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Bacterial cellulose is a raw material that is used in many industrial areas such as textile due to its properties and an alternative to plant cellulose whose usage is increasing day by day. In this...

Aim: In this study, our aim was to determine clinical factors related to the recovery of the conduction system in patients presenting with atrioventricular (AV) block. Materials & methods: A total of 178 patients who were hospitalized at a tertiary center due to second- or third-degree AV block were retrospectively analyzed. Results: During hospital follow-up, 19.1% of patients had fully recovered from AV block. According to a logistic regression analysis; younger age (odds ratio [OR]: 0.950; 95% CI: 0.932–0.967; p

Amac: Bu calismada, Turk populasyonunda prostat kanseri tespiti icin (Serbest/Toplam PSA)/PSAD ve FPSA/PSAD' nin tanisal degerini arastirmayi amacladik. Gerec-Yontemler: Ocak 2007-Aralik 2017 tarihleri arasinda prostat spesifik antijen (PSA) degerleri 4-10 ng/dl arasinda olan hastalarin dosyalari retropesktif olarak incelendi. Veriler prostat biyopsi sonuclarina gore prostat kanseri (PCa) ve benign prostat hiperplazisi (BPH) gruplarina ayrilan hastalardan toplandi. Gruplar arasinda prostat hacmi (PV), Serbest PSA (FPSA), Total PSA (TPSA), serbest-total PSA orani (F/T), PSA Yogunlugu (PSAD), (F/T)/PSAD ve FPSA/PSAD gibi degerler kaydedildi ve karsilastirildi. Bu degerlerin prostat kanserini ongormede kullanilabilirligi incelendi. "Receiver Operating Characteristic Egrisi" (ROC curve) ve sirasiyla duyarlilik, ozgulluk ve pozitif ongoru degerleri (PPV) ve negatif ongoru degerleri (NPV) hesaplanmasinda SPSS 22.0 yazilimi kullanildi. Bulgular: Calismaya toplam 327 hasta (131 PCa ve 196 BPH) dahil edildi. (F/T)/PSAD ve FPSA/PSAD' nin duyarlilik ve ozgulluk degerleri PSAD, PSA, F/T'den daha iyiydi. Optimum kesme degerine bagli olarak, (F/T)/PSAD ve FPSA/PSAD' nin duyarliligi benzerdi. F/T, (F/T)/PSAD ve FPSA/PSAD' nin negatif ongoru degerleri benzerdi. Yas, PV, FPSA/PSAD ve (F/T)/PSAD kombinasyonunu kullanan lojistik regresyon modeli, tek basina her birinden daha yuksek AUC gosterdi. Sonuc: Nispeten yeni parametreler olan FPSA/PSAD ve (F/T)/PSAD prostat kanserini on gormede benzer teshis dogruluguna sahip parametrelerdir. Incelenen bu iki parametre, F/T ve tek basina PSAD' den daha yuksek duyarliliga ve ozgulluge sahiptir. Bununla birlikte, bu parametrelerin tanisal degerinin etkinligini degerlendirmek icin daha fazla arastirmaya ihtiyac vardir.

In this study, the composition of the essential oil of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) leaves and the antifungal effects of the essential oil on food-borne molds isolated from meat products were ...

Background and aims Interarm blood pressure difference (IABPD) was associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in various cohorts previously. In this study, we planned to explore the association between the IABPD obtained with simultaneous measurements in both arms and the risk of mortality over a 2-year follow-up of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods Simultaneous blood pressure (BP) measurements were performed during initial admission in patients with ACS. Systolic ?10 mmHg and diastolic ?5 mmHg absolute IABPD was defined as cutoff values in this study. The relationship of IABPD and all-cause mortality was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox analysis. Results A total of 532 patients with ACS were included in the study. Mean age of the study participants was 60.1 ± 12.6. Patients included in the study were followed for 23.2 ± 7.2 months (median 25.3, min: 0, max: 28.7 months). Survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves. Patients with systolic IABPD ? 10 mmHg and systolic IABPD < 10 mmHg had an average survival time of 25.94 ± 0.84 and 25.92 ± 0.38 months (P = 0.925), respectively. Survival times of diastolic IABPD ?5 mmHg and diastolic IABPD

Natural dyestuffs are evaluated as innovative natural sources to color the fabric and give antibacterial properties in the textile industry. In this study, methanol extracts of Helichrysum arenarium subsp. aucheri were used as natural sources in wool fabric dyeing. Aluminum potassium sulfate (KAl(SO4)(2).12H(2)O), copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H(2)O), and iron sulfate (FeSO4.7H(2)O) metal salts were used in the pre-mordanting process. The dyeing process was carried out in mordant and non-mordant fabrics at 25% and 50% concentrations. In this experiment, fastness values are ranked between medium and good grades. The point that should be especially emphasized is that the un-mordanted and dyed samples' fastness values are acceptable. The disc diffusion method was applied to determine the antibacterial effect of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. The methanol extract obtained from the ultrasonic water bath has shown the most powerful antibacterial effect against S. aureus ATCC 25923 with a 15.8 zone diameter. The dyed wool fabrics demonstrated excellent antimicrobial activity (reduction rates: w38.4e100) against two different bacteria according to AATCC 100 method.

Background: Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disease associated with systemic inflammation and atherogenic risk factors. Therefore, women with endometriosis may have increased cardiovascular risk. Aims: We aimed to evaluate arterial stiffness using cardio–ankle vascular index (CAVI) in women with and without endometriosis. Methods: We enrolled 44 patients with endometriosis and 76 age‑matched controls without endometriosis.Endometriosis was diagnosed based on histopathologic examination or magnetic resonance imaging. Arterial stiffness was evaluated using CAVI in all study participants. Results: No differences were observed between patients and controls in terms of age (median [interquartile range, IQR], 30 [24.25–5] years and 26 years [24–35] years, respectively), body mass index (median [IQR], 23.31 [20.82–24.98] kg/m2 and 23.74 [21.13–26.78] kg/m2, respectively), or waist circumference (median [IQR], 69 [64–75] cm and 72 [65–81.25] cm, respectively). C‑reactive protein levels were higher in women with endometriosis than in controls (median [IQR], 0.27 [0.14–0.68] mg/dl vs 0.12 [0.06–0.24] mg/dl; P < 0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular mass index (LVMI), relative wall thickness, as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressures were similar in both groups. Women with endometriosis had higher CAVI than controls (mean [SD], 5.961 [0.644] vs 5.554 [0.654]; P = 0.001). Elevated arterial stiffness was observed in the endometriosis group also after adjustment for age and LVMI. Conclusions: Our results indicate increased arterial stiffness measured by CAVI in women with endometriosis. Therefore,clinicians should be aware that these patients may be at increased cardiovascular risk.

Derin ven trombozu (DVT), alt veya üst ekstremite derin venlerinin trombozisi olarak tanımlanabilir. Tanıda ilk basamak renkli doppler ultrasonografi (DUSG) yer almaktadır. Tedavinin temelini antikoagülasyonoluşturmaktadır. Vakamız postpartum dönemde olan, ailesinde venöz tromboemboli öyküsü olan tekrarlayanDVT atakları olan kadın hastadır. Bu vakada tedavi edici dozlarda düşük molekül ağırlıklı heparin (DMAH)almasına rağmen tekrarlayan venöz tromboemboli (VTE) atakları olmuştur. Trombofili hastalarında gebelik veloğusalık döneminde, tekrarlayan VTE’lerin önlenmesi için anti-Xa düzeylerine göre DMAH doz ayarı yapılmasıdüşünülmelidir.

In this study, ice cream was produced by adding hawthorn (0-15%) dried with geothermal energy. Physical, chemical and sensory analyzes were followed in ice creams. It was determined that as the amount of hawthorn used in ice cream production increased, the amount of dry matter, ash and acidity increased. The highest a*, b* value and the lowest L* value were measured in 15% hawthorn added ice creams. In the hawthorn added samples, an increase in the first melting and complete melting times and a decrease in the volume ratio were determined. The addition of hawthorn increased the hardness values of ice creams. An increase in the amount of Na, Mg, K, Fe, B and S in ice cream was detected with the addition of hawthorn. The use of hawthorn increased the resistance of ice cream melting in terms of sensory aspects., Bu çalışmada, jeotermal enerjiyle kurutulmuş alıç (% 0-15) ilave edilerek dondurma üretilmiştir. Dondurmalarda fiziksel, kimyasal ve duyusal analizler takip edilmiştir. En yüksek a*, b* değeri ve en düşük L* değeri % 15 alıç ilaveli dondurmalarda ölçülmüştür. Alıç ilaveli örneklerde ilk erime ve tamamen erime sürelerinde artış, hacim oranında azalış belirlenmiştir. Alıç ilavesi dondurmaların sertlik değerleri arttırmıştır. Dondurmalarda Na, Mg, K, Fe, B ve S miktarlarında alıç ilavesiyle artış tespit edilmiştir. Alıç kullanımı duyusal açıdan dondurmalarda erimeye direnç puanını arttırmıştır.

In this study, the improvement of the thermal and acoustic insulation and also electromagnetic radiation properties of polyester (PET) nonwoven fabric (NWF) with 180 g/m2 weight was investigated. For this purpose, PET NWF was coated with perlite stone powder having 210 – 590 µm particle size using polyurethane (PU) based coating. Five different concentrations from 1 to 5 % of perlite stone powder were applied to the surface of PET NWF having five different thicknesses. And then the effect of perlite concentration and its thickness to thermal, acoustic and electromagnetic radiation properties were studied. It was found that the addition of perlite stone powder increased the thermal and acoustic insulation properties of PET NWF. Furthermore, the addition of perlite stone powder does not affect the electromagnetic radiation properties of samples.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.24.1.17562

This study aimed to determine the physicochemical, textural, and microstructural characteristics of buffalo milk ice cream produced from high-pressure homogenisation (HPH) treated ice cream mix. Ice cream mix was subjected to 0 (control), 30, 60, 90, 120, or 150 MPa. HPH increased the firmness and consistency value of mixes, whereas it decreased cohesiveness and index of viscosity values. Also, HPH improved the lightness, redness, and yellowness of the mix. The mean particle size of HPH-treated mix samples was lower than the control, except HPH-150. The hardness of ice cream samples was between 14.30 and 77.81 N, in which HPH increased hardness value with the increasing pressure. The overrun of ice cream samples ranged from 19.93 to 45.15%, and HPH decreased it. HPH significantly improved resistance to melting in the ice cream. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that HPH reduced the size of air bubbles. HPH at 150 MPa resulted in a foamy structure in the ice cream. HPH can alter the hardness, microstructure, and melting characteristics of buffalo milk ice cream. Products with improved properties may be developed by further modifying the formulation and processing parameters.

Objective: To evaluate, in a comprehensive way, mesh and mesh free SUI treatment results obtained in a single center. The present study addresses the efficacy and safety of a novel surgical technique. Material & Methods: Adult female SUI patients, 184 in total, were divided within a sequential manner into two groups to be treated for SUI either with or without mesh insertion during a surgical intervention. In this novel procedure, a vertical vaginal incision from the urethra towards the bladder bottom is made and closed transversely. After the intervention the patients revisited the clinic at the 6th month. Results: 81 patients in mesh and 83 in the mesh free group completed the 2-year follow up. Based on the pad tests conducted at the end of 24-month follow up, 82% of the patients in the mesh free group and 85% in the mesh group were considered as successful if the pad test resulted with ≤2 gram. Cystocele of Grade I or II was also treated in 69 patients within the same single surgical procedure. Conclusion: The surgical outcomes of the mesh and mesh-free group were almost the same. However, though the cure rate of the mesh group was higher, it was not statistically significant. Adverse events were more frequent in the mesh group due to mesh presence.

Alginateis a biomaterial that is used in food, textile and medical industry. Alginate isused in textile industry as sizing agent, thickener and finishing materials.Inaddition to this, it is used in medical industry due to its biodegradable andbiocompatible properties. The aim of this study is to investigate theantimicrobial properties of Ag–alginate impregnated polyester/viscose nonwovenfabric. In this study, Ag–alginate solutions were prepared. Polyester/viscosenonwoven fabric with different mixing ratio was impregnated with preparedsolutions. Finally, The antimicrobial, EDX and SEM analyses were performed., Aljinat,gıda, tekstil ve tıp endüstrisinde kullanılan bir biyomateryaldir. Aljinattekstil endüstrisinde haşıl maddesi, kıvam arttırıcı ve terbiye maddesi olarakkullanılmaktadır. Buna ek olarak biyobozunur ve biyouyumlu özelliklerinedeniyle medikal endüstride de kullanılmaktadır. Buçalışmanın amacı, Ag-aljinat emdirilmiş polyester / viskon nonwoven kumaşınantimikrobiyal özelliklerini incelemektir. Buçalışmada Ag-aljinat çözeltileri hazırlanmıştır. Farklıkarışım oranlarına sahip polyester / viskon dokunmamış kumaşlar hazırlanançözeltilerle emdirilmiştir. Son olarak, antimikrobiyal, EDX ve SEM analizleriyapılmıştır.

The aim of this study was to determine the opinions and attitudes of the freshman students in Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine towards absenteeism. It was a descriptive and cross sectional study, which was conducted in May 2015. 81% of 310 students were accessed. A questionnaire including an absenteeism attitude scale was applied to the students. For the analysis of data, Chi square and Mann Whitney U tests were used. 7.2% of students said that they always attended the theoretical lessons whereas 71.1% of them reported that they sometimes did not attend these lessons. 21.7%, on the other hand, stated that they mostly did not attend these lessons. 81.1% of the students indicated that they always attended the practical lessons. Another finding was that foreign students attended the theoretical lessons more than Turkish students. The most common suggestion made by the students for preventing absenteeism was linking the basic courses with clinical information to be used later. The mean score obtained from the absenteeism attitude scale was 54.6 ± 15.0. The mean scores obtained from necessity, responsibility and obligation subscales were 19.6 ± 5.5, 21.4 ± 6.7, and 13.6 ± 6.1, respectively. 73.5% of the students indicated that attendance should not be controlled in the Faculty of Medicine. At the end of the study it was revealed that medical students had negative attitudes towards attendance and there was a need to organize activities that would increase their motivation and prevent absenteeism.

World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship -- MAY 28-30, 2015 -- Istanbul, TURKEY WOS: 000380509900261 In this study, the wool fabric was mordanted with natural mordant agents extracted from the waste of three different plants. After the mordanting process, the samples were dyed with the natural dye extracted from the cone of Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana. Finally, the fastness properties, color strength (K/S) values and antimicrobial properties of samples were investigated in terms of the type of mordant. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship -- MAY 28-30, 2015 -- Istanbul, TURKEY WOS: 000380509900263 In this study, cotton fabric was treated with oxygen, nitrogen and argon plasma application. The plasma application was carried out for 10 minutes at low frequency. Firstly, contact angle of plasma treated samples was measured at the end of plasma treatment. The results showed that the plasma treatment causes to increase the hydrophility of samples. Moreover, it was seen that the type of gas affects the hydrophilic properties of samples. After then the samples were left during 1 month with different conditions which were under normal condition and covered with aluminum foil. Finally, the contact angle of plasma treated samples was measured after 1 month in order to determine the durability effect of plasma treatment on properties of cotton fabric. After the contact angle measurements, the results were evaluated with statistical analyses in terms of the type of gas and storage conditions of plasma treated samples. The results demonstrated that the storage conditions and type of gas affect the hydrophilic properties of plasma treated cotton fabric after 1 month. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

World Conference on Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship -- MAY 28-30, 2015 -- Istanbul, TURKEY WOS: 000380509900260 In this study, Polyester/Viscose (PET/CV) nonwoven fabrics were treated with oxygen plasma application. The plasma application was carried out for 1and 10 minutes at low frequency. After then, the samples were dyed with disperse dyes. Where same samples were dyed with carriers, the others were dyed without carriers. Finally, the effects of plasma treatment on dyeing properties of PET/CV nonwoven fabrics were investigated at 3% darkness. The aim of this study is that the effect of hydrophility caused by the plasma application on dyeability properties of samples was investigated. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS) (2017 : Washington, DC), Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is a novel noninvasive neuromodulation method that has many potential application in the treatment of neuropsychiatric and neurologic disorders. One such application is addiction control through neuromodulation. It is hypothesized that proper stimulation of the nucleus accumbens can help in controlling or suppressing addictive behavior such as alcohol, drug and internet addiction. In this paper, we show the design and characterization of 2.5 MHz and 5 MHz transducer arrays for rat models. Designing and manufacturing an ultrasound probe for such an application presents several challenges: limited acoustic aperture in the skull, strong reflectance and attenuation of the skull, and focal size limitations due to the depth and size of the nucleus accumbens. We show with simulations and ex-vivo skull experiments that we can target nucleus accumbens in rats with reasonable accuracy and deliver enough acoustic energy across the rat skull while targeting both nucleus accumbens sites simultaneously.

WOS: 000405343000008, PubMed: 28761591, Introduction: We evaluated the relation between ischemic priapism (IP) and blood count parameters in IP patients. We especially wanted to examine the contribution of eosinophil count (EC), platelet count (PC), and mean platelet volume (MPV) values, which are suspected predictive parameters for vascular endothelium damage and venoocclusive pathogenesis and etiopathogenesis, particularly in IP. Methods: A total of 40 IP patients fulfilled the study criteria. Forty healthy volunteers in a similar age group were included as the control group. Complete blood count values were compared between the two groups. Intergroup comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test, and the chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between categorical variables in the patient groups. The area under the curve was calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) regression analyses. Epidemiological diagnosis percentages were calculated by finding cutoff values. Results: The IP group's high MPV, PC, and EC values compared to those of the control group were detected to be statistically significant (p

WOS: 000415813000015, PubMed: 29249918, Background: Sphenoethmoid cells may be above the sphenoid sinus with/or without contact to optical nerve. Although sphenoethmoid cells are theoretically considered to possibly influence the sphenoid sinus volume, we could not find any study in the literature on this issue. Aims: The aim of our study was to detect sphenoethmoid cells and measure the sphenoid sinus volume using multiplanar computerized tomography and also investigate the correlation between the presence of sphenoethmoid cells and the sphenoid sinus volume. Methods: Retrospectively 141 patients who had available paranasal computerized tomography images were included in this study. The sphenoid sinus volumes of each patient were calculated individually for each side, and the relationship between the presence of sphenoethmoid cell and sphenoid sinus volume was investigated. Results: Sphenoethmoid cells were detected at 106 (37.5%) of the total 282 sides in 141 patients. No gender difference was observed. The total sphenoid sinus volume was significantly lower in the group of patients who had bilateral sphenoethmoid cells than in the sphenoethmoid cell negative group. In patients with a unilateral sphenoethmoid cell, a significant decrease in the sphenoid sinus volume was observed only for the side where the sphenoethmoid cell was located. Conclusion: It was observed that the sphenoethmoid cells caused a significant reduction in the sphenoid sinus volume on the side where they were located. In the case of low sphenoid sinus aeration, the sphenoethmoid cell should be kept in mind. Further studies with an extended patient series are required to explore this issue.

General Assembly of the United Nations adopted Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10th of December, 1948. It is stated in the 2nd article of this declaration that everyone’s right to live will be protected by law. Individual’s right to live may become meaningful with the right to health granted to the individual. Existence of right to live depends on the existence of right to health. What the important is not only the life, but a healthy life. Individuals’ staying healthy, protection of individual’s right to live and right to health is only possible with effective health services. For provision of effective health services, health system should be organized well. According to World Health Organization, health system of a country should be designed in a manner that health services needed by everyone are provided at high quality. This service should be effective, affordable and socially acceptable. It is suggested that each country develops its unique health system by taking these factors into consideration. The reforms made in the health system which has undergone significant changes in recent years in Turkey and its present organization structure was analyzed in this study.

PubMedID: 27888151 Objective To evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of ureteroscopy (URS) in children treated in several hospitals participating in the Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society (CROES) Study, and to present the overall results of pediatric URS compared with adults. Patients and Methods The CROES Study collected data on consecutive patients treated with URS for urolithiasis at each participating center over a 1-year period. The collected prospective global database includes data for 11,885 patients who received URS at 114 centers in 32 countries. Of these URS-treated patients, 192 were ?18 years old. Results Of the 114 centers participating in the study, 42% had conducted pediatric URS. Among the pediatric cases, 7 were infants, 53 were small children, 59 were school-aged children, and 73 were adolescents. A considerable number (37%) of the pediatric cases had previously undergone URS treatment. No differences in the surgical outcomes of the adults and children were reported. The URS-treated children had a greater number of positive preoperative urine cultures when compared with adult cases treated. A semirigid scope was used in the vast majority of pediatric cases (85%). According to the present data, within the group of URS-treated children, the younger the child, the more readmissions occurred. Conclusion URS is as efficient and safe in children as it is in adults. The data suggest that readmissions among URS-treated children are associated with age, with the likelihood of readmissions greater among younger age groups. © 2016 Elsevier Inc. Boston Scientific Corporation Funding Support: The CROES URS Global Study was supported by an unrestricted educational grant from Boston Scientific, which had no involvement in the design, collection, analysis, interpretation, or reporting of the data. Dr Nienke Wijnstok provided statistical support for the analyses reported.

IEEE North West Russia Section Young Researchers in Electrical and Electronic Engineering Conference, EIConRusNW 2016 -- 2 February 2016 through 3 February 2016 -- -- 121142 Perlite is used several applications on building construction for heat and sound insulation, on agriculture and greenhouse for Alter purposes. The aim of this study is to investigate the usability of perlite coated polyester fabric to see the thermal insulation applications. Polyester nonwoven with 180g/m2 weight was coated with four different particle size perlite stone powders. The expanded perlite grinded into small particle size and then sifted to obtain 600-1200 ?m, 210-590?m, 120-170?m and 0-120?m sized perlite powder. The amount of perlite powder was the same for all samples used on this study. Before coating process the polyester nonwoven was applied to water repellency treatment and then polyurethane based coating material was applied onto samples together with perlite powder. After coating process the samples were processed at 100°C for 10 mins. As a result, it was observed that the thermal coefficient increases with decreasing particle size of perlite. One of the major purpose of this study is to reduce the greenhouse gases such as CO2 emission leading to cause low heating sources on habitants. © 2016 IEEE.

This study presents a morphometric developmental analysis of bovine kidneys and a demonstration of intrarenal arterial vascularization in the prenatal period. A total of 40 Holstein bovine fetuses constituted the material of the study. The fetuses were divided into three groups, according to the gestational stages they belonged to early, mid- and late stages, such that each group comprised 10 fetuses. Sixty kidneys and their renal arteries were evaluated using morphometric measurements. Furthermore, 10 bovine fetuses were injected with cast solution to demonstrate the intrarenal arteries. Data obtained in the present study were statistically analyzed. Although the right and left kidneys did not significantly differ from each other, significant differences existed between the different gestational stages (P0.05). The kidney parameters, including length, width and thickness, were positively correlated with both the right and left kidneys as well as with gestational age. Four types of intrarenal arterial segmentation were demonstrated. Type I was observed in 10 kidneys (50%), type II in four kidneys (20%) as well as type III, and type IV in only two kidneys (10%). In the most frequent arterial segmentation type (type I), the renal artery divided into three segmental arteries, which supplied the cranial polar, medial and caudal polar regions of the kidney, after stemming from the abdominal aorta. Furthermore, cases of double and multiple renal arteries were also observed.

Information about the frequency, intensity, prevention, treatment, and management of bladder hemorrhages, especially in patients with advanced bladder carcinoma, is lacking or scarce. The main treatment options are classified as intravesical treatment attempts using several chemical agents, placement of intrabladder compression balloon, hyperbaric oxygen treatment, transarterial embolization, or surgery. In view of the differences between patients with regard to the causes of bleeding, immediate treatment options, availability of the treatment modalities in each institution, life expectancy of the patient, and accompanying comorbidities, the management of each patient should be arranged individually. Nevertheless, based on the current literature, a treatment algorithm may be developed for these patients. The first step would be intravesical irrigation with substances with few side effects or intravesical balloon pressure treatment. If this treatment does not yield the expected result, hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be conducted in hemorrhagic cystitis or radiation cystitis patients; otherwise, transarterial embolization, the efficacy and safety of which are well-reported, should be performed. In these patients, application of surgical techniques and intravesical formalin are the last resorts.

Several studies have shown that high oxidative stress levels are associated with varicocele. The GST (glutathione S-transferase) family of genes is critical in the protection of cells from oxidative stress because they utilise as substrates a wide variety of products of oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between genetic polymorphism in GST-M1 and GST-T1 and varicocele using 109 varicocele patients and 123 controls. Varicoceles were clinically graded as Grade 1, Grade 2 and Grade 3. GST-M1 and GST-T1 genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction. Although the GST-M1 null genotype was higher in Grade 3 than in Grade 1, 2 and controls, there were no statistical differences between control group and varicocele groups according to GST-M1 and GST-T1 null genotype. Men with varicocele do not have more GST-M1 and GST-T1 null polymorphisms than men without varicocele. Additional studies are needed to assess the exact mechanism by which the varicocele corresponds to elevated ROS levels.

Children with bilateral kidney stones are generally treated using staged percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Reports related to simultaneous bilateral PCNL (SBPCNL) in children are scarce. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SBPCNL in children.The children who underwent SBPCNL applications between January 2007 and February 2010 in our clinic were evaluated. Patient data were collected from the retrospective reviews of hospital records.SBPCNL was conducted in five patients for bilateral renal stones. The mean age of the patients was 6.28 years (range 0.75-15 y), and the mean follow-up was 10.6 months (range 1-36 mos). The mean renal stone burden was 19 mm (range 11-22 mm). Four children underwent bilateral standard PCNL, and one child underwent bilateral tubeless PCNL. The mean duration of SBPCNL was 75 minutes (range 55-120 min), and the hospitalization time was 4 days (range 2-5 d). No blood transfusion was necessary in any patient. Except for the patient with complex renal stones, all patients were stone free after the intervention, and none needed a conversion to open surgery.SBPCNL is a safe and effective procedure in children if they are selected properly and if the surgeon has sufficient experience with the procedure. More studies with a higher number of participants are needed, however, for further evaluation of the procedure.

After the introduction of tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL), many studies conducted in adult patients have confirmed its efficacy and safety. There are limited studies reporting that tubeless PNL can be safely applied in children, however. Furthermore, there are no reports that evaluate the use of totally tubeless PNL in children. The present study evaluates the results of totally tubeless PNL in preschool children.The data of children seen in our clinic who were considered suitable for totally tubeless PNL were analyzed. Of 16 children, 8 patients underwent totally tubeless PNL (group 1) and 8 standard PNL (group 2). The two groups of patients were compared with regard to length of hospitalization, analgesic requirements, transfusion rates, hemoglobin (Hb) decrease, and immediate, early, and late complications.The mean ages of the patients were 56.6 months (9-84 mos) and 56.0 months (5-84 mos), and the mean follow-up was 21.5 months (3-44 mos) and 43.4 months (36-54 mos) in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Both groups were similar with regard to age, stone size, Hb change, and complications. Although operation duration, hospitalization period, and analgesic requirement were less in the totally tubeless PNL group, these differences were not statistically significant.The latest application of PNL, totally tubeless PNL, is also a safe and effective procedure in very small children if they are selected properly and if the surgeon has sufficient experience with the procedure. More studies with a higher number of participants are needed, however, to confirm that totally tubeless PNL increases the comfort of pediatric patients, decreases their hospitalization period, and is more economical.

The goal in the treatment of stone disease causing infantile obstructive uropathy is to obtain a quick resolution of the obstruction using the least invasive treatment modality available and rendering the patient stone-free, if possible. Two infants with bilateral kidney stones, the first of whom also had ureteral stone, were referred to our clinic with acute renal failure and were treated successfully in a single session using minimally invasive methods. In this report, we discuss the management of these two cases, aged 9 and 26 months, which resulted in favorable outcomes.

Summary Semen profile and meiotic segregation products are important for assessing aneuploidy risk and risk of resulting infertility. To determine the effect of varicocelectomy on semen profile and aneuploidy frequency, we investigated semen profile and aneuploidy frequency of selected chromosomes in patients with varicocele before and after varicocelectomy. Chromosomal aneuploidy for selected chromosomes was evaluated using chromosome-specific DNA fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) probes. There was a significant difference in the level of normal sperm morphology before and after varicocelectomy (P > 0.007). There were no significant differences in aneuploidy frequency of chromosomes 1, 16, 17 and 18 in sperm nuclei obtained from patients before varicocelectomy compared with 6–7 months after varicocelectomy (P > 0.05), although FISH analysis with chromosomes 17 and 18 combination showed a higher aneuploidy frequency before varicocelectomy than after varicocelectomy (7.81 ± 9.67 versus 4.03 ± 1.46 respectively). In conclusion, varicocele seems to affect the semen profile but minimally affects aneuploidy frequency. Varicocelectomy demonstrates a repairing effect on the semen profile and contributes to a slight decrease in aneuploidy frequency in some but not all chromosomes.

Aim To investigate the value of virtual cystoscopy using contrast material to fill the bladder during routine abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) examinations for the detection of bladder tumours. Materials and methods Thirty-three consecutive patients (25 men and eight women; are range 51–82 years; mean age ± SD, 65 ± 7 years) who had painless macroscopic haematuria and were suspected to have bladder neoplasms were prospectively evaluated with virtual cystoscopy. After intravenous injection of contrast medium, the contrast material-filled bladders were examined with single-detector helical CT with 2-mm section thicknesses. Source CT data were transferred to a workstation for interactive navigation using surface rendering. All the patients also underwent conventional cystoscopy. Results The results of virtual cystoscopy were compared with the findings from the conventional cystoscopy. Seventy-one of 78 bladder tumours detected with conventional cystoscopy in 28 patients were also shown on virtual images. The bladders of five patients appeared normal on both conventional cystoscopy and virtual cystoscopy. On virtual cystoscopy, seven of the 12 lesions that were ≤5 mm in diameter could be identified. The following statistical values for the identification of bladder lesions using virtual cystoscopy were calculated: sensitivity 94%, specificity 90%, positive predictive value 87%, negative predictive value 93%, and accuracy 93%. Conclusion CT virtual cystoscopy is a noninvasive technique that can be used successfully for detection of bladder tumours >5 mm in selected cases during daily routine abdominopelvic work.

Symptomatic simple renal cysts can be treated by combination of percutaneous aspiration and sclerotherapy. A number of sclerosing agents including glucose, phenol, iophendylate, polidocanol, minocycline and pantopaque have been used in the past to prevent reformation of cyst. In this study, tetracycline HCL solution is evaluated as a sclerosant for treatment of simple renal cysts.Our study treated 76 cysts in 70 patients with symptomatic renal cysts. Aspiration and sclerotherapy was performed on 56 cysts, and 20 cysts aspirated without sclerotherapy as a control group. Treatment was performed under local anesthesia and punctured under ultrasound guidances with an 18-gauge needle. Tetracycline HCL (20%) was injected into the cystic cavity according to cyst diameter. All patients were followed up with an ultrasound examination at 3 months, 6 months, and then at yearly intervals. The reduction rate was estimated by a comparison of the volume of the cyst before and after treatment. A cyst reduction of 50% or greater in diamater was considered as a successful treatment.The average follow-up period was 9.8 months in the sclerotherapy group and 9.9 months in the control group. The success rate was 85.7% in the sclerotherapy group. There was a significant difference in the reduction rate of tetracycline HCL sclerotherapy group and control group. No major complications were encountered.

In this investigation, wool fabrics were dyed with the natural dyes extracted from blueberry Vaccinium Corymbosum L. via conventional, ultrasonic and microwave method. Before the dyeing process, some of the samples were applied oxygen plasma pre-treatment, the other sample was mordanted with aluminium potassium sulphate. The dyeing methods were evaluated in terms of color and fastness properties. The fastness results demonstrated that the mordanting caused to increase in the fastness properties. The results of measurements of color strength demonstrate that the samples with the best color strength were obtained in accordance with conventional and ultrasonic dyeing methods.

In this study, reactive dyes having different chromophore and reactive groups were used to dye polyamide fabric such as C.I. Reactive Blue 4 (Basilen Blue MR–BASF–chromophore group of anthraquinone, a reactive dye in the structure of dichlorotriazinel), C.I. Reactive Blue 15 (Cibacron Turquoise GF–CGY–chromophore group of phtalocyanine, a reactive dye in the structure of monochlorotriazinel),C.I. Reactive Blue 52 (Drimarene Blue X3LR-S–chromophore group of disazo-formazon metal complex, a reactive dye in the structure of trichloroprimidin) and C.I. Reactive Blue 69 (Lanasol Blue 3G–CGy–chromophore group of, a- boromoacrylamide of reactive group). The samples were dyed with conventional and ultrasonic method. After the dyeing process, the dye exhaustion rate, dye remova after washing, % fixation values were compared in terms of the methods. Besides, the washing, light, rubbing and perspiration fastness values and ΔE*, ΔL*, Δa* and Δb* values were analysed in terms of type of reactive dye and dyeing method.

Many of the prostatic cysts are asymptomatic and only 5% are symptomatic (Hamper et al., 1990; Higashi et al., 1990). These symptoms include pelvic pain, hematospermia, infertility, voiding dysfunction, prostatitis-like syndrome, and painful ejaculation. Treatment of prostatic cysts includes TRUSG guided drainage, endoscopic transurethral resection, and in some cases even open surgery. In the literature, endoscopic interventions use marsupialization of the midline prostatic cyst with transurethral resection (TUR) or transurethral incision with endoscopic urethrotomy (Dik et al., 1996; Terris, 1995). Holmium: YAG laser was employed for the marsupialization of the cyst wall in midline prostatic cyst treatment for the first time in the present study. Symptoms, treatment, and follow-up are presented in this paper.

Purpose We studied the use of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of penile fracture. Materials and Methods Between 1997 and 2012, fifteen patients (age range 17-48 years, mean age 37 years) with suspected penile fracture underwent MRI examinations. Ten patients were injured during sexual intercourse, whereas four patients were traumatized by non-physiological bending of the penis during self manupilation, one patient was traumatized falling from the bed. Investigations were performed with 1.5T MR unit. With the patient in the supine position, the penis was taped against the abdominal wall and surface coil was placed on the penis. All patients were studied with axial, coronal, sagittal precontrast and postcontrast T1-weighted TSE(TR/TE:538/13 msn) and T2-weighted TSE(5290/110 msn) sequences. All patient underwent surgical exploration. The follow-up ranged from 3 months to 72 months. Clinically all patients showed normal healing process without complications. In 11 patients a shortening and thickening of tunica albuginea was observed. Three patients have post traumatic erectil disfunction. Results In all patient corpus cavernosum fractures were clearly depicted on a discontinuity of the low signal intensity of tunica albuginea. These findings were most evident on T1WI and also depicted on T2W sequences. Images obtained shortly after contrast medium administration showed considerable enhancement only in rupture site. Subcutaneous extratunical haematoma in all patients were also recognizable on T2 WI. MRI findings were confirmed at surgery. Conclusions Magnetic resonance imaging is of great value for the diagnosis of penile fracture. Furthermore this method is well suited for visualising the post-operative healing process

To retrospectively evaluate our institutional experience with non-hilar-clamping simple enucleation (SE) and enucleoresection (ER) for the treatment of exophytic renal tumors regarding their oncological outcomes.We retrospectively evaluated patients treated between 2006 and 2013 for clinical exophytic T1-T2a renal tumors using open nephron-sparing surgery.A total of 33 patients underwent SE and 39 underwent ER. The mean tumor size was 38.7 mm. None of the patients had positive surgical margins. No local recurrences were observed during the postoperative follow-up period (mean 40.7 ± 23.4 months); however, ipsilateral adrenal and contralateral kidney metastasis was detected in one of the patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the R.E.N.A.L Nephrometry Score, operative time, or intraoperative blood loss in the non-hilar-clamping SE and ER groups (P.05). During the third postoperative month, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels in the SE group were significantly reduced compared with the preoperative eGFR levels (P = .046).SE and ER with non-hilar clamping are safe, acceptable approaches for treating exophytic renal tumors.

In this study, oxygen and nitrogen plasma treatment was carried out on wool fabrics during 5, 10 and 15 minutes at low (LF) (40 kHz) and radio (RF) (13.59 MHz) frequency. Then the effect of plasma treatment on tear strength, contact angle, whiteness and yellowness index of wool fabrics was investigated. In addition, the hydrophility of plasma treated samples was analyzed after the washing. The physical and chemical properties of wool fabrics treated with oxygen and nitrogen plasma were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). According to the results, nitrogen plasma treatment improved the tear strength of samples. Furthermore, plasma treatment increased the yellowness of samples while decreasing the whiteness index of samples. The hydrophility of samples decreases with plasma treatment and with the increase in plasma treatment time. Moreover, SEM results showed that the plasma treatment caused to occur deformations on the surfaces. Lastly, EDX results showed that the amount of oxygen and nitrogen increased in the surfaces after oxygen and nitrogen plasma treatment.

Maize hybrids react differently to various plant density and intra-row spacing. A two-year study was conducted at Mustafa Kemal University, Agricultural Faculty, Research Farm to determine the optimum intra-row spacing for maize hybrids commercially grown in Eastern Mediterranean Region during 2000 and 2001 growing seasons. The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block in a split-plot arrangement with three replications. Main plots were maize hybrids of Dracma, Pioneer 3223, Pioneer 3335, Dekalb 711 and Dekalb 626. Split-plots were intra-row spacing of 10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5 and 20.0 cm. Split-plot size was 2.8 by 5.0 m with four rows per plot. The effects of intra-row spacings on the grain yield and some agronomic characteristics were statistically significant. Hybrid x intra-row spacing interaction effects were significant only at ear length and grain yield. The highest grain yields were obtained from Pioneer 3223 and Dracma at 15.0 cm intra-row spacing (11718 and 11180 kg ha-1, respectively).