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Objectives: Intracranial cysts are fluid-filled sacs within the brain. There is a diversity of intracranial cysts with different incidences in addition to the growing awareness about comorbidities and the consequences. The present study aimed to evaluate cystic findings in children who were admitted to the department of pediatric neurology. Methods: Children who were admitted to the Clinic of Pediatric Neurology and who had an MRI between 2016- 2021 evaluated. The MRI examination performed with pediatric epilepsy protocol. Primary intracranial cysts had been enrolled in the study. Demographic and clinical findings had been evaluated from the hospital's database and patients' files Results: Among 78 patients 36(46,2%) were male and 42(53,8%) were female. The mean age was 7±5,4 years. The most frequent complaint of attendance was a seizure (47,4%). Approximately one over four () had mental and/or motor retardation. Nine (11,5%) of them had a neuropsychiatric diagnosis. Most of the cysts were located at the midline (41%). Mostly located extra-axial (71,8%) and supratentorial (78,2%). Most frequently arachnoid cysts had been observed with a percent of 64.1. The second leading type was pineal cysts(15.4%). The history of seizure, epilepsy, presence of mental retardation, and neuropsychiatric problems was evaluated according to the population ratios based on z approximation in which signififantly higher rates had been observed among cases with intracranial cysts. Conclusion: Intracranial cysts should be taken into consideration for comorbid pathologies especially in childhood period. Early evaluation in patents with intracranial cysts for developmental delay and neuropsychiatric problems is important.

Healthcare is one of the crucial aspects of the Internet of things. Connected machine learning-based systems provide faster healthcare services. Doctors and radiologists can also use these systems for collaboration to provide better help to patients. The recently emerged Coronavirus (COVID-19) is known to have strong infectious ability. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is recognised as being one of the primary diagnostic tools. However, RT-PCR tests might not be accurate. In contrast, doctors can employ artificial intelligence techniques on X-ray and CT scans for analysis. Artificial intelligent methods need a large number of images; however, this might not be possible during a pandemic. In this paper, a novel data-efficient deep network is proposed for the identification of COVID-19 on CT images. This method increases the small number of available CT scans by generating synthetic versions of CT scans using the generative adversarial network (GAN). Then, we estimate the parameters of convolutional and fully connected layers of the deep networks using synthetic and augmented data. The method shows that the GAN-based deep learning model provides higher performance than classic deep learning models for COVID-19 detection. The performance evaluation is performed on COVID19-CT and Mosmed datasets. The best performing models are ResNet-18 and MobileNetV2 on COVID19-CT and Mosmed, respectively. The area under curve values of ResNet-18 and MobileNetV2 are 0.89% and 0.84%, respectively.

Purpose The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of pathologic findings in asymptomatic knees of Kangoo Jumpers by using a 3T MRI and to compare them with age and sex-matched controls who do not regularly participate in any impact sports. Methods Both knees of 18 Kangoo Jumpers were examined by 3T MRIs in a total of 36 MRI scans. The control group was comprised of 20 volunteers from the same age group and with similar weights who did not participate in any competitive sports, in a total of 40 MRI scans. Two orthopedists and one radiologist independently assessed all images for the presence or absence of any abnormalities. Results In 32 (88.9%) of the 36 Kangoo Jumpers' knees, one or more abnormalities were observed. The most prevalent abnormality was bone marrow edema, which was detected in 32 knees (88.9%). The other significant findings were quadriceps tendinopathy (80.6%), patellar tendinopathy (63.9%), gastrocnemius tendinopathy (63.9%), infrapatellar fat pad edema (75%), suprapatellar fat pad edema (63.9%), meniscal signal change (72.2%) and cartilage damage in the patellofemoral joint (72.2%). There were no statistically significant differences in terms of joint effusion (8.3%), ganglion cysts (8.3%) or tibiofemoral joint cartilage injury (0%). Conclusion This study reveals many types of knee MRI findings of asymptomatic Kangoo Jumpers compared to the control group. These MRI findings may be associated with acute knee injuries or chronic joint problems such as osteoarthritis, which may develop in long-term follow-up studies.

Background Intramedullary arachnoid cysts are rare cystic masses that are usually mixed with syringomiyelia. It is not necessarily a complication of any pathologic condition in the spine and/or brain but the etiology and management of this entity remains unclear. Syringomyelia is a disorder that is related to an abnormality of the brain and in most cases, occurs as a complication of other pathologies. The aim of this study is to establish the clinical and radiological characteristics of this intramedullary arachnoid cyst and discuss the differences between intramedullary arachnoid cyst and the syringomiyelias. Material and Method A total of 77 patients with intramedullary cystic masses were retrospectively assessed between 2002 and 2012 and 12 of them with intramedullary arachnoid cyst were analyzed statistically. All patients had initial scans and followed up with clinical examinations and MR images and neuro-electrophysiological tests. Results The average follow-up duration was 50 months (range 18-120 months). Mean axial intramedullary arachnoid cyst size was 13,26 ± 4.76 mm and a mean sagittal size was 23.29 ± 7.95 mm. Neurological examinations were normal in all except one patient who had minor sensory loss due to recent cervical trauma. There were no motor neurological deficits, and all patients remained asymptomatic or stable. Intramedullary arachnoid cyst size and shape remained unchanged radiologically, MEP and SSEP studies revealed normal median and tibial responses initially and at the end of the follow up in all patients. Conclusion It is probable that intramedullary arachnoid cyst has different radiologic findings and clinical signs/symptoms from syringomiyelia that are associated with different primary causes. And also, the treatment and following modalities are different in intramedullary arachnoid cyst.

Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most frequently diagnosed chronic neurological disorders in children. Diagnosis is often based on seizure history and electroencephalography (EEG) assessment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recommended for etiologic workup and intervention requirements. We aimed to detect by MRI if focal structural abnormalities are present in the brain in relation to interictal epileptiform discharges (IED). Material and Methods: The study was designed retrospectively. The data were collected from patients admitted to Near East University, Department of Pediatric Neurology, who were aged between 3 months and 18 years and who were diagnosed with epilepsy. The cases considered in the current study, however, were patients that had an EEG record prior to initiating treatment and an MRI within the first six months following diagnosis. Results: Among 222 patients, 212 (95.5%) had IED, and 92 (41.4%) had abnormal MRI results. The most frequently seen abnormalities detected by MRI were encephalomalacia, hydrocephaly, and atrophy. Among patients who had IED, the ones with multifocal IED were documented to have a statistically significant higher rate of abnormalities in MRI scans. In other patients, IED had no significant correlation with structural lesions detected by MRI. Conclusion: IED can be unrelated to MRI findings. Focal IED were not statistically concordant with the structural lesions detected by MRI. However, for the cases with multifocal discharges revealed by interictal EEG, the rate of abnormalities detected using MRI was 68%. Therefore, the likelihood of detecting abnormalities using MRI in patients with multifocal IED does support the necessity of the use of MRI in early diagnosis stages.

Objectives Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurologic disorders in childhood and it affects 0.5-1% of children. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and types of structural abnormalities in the epileptic children. Methods The study was performed in Near East University and Dr. Suat Gunsel University in North Cyprus. It was conducted at pediatric neurology outpatient clinic of the hospital. The records of 1 to 18 years old epileptic children in whom Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) performed within 6 months after diagnosis were enrolled to the study between the dates of October 2011 and June 2017. Results Among 220 children; 131 (59.55%) had no abnormality and 89 (45.45%) had at least one abnormality in the MRI. Most commonly documented lesions were generally encephalomalacia, hydrocephaly and brain atrophy with a percent of 5.90 (13 cases), 5.45 (12 cases) and 4.55 (10 cases) respectively. Sixty nine (31.06%) of the patients had one abnormality whereas 20 (9.09%) had two or more lesion. Conclusion Abnormality in MRI examination in newly diagnosed epileptic children was high. These high rates may be due to enrollment of children with new emerging epilepsy on a chronical neurologic disorder. Additionally 20 (9.09%) of patients had a concomitant lesion. Secondary lesions were detected in cases with corpus callosum abnormality, atrophy, encephalomalacia and hydrocephaly. Primarily formed lesions are unknown; further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Retained foreign bodies inside the soft tissue following penetrating injuries are common. Late onset of symptoms and complications are possible in these cases. In the present report, we present a case of late flexor digitorum profundus irritation and pseudotumour formation caused by a retained glass piece 10 years after the injury. Pseudotumour is formed by reaction to the retained material as an enlarged portion of tissue that resembles a tumour. The complaints were completely improved soon after removal of the foreign material. Retained soft tissue foreign bodies should be suspected in differential diagnosis of soft tissue masses. History of a penetrating trauma should be questioned persistently. The authors recommend the removal of retained foreign bodies with sharp edges to avoid further injury to the surrounding anatomical structures.

An 11-year-old boy presented to the emergency department with severe nasal pain. Radiographs of the face showed attracting magnets across the nasal septum.

Aim: Kaplan fibers, Anterolateral capsule, Anterolateral ligament (ALL) and Iliotibial band are defined as secondary stabilizers of the internal tibial rotation of the knee. These structures have been summarized as the "Anterolateral complex" (ALC). We aimed to determine the ALC injury prevalence and the association between Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and ALC injury patterns. Materials and Methods: MRI scans of ACL injuries were retrospectively evaluated for the presence of the ACL injury pattern (partial or complete), ALL, iliotibial band, Kaplans fiber, meniscus, bone marrow edema (BME) and collateral ligament pathology. The patients were divided into groups according to the ACL injury pattern. The prevalence of injury of the anatomical structures between groups was examined. Results: MRI scans of 152 patients (152 knees) were evaluated. The mean age of the patients was 28.5±8.6 (range, 18-55). 138 patients were male and 14 were female. Complete ACL injury was detected in 127 (83.6%) patients confirmed by MRI and arthroscopic procedure and partial ACL injury was detected in 25 (16.4%) patients confirmed by MRI. 90 (59.2%) patients had an ALL injury, 87 (57.2%) had an iliotibial band injury, 82 (53.9%) patients had a Kaplans fiber injury, 53 (34.9%) patients had a meniscal injury, 99 (65.1%) patients had BME and 70 (46.1%) patients had a collateral ligament injury. In the complete ACL injury group, the ratio of ALL, iliotibial band, Kaplan fiber, meniscal injury, BME, collateral ligament injury was significantly higher than the partial ACL injury group (p 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of injury in at least one anatomic structure of ALC was significantly higher in patients with a complete ACL injury (73.2%) than those with partial ACL injury (32%) at our institution. This study demonstrated that ALC injuries were statistically higher as well as meniscal injuries, BME, collateral ligament injuries after complete ACL injury compared to partial ACL injury.

We present a rare case of pleomorphic adenoma in the upper lip region, with erosion of the maxillary bone and distortion of the facial appearance. A 20-year-old man presented with a painless mass on his upper lip, which had gradually increased in size over a period of 2 years. Computed tomography demonstrated a 30 mm × 28 mm enhancing mass in the upper lip region with no invasion to the surrounding tissues. Erosion of the maxillary bone posterior to this lesion was noted. The lesion was excised completely with a wedge of mucosa overlying the tumoral mass, accompanied with abdominal fat grafting to prevent labial asymmetry. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of a minor salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma in the upper lip. The pathology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of intraoral pleomorphic adenomas are reviewed.

A 12-year-old girl was admitted for the evaluation of epilepsy and psychomotor retardation. She was born at term after an uneventful pregnancy. There was no consanguinity. Developmental milestones were delayed and she had been treated for epilepsy since 3months of age. Shewas walking with support and was able to say a few words like “mama” and “dada.” She had dysmorphologic findings including broad nasal tip, frontal bossing, hypertelorism, tongue hamartomas, notching of the teeth (Fig 1), high arched palate, low set ears, and bilateral preaxial polysyndactyly of bilateral feet with bifid hallux. Deep tendon reflexes were hyperactive. Echocardiography, abdominopelvic ultrasonography, and ophthalmologic examinations were normal. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed molar tooth sign and vermian agenesis (Fig 2). A diagnosis of Varadi-Papp syndrome (orofaciodigital syndrome type VI) was made based on her clinical and radiologic findings. Genetic analysis of INPP5 E and TMEM216 genes revealed no mutation.