suggests that the CT and the ultrasonographic features of Castleman's disease in these locations without calcifications is nonspecific.

Echinococcosis is a parasitic disease frequently occurring in societies where agriculture and raising animals are common. In Turkey, it is more commonly observed in eastern and middle Anatolia and in Marmara and Trakya regions. While there is a high rate of occurrence in the liver and lungs, Echinococcosis can occasionally be present in other tissues and organs. In this study which was carried out in the Cukurova region, we found 962 echinococcosis cases in a ten year period. Of these, 134 (13.9%) were located outside the liver and the lung. Our aim was to determine the rate of unusual location of echinococcosis cases in our region and draw attention to the issue.

Strongyloides stercoralis is an intestinal nematode with a complex life cycle that involves colonizing and reproducing in the upper small intestinal mucosa. In a healthy host, the parasite usually does not cause any symptoms. We report a gastric infection case of S. stercoralis. A 72-year-old Turkish man was admitted to the Department of General Surgery with complaints of epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting for five days. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy evidenced a diffuse infiltrate in the stomach, causing decreased distensibility. Microscopically, superficial chronic inflammation with hyperplastic reactive changes and damaged surface was observed. Histopathological examination of the gastric mucosa showed numerous cross-sections of adult worms, eggs and rhabditiform larvae of S. stercoralis developing in the gastric crypts.

Glomus tumors are usually benign neoplasms that occur in the dermis or subcutaneous tissues of the extremities. They occur very rarely in the hip. We report a patient with severe pain and tenderness in the left hip, especially on palpation, and in the sitting position. On physical examination, there was a soft palpable subcutaneous mass and severe tenderness in the left hip. Ultrasound revealed a hypervascular subdermal mass that was 1.2 cm in diameter, which was subsequently totally excised under local anesthesia. The histopathologic diagnosis was a glomus tumor. The patient has been symptom-free for 3 months of follow-up.

Echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis. It continues to be a serious public health problem in many countries including Turkey. In Hatay, no previous study has been carried out; therefore, in this study, in order to determine its prevalence and to attract scientific attention to this issue, we have retrospectively evaluated cases of cystic echinococcosis in human patients presenting at the pathology laboratory of the Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Medicine, Research Hospital, as well as Antakya and Iskenderun State Hospitals. We have identified a total of 26 cases, of which 18 were in female patients (69.23%) and 8 in male patients (30.76%). The highest rate of cystic echinococcosis was found in the liver (57.6%), and lungs (19.23%). It was also found in the peritoneal region, spleen, cervical region, muscle, and an incision scar. In addition, the presence of cystic echinococcosis was investigated in 35,812 cattle slaughtered in Antakya slaughterhouse and 5,448 (3.23%) were found to have cystic echinococcosis.

Pulmonary angiosarcomas are usually secondary tumors, and only a few primary cases have been reported. We report a unique case of epithelioid angiosarcoma presenting as a solitary mass in the right upper lobe with pulmonary hemorrhage. Because of its epithelioid histology, this tumor may resemble a carcinoma or a variety of vascular lesions with epithelioid endothelial cells. Therefore, the diagnosis of epithelioid angiosarcoma should be based on immunohistochemical staining.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of whole blood, crystalloid, and colloid treatment on histopathologic damage of kidney induced by hemorrhagic shock in rats. Methods: Fifty-six male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 8 groups. The carotid artery was cannulated, and systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), heart rate (HR), and rectal temperature (RT) were observed during the procedure. The jugular vein also was cannulated, and the SAP was decreased by aspiration of 75% of blood through the jugular vein in the control (nonresuscitated) and study (resuscitated) groups, whereas blood was not diminished in the sham group. The hemorrhagic shock was permitted to last 45 minutes; then, the study group rats were resuscitated with heparinized shed autologous whole blood (WB), normal saline (NS), Lactated Ringer's solution (LR), hydroxyethyl starch 6% (HES6), hydroxyethyl starch 10% (HES10), or dextran 40 (D40). Histopathologic evaluation was performed under light and electron microscope. Results: The RT, SAP, and DAP decreased, and HR increased significantly in the control and study groups during the shock period compared with those of sham group. After volume resuscitation, these parameters changed to preshock levels. Electron and light microscopic examinations of kidneys showed severe proximal tubular degeneration with moderate glomerular damage in the control group; moderate proximal tubular degeneration with mild glomerular damage in the NS, LR, HES6, and HES10 groups; and mild proximal tubular degeneration with no evidence of glomerular damage in the WB and D-40 groups. Conclusions: The characteristic ultrastructural features of hemorrhagic shock appear to be severe tubular degeneration and mild to moderate changes in glomeruli. Resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock with whole blood or dextran 40 solution appears to be most favorable therapy in preventing ultrastructural renal damage in rats.

Paranasal sinus osteoma is a slow-growing, benign, encapsulated bony tumour that may be commonly asymptomatic, being detected incidentally in 1% of plain sinus radiographs or in 3% sinus computerized tomographic scans. In a patient presenting with epiphora and nasal obstruction, computed tomography disclosed a giant osteoma of the ethmoid. In this article, one patient having giant ethmoidal osteoma with orbital extension is described, and epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and pathological findings in paranasal sinus osteoma are reviewed.

Ewing's sarcoma (ES) is a malignant, small cell tumor of skeletal system seen in young adults and children. The prognosis is very poor in this type of tumor, which has a metastasis potential at an early stage. It is rarely seen in head and neck region; mandible is involved relatively frequent while paranasal involvement is very rare. Furthermore, ES arising from base of nasal cavity and hard palate is extremely rare. The aim of this report was to discuss a 14-year-old girl with ES arising from base of nasal cavity and extending to nasopharynx in the light of literature.

Hydatid disease is an important medical problem in countries of the temperate zones. A 21-year-old female patient was admitted to our outpatient clinics with a complaint of a progressive swelling in the left preauricular region. The case of the patient with hydatid disease that developed in the left preauricular region is presented in detail. Hydatid cyst in this location is rare.

Castleman's disease (giant lymph node hyperplasia) is an uncommon cause of neck mass. Its cause and pathogenesis are still unknown. Giant lymph node hyperplasia (GLH) usually presents as an asymptomatic solitary mass and can occur anywhere in the head and neck. Diagnostic test results are always inconclusive. Excision and histopathological evaluation are the only ways to make a definitive diagnosis. The disease is curable by surgical excision. A case of GLH presenting as a solitary neck mass in a 68-year-old man is reported. There has been no recurrence during about 7 months.

In this study we investigated the histopathological changes of nasal mucosa after the use of topical benzalkonium-chloride solution. In the study, 28 male New Zealand white rabbits were used. The animals were divided into two groups. In the first group, 50 micro l of 0.001% benzalkonium-chloride solution was sprayed into the right nostril and 50 micro l of 0.9% saline into the left twice daily for 14 days. In the second group, the same solutions were applied twice daily for 28 days. All of the biopsies from each nasal cavity were processed for electron microscopy. In the nostrils treated with 0.001% benzalkonium chloride, there were areas with obvious squamous cell metaplasia. Some cells showed broken cristae of the mitochondria. Degenerative changes in the supportive and olfactory cells, deformation of nuclei and the increase of heterochromatin were observed. The present investigation has shown that the application of topical benzalkonium chloride does induce degenerative morphologic changes in the nasal mucosa in rabbits in vivo.

Background: Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are the most prevalent cancer type among white-skinned populations worldwide. Aims: To analyze the gender and age-related incidence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) histopathologic subtypes, to classify BCCs according to their anatomical location, invasion depth, and size, and to determine the relationship between BCC subtypes and margin of surgical excision. Methods: All BCCs analysed in our center between 2005 and 2010 were studied retrospectively. The samples, which were totally excised, were included on the basis of histopathological diagnosis of BCC, and confirmed by two pathologists. Patient data included sex, age at diagnosis, tumor location, histological subtypes, invasion depth, and size. Results: We recorded 197 BCCs obtained from 181 white patients (80 females, 101 males). The mean age among males was 64.11, and 59.33 among females. Of the cases, 45.17% were nodular, 22.33% were mixed, and 15.22 were infiltrative type. 91.84% of the cases were located on the head and neck, 3.04% were on the limbs, and 1.52 % were on the trunk. In 32 cases, the margin of surgical excision was positive (17.7%): nodular 12%, infiltrative 43.3%, mixed 20.6%, micronodular 10%, and superfacial multicentric 5.5%. Of these total 32 cases, 34.4% were located on the eyes region, 28.1% were found on the nose, and 15.6% were on the ears. Invasion depth of tumors varied from 0.5 to 22.125 mm. Conclusions: The results of our study exhibit differences in anatomical distribution, sex and mean age, invasion depth, and size of BCC subtypes. The recurrence rate for incompletely excised tumors varies according to the location and type of the tumor. Infiltrative tumors are more likely to recur and have positive margin of surgical excision. The highest positive margin of surgical excision is in infiltrative BCC. Tumors at difficult-to-treat sites and large and/or deeply invasive tumors are more liable to recur.