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Medicinal plants have been widely studied to identify plant-based anti-gastric ulcer medicines. The mechanism of gastroprotective action is important to discover the potential lead compounds for drug development. All relevant articles between 2011 and 2021 focusing on Malaysian plants were collected and analyzed to understand the underlying pathways. Keywords include peptic ulcer, gastric ulcer, NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs), Helicobacterpylori, medicinal plant, gastroprotection, antiulcer, acid secretion, cytoprotective, and digestion processes were applied in the search engines. Twenty-two of the plants had been reported based on the collected data. The review concludes that Malaysian plants could protect the gastric wall against necrotizing agents like ethanol and NSAIDs. This is mainly due to four critical defensive mechanisms: cytoprotective barriers, regulation of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) and pro-apoptotic protein (BAX), gastric acid secretion, and antioxidant capability. The mechanisms have been illustrated in the schematic diagrams for better understanding.

Purpose This study aims to perform the surface treatment of synthetic α-Fe2O3 red iron oxide pigment with hydrolysate 3-aminopropyl silane (A) and colloidal silica (CS) and investigate the effects of surface-treated pigment on the styrene acrylic (SA) emulsion and polyurethane (PU) dispersion. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose, firstly red iron oxide particles were modified with A and CS separately in an aqueous medium. After isolation of the modified iron oxide were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Moreover, the degree of the dispersion stability of the modified pigment in coatings with SA emulsion and PU dispersion was investigated by using an oscillation rheometer. Loss (G''), storage (G') modulus, loss factor [tan(δ)] and yield stress (τ0) values were determined by performing amplitude and frequency sweep tests. Findings The τ0 in SA coatings decreases with the amount of used A and increases with the amount of used CS. The τ0 decreases as the amount of used A and CS in PU coatings increases. The use of CS on red iron oxide pigments causes storage modulus to increase in SA coatings at low angular frequencies, while it causes a decrease in PU coatings. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, for the first time, the suspended state of the iron oxide hybrid pigment formed with CS in the coating was investigated rheologically in this study.

The concept of immunomodulation was proposed by Edward Jenner, while working on polio vaccine in 1796. A brawny, fine-functioning immune system is the keystone of excellent health. Immune replies are the consequence of an effectual interaction among innate (natural and non-specific) and acquired (adaptive and specific) components of the immune system. Inequity or failure of the immune systems is connected with a variety of chronic illness counting allergies, autoimmune diseases, cancers and furthers. Diverse innate and adaptive immune cells that are incorporated in this multifaceted networking organization may symbolize talented targets for expanding immunotherapeutics for treating specific immune illness. An assorted array of natural, synthetic, and recombinant compounds is accessible with both advantages and demerits. A range of phytochemicals have been remote, differentiated and customized for expansion and employ as avoidance or cure of human diseases, but the request of customary or novel medicinal plants for employ as immunomodulators in indulgencing immune diseases is still comparatively limited. At present, there is much-growing interest in the use of medicinal plants as modulators of the complex immune system. Numerous therapeutic consequences of plant extracts have been recommended to be because of their extensive assortment of immunomodulatory effects and persuade on the immune system of the human body. In present review paper, various medicinal plants, their resultant crude or fractionated phyto extracts and the precise phytochemicals remote from them are conversed in terms of their immunomodulatory bioactivities. We also review their possible for future expansion as immunomodulatory or inflammation-regulatory therapeutics or agents. Keywords: Immunomodulation, Immune system, Phytochemicals, Medicinal plant, Plant extracts

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Breastfeeding in women with aflatoxin M1 exposure may be a risk factor for the newborn. Thus, it is crucial to determine aflatoxin M1 levels in breast milk and raise mothers’ awareness about nutrition in lactation and other periods. This study was carried out to determine aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk samples taken from mothers who gave birth. METHODS: The study was carried out in the postpartum department of Training and Research Hospital between December 31, 2018, and June 31, 2019, and 90 breastfeeding mothers were included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 75 (83.3%) of the examined samples were found positive. The mean aflatoxin M1 ratio in positive samples was 12.16 pg/mL (5.00–23.18 pg/mL). Mothers’ consumption of processed food was associated with aflatoxin M1 levels (p=0.043). It was determined that the aflatoxin M1 levels of mothers who consumed processed food products 1 or 2 times a month were 3.22 times lower than those who consumed 1–2 times a week. CONCLUSIONS: This study emphasized the importance of monitoring aflatoxin M1 levels in breast milk for infant health. It is thought that nutrition education given to mothers during pregnancy will significantly impact aflatoxin M1 results. In addition, the dangers of mycotoxins in mother-infant nutrition should be emphasized regularly in health education.

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that are widely distributed in plants. These phenolic compounds are classified into various subgroups based on their structures: flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, flavanones, and anthocyanins. They are known to perform various pharmacological actions like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and antiallergic, etc. Diabetes is a chronic progressive metabolic disorder that affects several biochemical pathways and leads to secondary complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and cardiomyopathy. Among them, the management of diabetic neuropathy is one of the major challenges for physicians as well as the pharmaceutical industries. Naturally occurring flavonoids are extensively used for the treatment of diabetes and its related complications due to their antioxidant properties. Moreover, flavonoids inhibit various pathways that are involved in the progression of diabetic neuropathy like the reduction of oxidative stress, decrease in glycogenolysis, increase glucose utilization, decrease in the formation of advanced glycation end products, and inhibition of the α-glucosidase enzyme. This review entails current updates on the therapeutic perspectives of flavonoids in the treatment of neuropathic pain. This manuscript explains the pathological aspects of neuropathic pain, the chemistry of flavonoids, and their application in amelioration of neuropathic pain through preclinical studies either alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents.

WOS:000600680700001 PMID: 33350594 In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of lockdown measures implemented due to COVID-19 on aetiology, sociodemographic characteristics, and clinical status of burn cases. This study was carried out retrospectively at the Burn Unit of Dicle University Medical Faculty Hospital. The burn cases during the COVID-19 outbreak were compared with those of the previous 2 years. Statistical analyses were carried out using the IBM SPSS (Statistics Package for Social Sciences) Statistics 25. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and Shapiro-Wilk test were used for data evaluation. Results were evaluated at 95% confidence interval and P < .05 significance level. It was determined that burn cases were reduced by half during the COVID-19 compared to the previous 2 years. Despite the increase in the number of third-degree burns and surgeries, it was determined that the length of hospital stay decreased by an average of two thirds. Hot liquids have been identified as the most important cause of burns in all years. New studies should be conducted in order to examine the social dimension of COVID-19 pandemic in burn cases and to prevent these cases completely. The short hospital stay preferred by clinicians after COVID-19 and possible problems that may arise should be investigated.

Along with the skill set and the anatomy of the saxophonist, the design of the mouthpiece is a determining factor for the eventual performance of the instrument. Hence, the expectations and needs of saxophone mouthpieces are diverse and personal. Therefore, the ability to tailor a mouthpiece to the personal needs of a saxophonist becomes a valuable asset. Digital manufacturing technologies, such as 3D printing and computational design tools, enable providing such on-demand and personalized products affordably. This study employs the previously proposed mouthpiece personalization method that benefits these technologies to personalize saxophone mouthpieces. This study aims to assess the ability of personalized mouthpieces to answer the players’ needs and to understand the experience of players in this process. For this purpose, a two-phase user study is devised, where players first co-create their personalized mouthpieces, then test and evaluate these. Five saxophone players from the Royal Conservatoire Antwerp participated in the study. The players in the user study confirm the performance variance in seven out of ten cases, and they prefer personalized mouthpieces in four out of five cases. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of saxophone mouthpiece personalization, and the players’ experience in this process.

Background Evidence suggests that the effect of 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) use for oral care on the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT) is lacking. Evidence-based approaches to the prevention of VAP and VAT are of paramount importance for improving patients' outcomes. Objectives This study aimed to (1) compare the effect of 0.12% CHX use for oral care on preventing VAP and VAT with the placebo group, as well as (2) compare its effect on oral health and prevention of oral microbial colonization with the placebo group. Methods Prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial performed in 2 intensive care units at a hospital. The sample comprised 57 mechanically ventilated adults randomly allocated to the 0.12% CHX group and the placebo group. Barnason's oral assessment guide was used to evaluate the oral health of both groups before oral care during the first 24 hr of tracheal intubation (Day 0) and at Day 2 and Day 3. Oropharyngeal secretion, endotracheal tube aspirate, and nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected on Day 0 and Day 3. Results The rate of VAT development was not statistically different between the groups (p = .318). However, a significant difference existed in the rate of VAP development (p = .043). The frequency of oropharyngeal colonization significantly decreased in the 0.12% CHX group compared with the placebo group at Day 3 (p = .001). Conclusion The use of 0.12% CHX for oral care could be effective for VAP prevention and reducing microbial colonization in mechanically ventilated patients.

Saxophonists have different expectations from the saxophone mouthpiece, as it significantly affects the playability and the sound of the instrument. A mass personalization paradigm provides unique products to cater to their needs, using the flexibility of additive manufacturing. The lack of quantitative knowledge on mouthpiece design hinders the personalization attempts. This study aims to lay out how design parameters affect mouthpiece characteristics. Twenty-seven 3D-printed mouthpieces with varying design parameters are used in conjunction with an artificial blowing machine, to determine the acoustical relevance of the various mouthpiece designs on four selected mouthpiece features. The influence of the design parameters is evaluated statistically and via a case study with five saxophonists. The analysis shows that seven out of nine parameters tested affect the mouthpiece characteristics by relatively different amounts. A user study demonstrates that saxophonists confirm the results in 7 of 10 cases, and they prefer personalized mouthpieces in 4 of 5 cases. The results present a key contribution to the understanding of mouthpiece design. The findings provide valuable insights for new mouthpiece design and mouthpiece personalization.

Objective:Allergic diseases are increasing in developed countries. Recent studies show that platelets (PLTs) may also be responsible for the development of allergies. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether allergic diseases are related to the levels of mean platelet volume (MPV) and other complete blood count (CBC) parameters.Method:In the present study, 337 pediatric patients (aged 2-18 years) who were admitted to the pediatric allergy clinics with a diagnosis of atopy, which was supported with the positivity of at least one skin prick test and/or total IgE and/or allergen-specific IgE, were included. The results of the patients including MPV and other CBC parameters and total IgE values were compared with 120 healthy sex and age-matched children.Results:There was no difference in hematocrit counts between the groups, but the hemoglobin level was higher in patients. The mean corpuscular volume was lower in the study group, which was not statistically significant. The white blood cell count and thrombocyte count of the patients were higher than those of the controls, but were not statistically significant. The MPV values were significantly lower in the patient group. There was a negative correlation between the MPV values and the thrombocyte counts in the study group. Finally, the MPV values were significantly higher in patients ≥6 years and females in the study group.Conclusion:PLTs cause inflammation by secreting mediators in children with allergy. When the thrombocyte count increases, the MPV decreases reversely. Thus, the MPV may be an effective and inexpensive indicator in the process of inflammation, but long-term studies are needed to evaluate asymptomatic and exacerbation periods.

The etiology of maxillofacial fractures is closely related to society and lifestyles, cultural structure, and social values. Various methods are used in maxillofacial fracture surgery, and these methods are determined aesthetically and functionally. In our study, it was aimed to examine in detail the prevalence, patient characteristics, and treatment approach of patients with maxillofacial fractures. This study was carried out retrospectively, based on the records of patients with maxillofacial fractures treated in the last 10 years in our clinic. Descriptive statistics, t-test, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used in data evaluation. The results were evaluated at a 95% confidence interval with a significance level of p

There has been a growing concern with the environmental influences of nanomaterials due to recent developments in nanotechnology. This study investigates the impact and fate of hematite nanoparticles (α-Fe

Mass-Customization (MC) has been considered to answer diversifying customer needs and reshape the consumer product market. However, after about two decades of trials, MC has been largely far from success in practice. One of the major reasons for this is considered to be a lack of user engagement with customized products and the customization process itself. Therefore, this draws the attention from what is provided to the customer to how it is provided. The user involvement in MC is in the form of co-creation and often done through online tools, also known as product configurators. In practice, these product configurators for MC frequently fail in sales conversion. This study investigates the experience for customers throughout the co-creation process in an attempt to shed light on different aspects of this experience and provide a better understanding of all contributing factors.

The genus Pterocephalus, one of the most important genera of Caprifoliaceae family, comprises about 30 species which are usually found in sunny, dry, rocky crevices, mostly in Europe and Western Asia. Nine species are native to the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Pterocephalus nestorianus Nab. is an important plant of this genera and locally known as Lawa. It is widely used in folkloric medicines in Kurdistan for treating inflammation and oral diseases. It is also widely used as ornamental plant and component of many herbal formulations, all around the world. The aim of the present study is to collect authentic literature on classification, geographic distribution, eco-cultural health, traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological (environmental) activities and pharmacological properties of P. nestorianus.

There has been a growing concern with the environmental influences of nanomaterials due to recent developments in nanotechnology. This study investigates the impact and fate of hematite nanoparticles (α-Fe2O3 NPs) (∼14 nm in size) on a crop species, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). For this purpose, hematite NPs (50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/L) were hydroponically applied to barley at germination and seedling stages (three weeks). Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS) along with vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques were used to track the NPs in plant tissues. The effects of NPs on the root cells were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal microscopy. Results revealed that α-Fe2O3 NPs significantly reduced the germination rate (from 80% in control to 30% in 400 mg/L), as well as chlorophyll (36–39%) and carotenoid (37%) contents. Moreover, the treatment led to a significant decline in the quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). Leaf VSM analysis indicated a change in magnetic signal for NPs-treated samples compared with untreated ones, which is mostly attributed to the iron (Fe) ions incorporated within the leaf tissue. Besides, Fe content in the roots and leaf had gradually increased by the increasing doses of NPs, which was confirming NPs’ translocation to the aerial parts. Microscopic observations revealed that α-Fe2O3 NPs altered root cell morphology and led to the injury of cell membranes. This study, in the light of our findings, shows that α-Fe2O3 NPs (∼14 nm in size) are taken up by the roots of the barley plants, and migrate to the plant leaves. Besides, NPs are phytotoxic for barley as they inhibit germination and pigment biosynthesis. This inhibition is probably due to the injury of the cell membranes in the roots. Therefore, the use of hematite NPs in agriculture and thereby their environmental diffusion must be addressed carefully.

WOS: 000374103000028 PubMed ID: 26747272 Phytochemical compounds are emerging as a new group of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer agents that help minimize toxicity in patients with pulmonary diseases. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential curative effects of Quercetin (QC), Damnacanthal (DAM), and Proanthocyanidine (PA) on inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress parameters and to examine the viability of the A549 cell line treated with benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in vitro. The A549 cell line was treated with BaP, a BaP/QC combination, a BaP/DAM combination, and BaP/PA combination. Inflammatory markers, oxidative stress parameters, mRNA expression levels of apoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins, and cell viability were assessed, and the results were compared. There were higher levels of lactate dehydrogenase after BaP treatment of A549 cell lines. Interferon-gamma level significantly decreased in the QC, DAM, and PA-treated group (P < 0.001). IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha levels significantly decreased after PA and QC treatments (P < 0.001). Some of the oxidative stress markers (NO, MDA, TOS) and OSI decreased, while antioxidant (GSH) levels increased after treatment with QC, DAM, and PA. The QC and DAM treatments profoundly upregulated apoptotic gene expression and downregulated antiapoptotic gene expression. Viability of QC, DAM, and PA-treated cells was found to be significantly higher in comparison to the control and BaP-treated groups (p < 0.001). Our results revealed that A549 cell lines treated with BaP-stimulated necrosis produced higher level of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress parameters. Treatments with PA, QC, and DAM reduced inflammatory response induced by BaP exposure. Kocatepe University Scientific Research Council, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey [12.TIP.01] This project was supported by a grant from Kocatepe University Scientific Research Council, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey: Project number: 12.TIP.01.

In this article, we investigate the genus spectrum of maximal curves. We give the list of genera of all subfields that were found in three main articles, and we exhibit some mistakes that have been done in these articles. Calculations are made for the base fields with cardinality q2, where q is a power of 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 and less than 214, 39, 56, 75, 114, 133, 173, 193, 233, respectively.

In this article, we show that many of the genera that Giuliettiand Fanali obtained from subfields of the GK curve can be obtained byusing similar techniques used by Garcia, Stichtenoth and Xing. In themeantime, we obtain some new genera from the subfields of GK andgeneralized GK function fields. 1. IntroductionLet F/K be an algebraic function field of genus g with constant field Kwhere K is a finite field and N(F) be the number of rational places of F. ByHasse-Weil Theorem [13, Theorem 5.2.3], the number of rational places of F/Kis bounded by(1) | N(F)−(|K| +1) |≤ 2p|K|g.A function field is called maximal if its number of rational places attains theupper bound in the above inequality. Obviously, maximal function fields whichare not rational can only exist over finite fields of square cardinality. The mostwell-known example of a maximal function field is the Hermitian function fieldH = F q 2 (x,y), where F q 2 is the finite field with q 2 elements. H is defined bythe equation(2) x q +x = y q+1

Higher education system in universities has witnessed an immense development in quality assurance process for the last two or three decades. Though quality assurance is relatively new notion in Iraq, recently a steadily increasing attention for quality assurance programs has come into focus. Ishik University, one of the leading universities in Iraq, has modified the quality assurance programs that prevail in developing countries and adopted them successfully which led to considerable progress in improving quality assurance system. The implementation of quality assurance programs has played an effective supporting role in improving the quality of Ishik University. This study investigates how quality assurance programs influences performance improvement and encourages quality in teaching and research in Ishik University.

In the scope of anomaly based Android malware detection, different type of features has been used to represent applications and lots of algorithms have been applied to evaluate these features. Although researchers have reported accurate results, in order to improve accuracy, sensitivity and generalization, we suggest using an ensemble learning approach for Android malware detection. In this study, we propose to use an ensemble learning system whose base learners are built with different feature subsets which are extracted and processed with multiple methods, and selected with a proposed selective ensemble approach which is based on three criteria: Accuracy, sensitivity and diversity.

Background: Phytochemical compounds are emerging as a new generation of anticancer agents with limited toxicity in cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effcts of thymoquinone, caffeic acid phenylester (CAPE) and resveratrol on inflammatory markers, oxidative stress parameters, mRNA expression levels of proteins and survival of lung cancer cells in Vitro. Materials and Methods: The A549 cell line was treated with benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene plus caffeic acid phenylester (CAPE), benzo(a)pyrene plus resveratrol (RES), and benzo(a)pyrene plus thymoquinone (TQ). Inflammatory markers, oxidative stress parameters, mRNA expression levels of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins and cell viability were assessed and results were compared among study groups. Results: TQ treatment up-regulated Bax and down-regulated Bcl2 proteins and increased the Bax/Bcl2 ratio. CAPE and TQ also up-regulated Bax expression. RES and TQ down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2. All three agents decreased the expression of cyclin D and increased the expression of p21. However, the most significant up-regulation of p21 expression was observed in TQ treated cells. CAPE, RES and TQ up-regulated TRAIL receptor 1 and 2 expression. RES and TQ down-regulated the expression of NF-kappa B and IKK1. Viability of CAPE, RES and TQ treated cells was found to be significantly decreased when compared with the control group (p=0.004). Conclusions: Our results revealed up-regulation of the key upstream signaling factors, which ultimately cause increase in their regulatory p53 levels affecting the induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Overall these results provide mechanistic insights for understanding the molecular basis and utility of the anti-tumor activity of TQ, RES and CAPE.

Sulpiride (SLP) is an antipsychotic drug used in humans. Although no pharmacokinetic data are available for horses, it is commonly used to encourage ovulation in noncycling mares and to stimulate lactation in adoptive mares. The aim of this study is to assess the pharmacokinetics profile of SLP after intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and oral (PO) administrations in normal horses. Animals (n = 6) were treated with 1 mg/kg SLP, administered by IV, IM, and PO routes according to a randomized crossover design (3 × 3 Latin square). Blood samples (5 mL) were collected at a programmed time and analyzed using a validated with fluorescence detection method. SLP was present at a detectable concentration up to 24 hours postadministration for all routes, except for one animal in the PO group. IV and IM administrations gave similar curves, with an IM average bioavailability of 118.0%. These high values were mainly the result of the profile generated by two horses, in which a secondary concentration peak occurred in the terminal phase of the curve. After PO administration, AUC 0-∞ , and consequently bioavailability (20.4%), was low. This finding could be owing to the physicochemical features of the drug. Indeed, considering that SLP is a weak base, existing in the ionized form at gastric and physiological pH, it is unsurprising that it is poorly absorbable, especially in horses with a particularly acidic gastric pH. In conclusion, injective routes are definitely preferable to PO dosing because of the low bioavailability using this route.

The paper examines the role of social media in creating environmental awareness, responsibilities or issues of among young generation (especially Higher education students). The authors attempted to determine whether there are present and how can be developed environmental awareness or issues behavior on social networking sites like Facebook. The campaign was designed based on a practical model and implemented in a case study of 3rd grade of computer engineering department in Ishik University. The Social media platform (Facebook) formed the technological foundation of the campaign. Throughout the campaign prepared information about environmental awareness or responsibilities documentation was distributed by means of these Facebook to selected students in the case study. Issues related to environmental management as well as suggested strategies to deal with them was also communicated to the target students. In order to determine the growth of awareness related to environmental issues and to get feedback on the campaign benefits and problems, two surveys were applied before and after implementation process. Massages (campaign prepared information) were posted at regular periods (one mouth) throughout the Facebook. The findings revealed that Social Media was found to be ineffective method of raising the environmental awareness among the higher education students in Kurdistan.

The radiation dose affects health when it causes changes in the cells of the human body. The risk of harmful health effects generally increases with the amount of radiation absorbed. In this work, the annual internal radiation doses have been measured in seven building for Ishik University in Erbil city, using active technique (survey radiation dosimeter) during two seasons- winter and spring. The highest average values of exposure radiation dose were found in dentistry faculties for winter season (0.699 ± 0.09 μSv/h) and lowest values were found in Student dormitory (boys) for summer season (0.109± 0.05 μSv/h). The highest average exposure radiation dose was found in the basement floor for all buildings compare with the ground, first, second and third floors. The rate radiation dose in different type rooms depended on the ventilation rate, leakage dose and age of building. The annual exposure dose was considered as the main factor to assessment risks of that leakage on the health of workers and student.

The objective of this study is to evoke environmental awareness among secondary school students using different ecological activities. This study focuses on how environmental awareness might lead the students to the protection of nature, and the main goal of the study is to develop behaviors through activities among students for environmental protection. This study is based on a questionnaire conducted on two groups. The first group includes 2 hundred students who were chosen randomly from both state and private schools. The second group includes 50 students who participated in ecological activities in their schools. It was seen that the students in the second group cared more about environmental issues. Thereby, the study yielded that involving students in ecological activities holds an important place in raising their awareness towards environmental protection. This study offers some useful activities that can be carried out at schools to increase sensitivity of students towards environment and its protection.