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The use of Salvia species among the public and their importance in the scientific world increase due to theirnumerous pharmacological and biological activities on a daily basis. In this study, the phytochemical contents ofdifferent parts (root, branch, leaf, flower, whole) of different specimens of Salvia siirtica (SS) (in vivo and in vitro)extracts prepared with various solvents (petroleumether, chloroformand ethanol) were determined using differenttechniques (GC-MS and LC-MS/MS) and the results were compared. In addition, biological activities (antioxidant,cytotoxic, anticholinesterase antiurease, antityrosinase, antielastase and anticollagenase) of all sampleswere determined and compared. The antioxidant potential of the analysed samples was found to be high, andtheir enzyme activity potential was low. Besides, in vitro SS-TIS (Temporary Immersion System) sample showedhigh cytotoxic activity (viability% 2.12 § 0.06) against MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell line. The results of GC-MS andLC-MS/MS analyses indicated that ferruginol and sugiol could be isolated from the ethanol extract of S. siirticaroots, salvigenin and b-sitosterol from the chloroform extract of the aerial parts, and phenolic compounds fromthe ethanol extract of the aerial parts. In addition, the amount of rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and 12-demethylmulticaulineof in vitro samples were found to be higher than those of in vivo samples. Furthermore, all samples,both in vivo and in vitro, contained high levels of rosmarinic acid and b-sitosterol. The whole chloroform extract(SSWC) could be the source extract for salvigenin (33952.13 mg/g) and b-sitosterol (16369.71 mg/g), and the rootethanol extract (SSRE) for ferruginol (17721.99 mg/g). As a result, it is understood that the nature of the plantmaterial, the choice of an appropriate solvent and the parts of the material used are quite effective in chemicalcontent. S. siirtica promise potential natural antioxidant agent in food and/or pharmaceutical industry due to itsphytochemical content (rosmarinic and caffeic acids, ferruginol, salvigenin) and antioxidant activity.

Salvia L. species are widely used for treatment of different disorders in traditional Turkish medicine. In this study, the methanol extracts of five Salvia taxa, including S. aucheri subsp. canescens, S. aytachii, S. heldreichiana, S. viridis, and S. wiedemannii were investigated for their antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory potentials which are related with health-benefit properties. In addition, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined with Folin- Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride spectrophotometric method, respectively. Screening of enzyme inhibition activity was performed out using ELISA microplate reader. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′ -Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging and iron chelating tests. The S. aytachii extract was found with highest total phenol content (77.82 ± 1.76 µg PE/mg) and total flavonoid content (22.33 ± 0.17 µg QE/mg) as dry weight basis. These findings specify that the investigated Salvia taxa for anticholinesterase activity can be appealed further phytochemical estimation for spotting its active components.

In this study, investigation on the essential oils and ethanol extracts of naturally grown and cultivatedSatureja macrantha samples were reported. The essential oil, flavour and terpenoid-steroid-flavonoid contents of S.macrantha samples were determined by GC-MS and their phenolic contents by LC-MS/MS. Besides, the biologicalactivities of the samples were investigated for their antioxidant, anti-Alzheimer, antimicrobial, cytotoxic,antityrosinase, antiurease, antielastase and anticollagenase properties. The phenolic content and antioxidant capacityof the cultivated sample were higher than those of the naturally grown sample. According to the GC-MS results,terpinene-4-ol (30.9%) and p-cymene (56.7%) were determined as the major components in the essential oils of thenaturally grown and cultivated S. macrantha, respectively. The flavour analysis results showed that cis-sabinenehydrate (20.7%) and carvacrol (42.2%) were found to be the major components in the naturally grown and cultivatedsamples, respectively. While the naturally grown sample was rich in abietane diterpenoids (ferruginol (17.5 mganalyte/g extract) and sugiol (4.2 mg analyte/g extract)), these components were not detected in the cultivatedsample. The rosmarinic acid content (0.20 and 24.87 mg analyte/g extract, respectively) of the cultivated samplewas found to be significantly higher than that of the natural sample. The biological activities of the samples weredetermined to be changed in parallel with their chemical contents that are due to factors such as climatic conditions,and soil structure.

The use of Thymus species amongst the public and their importance in the scientific world is increasing dayby day. In addition to being consumed as tea and spice, Thymus species are used as folk medicine for respiratory,digestive, skin, circulatory, genital, nervous, visual and urinary diseases. In this study, it was aimed toexamine the essential oil and ethanol extract of the root and aerial parts of Thymus pubescens Boiss. et Kotschyex Celak in the terms of their biological activity and chemical content. The phenolic content of the specieswas determined by LC-MS/MS, while triterpenoid content, the chemical composition of the essential oilas well as flavour was determined by GCMS. In addition, their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities, as wellas acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), urease, tyrosinase, elastase, collagenase, HMG-CoAreductase and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities were studied. Thymol (53.33%) wasdetermined as the major component in the essential oil, while b-fenchyl alcohol (43.87%) was determined asthe major component of the flavour. According to the LC-MS/MS and GCMS results, it was found that especiallythe aerial parts of the species have a high amount of rosmarinic acid (3875.76 mg analyte/g extract),quinic acid (2392.55), naringenin (970.39), oleanolic (92785.96) and ursolic (63373.32) acids. The essentialoil of T. pubescens species was observed to show high activity in four antioxidant assays, e.g. inhibition of lipidperoxidation, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity as well as CUPRAC, while the ethanol extractsshowed moderate antioxidant activity. In enzyme inhibition assays, the aerial parts exerted marked BChE,elastase, and collagenase inhibitory activities (92.43§1.28%, 42.59§0.56, and 48.61§0.39 at 100 mg/mL,respectively). On the other hand, AChE, urease, tyrosinase, HMG-CoA reductase and ACE inhibitory activitiesof all extracts were from low to moderate levels. In particular, the aerial parts of the species displayed a highcytotoxic effect (vitality%: 6.82§0.01 at 200 mg/mL) in breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line. Due to its remarkableantioxidant capacity, high content of rosmarinic, oleanolic, and ursolic acids and especially BChE, elastase,and collagenase inhibitory activity, T. pubescens has the potential for using in food supplements, food preservatives,cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.

WOS:000731798500001 PMID: 34918462 The essential oil, aroma, and fatty acid compositions of Salvia cerino-pruinosa var. cerino-pruinosa, S. cerino-pruinosa var. elazigensis, S. pseudeuphratica, S. rosifolia, and S. kurdica collected in 2015, 2016, and 2017 were analysed by GC-FID, GC/MS/Head Space and GC/MS. The results were evaluated chemometrically for principal component analyses and hierarchical clustering analyses using Minitab program. The main components of their essential oils have been determined as germacrene-D (41.79 % highest for these species), camphor (55.80 %), linalool (33.38 %), caryophyllene oxide (32.99 %), 1,8-cineole (26.30 %) and geraniol acetate (31.63 %), while for aroma 1,8-cineole (45.95 % highest for these species), camphor (58.54 %), D-limonene (40.83 %), linalool (27.67 %) and cis-linalool oxide (25.87 %). Oleic (72.65 % highest for these species), erucic (44.61 %), 2-palmitoleic (42.17 %) and nervonic (32.61 %) acids were determined as major components of their fatty acids. According to the PCA and HCA, the essential oil components of these Salvia taxa unaffected by the years, and accordingly, the Salvia taxa grouped among themselves.

The role of plants in human life and the importance of plants in the food, drug and cosmetics industryhave been increasing nowadays. This study investigates biological and chemical properties of root, branch, leaf,flower and aerial ethanol extracts of Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult. f. var. tataricum species,consumed as food in the population. The chemical composition of the species has been determined by the LCMS/MS by specifying total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Antioxidant activity, cholinesterase, urease,tyrosinase, elastase and collagenase inhibitory activities have also been studied. According to the results of LCMS/MS, quinic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, and rutin have been detected. The branch ethanolextract contained higher amounts of quininic acid (12.101 μg analyte/g extract) than extracts of leaves, flowers,roots and aerial parts. On the other hand, the leaves ethanol extract exhibited high antioxidant activity in all tests(ABTS: IC50= 57.47±0.86 μg/mL, CUPRAC: A0.5= 66.76±1.86, DPPH: IC50: 119.2±1.52). The species has thepotential to be used in the food industry due to its high antioxidant capacity.

Public use of Salvia species and their importance in the scientific world is continually increasing. It is known that this use and the importance of Salvia species are mostly due to the terpenoid compounds that they contain. In this context, the terpenoid-steroid-flavonoid contents of extracts of six endemic Salvia (S. kurdica, S. pseudeuphratica, S. rosifolia, S. siirtica, S. cerino-pruinosa var. cerino-pruinosa and S. cerino-pruinosa var. elazigensis) species prepared with different solvents were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Within the framework of the ingredient analysis, content analysis of the ethanol extracts of the root, branch, leaf and flower parts of the species collected in the same period between 2015 and 2017 years was performed. In general, extracts prepared with chloroform and ethanol were found to contain a wide variety of compounds while petroleum ether extracts were found to contain much less varied compounds. In addition, in general, root extracts are richer in terpenoid compounds than aerial part extracts. Some species can be used as source species in terms of ferruginol, cryptanol, 6,7-dehydroroyleanone, lup-(20)29-ene-2 alpha-hydroxy-3 beta-acetate, salvigenin and beta-sitosterol contents (52,114.28, 75,979.08, 101,247.41, 40,071.29, 33,952.13 and 34,010.90 mu g analyte/g extract, respectively). Türkiye Bilimsel Ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu ( Tübitak )

Boronic acids constitute an important class of synthetic intermediates due to their high chemical stability, ease of use, moderate organic Lewis acid properties, reduced reactivity profiles and numerous biological activities such as antibacterial and antioxidant. The present study documents the synthesis and characterization of a novel boronic ester compound (3,5,7-trihydroxy-2- (2-phenyl benzo [d] [1,3,2] dioxaborol-5-yl) -4H-chromen-4-a) which was derived from phenyl boronic acid and quercetin. The new boron-based compound was used in the cream formulation after evaluating its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-enzyme, anticancer activities and electrochemical oxidation behaviour. Furthermore, the cream has been dermatologically and microbiologically tested. Also, histological evaluation of the agent was estimated on multiple rat organs by hematoxylin-eosin staining method. Antioxidant potential of the new compound was tested by ABTS cation radical (IC

Gundelia species are known as "Kenger-kereng dikeni" in Anatolia, and their aerial parts are consumed as food. Also, roots and seeds (disseminules) of the Gundelia species are used to prepare gum and coffee. The chemical contents of ethanol and hexane extracts of disseminules of 17 Gundelia species, 13 of them are endemic, were studied using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. Additionally, their antioxidant potential and enzyme inhibitory capacity against acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase, urease, and tyrosinase were determined. The unsaturated fatty acid ratios of Gundelia species were higher than their saturated fatty acid ratio. The highest sum of oleic and linoleic acid was detected in G. tournefortii var. tenuisecta (70.42%). β -Sitosterol, α -amyrin, 3-acetyl-lupeol were identified in 17 Gundelia species by GC-MS, while chlorogenic acid and luteolin by LC-MS/MS as major compounds. The ethanol and hexane extracts of G. siirtica , G. rosea , and G. mesopotamica indicated good cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Among all species, ethanol extract of G. colemerikensis exhibited the best activity in ABTS (IC 50 : 32.30±0.98 μg/mL), DPPH (IC 50 : 59.91±0.89 μg/mL), and CUPRAC (A 0.5 : 57.41±1.03 μg/mL) assays. Ethanol extract of G. colemerikensis also displayed the highest inhibitory activity against butyrylcholinesterase (51.14±0.25% at 200 µg/mL), urease (51.71±1.75% at 200 µg/mL), and tyrosinase (39.50±0.85% at 200 µg/mL) enzymes. According to the chemometric analysis of fatty acids, four groups were observed. Therefore, it is suggested that G. colemerikensis can be used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition properties.

In the current study, the ethanol extracts prepared from the aerial parts and roots of an endemicspecies, Salvia cerino-pruinosa Rech. f. var. cerino-pruinosa were fractionated on silica gel columns and testedfor determination of their antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical and ABTS cation radical scavenging, andcupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) test assays. Twenty known secondary metabolites were isolatedfrom the active antioxidant fractions; rosmarinic acid (1), chlorogenic acid (2), caffeic acid (3), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4), benzoic acid (5), luteolin 7-O-glucoside (6), bis-(2-ethylhexyl)benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate (7), salvianolic acid A (8), salvianolic acid B (9), 7-acetylroyleanone (10), 6,7-dehydroroyleanone(11), ferruginol (12), inuroyleanol (13), 12-hydroxy-6,7-secoabieta-8,11,13-triene-6,7-dial (14), ursolic acid(15), oleanolic acid (16), taraxasterol (17), lupenone (18), β-sitosterol (19), and stigmasterol (20). Rosmarinicacid, which was obtained from the aerial parts, was found to be the best antioxidant compound among theisolated secondary metabolites in DPPH free radical and ABTS cation radical scavenging, and CUPRAC assays(IC50: 1.20±0.04 μg/mL, IC50: 1.74±0.06 μg/mL, A0.5: 1.22±0.02 μg/mL, respectively). Chlorogenic and caffeicacids, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, salvianolic acids A and B, and inuroyleanol exhibited also high antioxidantactivity in the mentioned assays.

In the present study, activity-guided isolation and structural elucidation of antioxidant secondary metabolites of ethanol extracts prepared from the root and aerial parts of Salvia rosifolia and Salvia cerino-pruinosa var. elazigensis species was aimed. The ethanol extracts of the species were fractionated and the antioxidant capacities of the fractions were determined by DPPH-free radical and ABTS-cation radical scavenging activity, and cupric-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Isolation studies of the fractions with high antioxidant activities were carried out. Thirty nine secondary metabolites of known structure were isolated from the active extracts. 17 of the isolated compounds are in phenolic-flavonoid structure, 4 of them are in fatty acid structure, 7 of them are in abietane type diterpene structure, 2 of which are paraquinone and 5 of which are in aromatic structure, 8 of them are in triterpene structure, 2 of which are ursane, 2 of which are oleane and 4 of which are lupane structure, and 3 of them are in steroid structure. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by UV, IR, H-1- and C-13-NMR-(APT), HMQC-HMBC, LCMS-IT/TOF and GC-MS techniques. It was determined that phenolic compounds among the isolated compounds were more active than terpenoid compounds in all three methods.

Recently Nutrition and Food Chemistry researches have been focused on plants and their products or their secondary metabolites having anti-alzheimer, anti-cancer, anti-aging, and antioxidant properties. Among these plants Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) species come into prominence with their booster effects due to high antioxidant contents, which have over 900 species in the world and 98 in Turkey. Some Salvia species are already in use as herbal treatment of vessel stiffness, Dementia like problems and cancer. Recently some species of Salvia are of extensive research topic. In this study, inhibitory potentials of secondary metabolites, rosmarinic acid, salvigenin, salvianolic acid A and B, tanshinone I and IIA, cyrtotanshinone, dihydrotanshinone I, carnosic acid, carnosol, and danshensu sodium salt were investigated against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, urease and tyrosinase enzymes both in-vitro and in slico in detail. Elevated inhibitory effects on acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterase of dihydrotanshinone I (IC50: 1.50 ± 0.02 and 0.50 ± 0.01 µg/mL, respectively), carnasol (IC50: 11.15 ± 0.05 ve 3.92 ± 0.03 µg/mL) and carnosic acid (IC50: 31.83 ± 0.65 ve 4.12±0.04 µg/mL) were observed. Furthermore, all other secondary metabolites were active against butyrylcholinesterase. Anti-urease (42.41 ± 0.85%) and anti-tyrosinase (39.82 ± 1.16%) activities of tanshinone I were also observed. Potential inhibitory effects of these molecules on target proteins were investigated using DOCK and molecular dynamics calculations. Dock score analysis and Lipinski parameters were demonstrated that these ligands are potential inhibitors against relevant enzymes. Our findings suggest that Salvia species can be utilized as a ptential source of anti-alzheimer active compounds for designing novel products.

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a LC–MS/MS method for quantification of 15 phytochemicals inHypericum species. The developed method was fully validated in terms of repeatability (inter-day and intra-day precision),limits of detection and quantification, linearity, recovery and relative standard uncertainty. The developed and validatedLC–MS/MS method was applied to determine 15 phytochemicals in the ethanol extracts of H. lysimachioides var. spathulatumaerial parts (HLS-A) and roots (HLS-R). Hyperoside was found to be the major compound in HLS-A and HLS-Rethanol extracts (16,560.3 and 3561.6 μg analyte/g extract, respectively). According to the results of GC–MS analyses,cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid (35.0%), caryophyllene oxide (24.33%) and undecane (28.21%) were determined as the majorcomponents in fatty acid, essential oil and aroma compositions of H. lysimachioides var. spathulatum, respectively. HLS-Aand HLS-R ethanol extracts showed moderate activity in ABTS cation radical decolorization assay. The major components(hyperoside, astragalin, and quercetin) present in HLS-A and HLS-R ethanol extracts were found to have also the highestantioxidant effect in ABTS cation radical scavenging method. The extracts, main constituents in the extracts and essential oilhad no toxic-cytotoxic potential against PDF, MCF-7 and HT-29 cell lines. HLS-A ethanol extract and essential oil exhibitedhigh butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Quercetin showed the highest inhibitory effect against acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase,urease and tyrosinase among the tested samples. According to biological activity studies, H. lysimachioidesvar. spathulatum and their major components might be promoted as promising sources of natural agents and used in thedevelopment of nutraceuticals, functional food ingredients and pharmaceutical industry.

In the present study, a GC-MS method used for quantitative screening of 26 compounds (sclareolide, sclareol, ferruginol, cryptanol, 6,7-dehydroroyleanone, suginal, 9,10-dihydro-7,8-dimethyl-2-(1-methylethyl) phenanthren-3-ol, sugiol, inuroyleanone, 12-demethylmulticauline, 7α-hydroxy-β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, salvigenin, sinensetin, α-amyrin, lupeol, lupenone, 3-acetyl lupeol, 1α,21α-dihydroxy-2,3-(1'1'-dimethyl-dioxymethylene) urs-9(11),12-dien, uvaol, betulin, pyxinol, lup-(20),29-ene-2α-hydroxy-3β-acetate, betulin 3β, 28β-diacetate, 21α-hydroxy,2α,3β-diacetoxy urs-9(11),12-dien) specific to Turkish Salvia species was developed and validated. According to the GC-MS analysis results, Salvia hypargeia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. roots were found to be rich in ferruginol (30787.97 µg/g extract) and lupenone (23276.21 µg/g extract), and leaves in lupeol (20625.92 µg/g extract). Additionally, the essential oil and aroma contents of this species were identified by GC-MS technique. According to the LC-MS/MS results, especially S. hypargeia leaf extract was rich in rosmarinic acid (38035.7 µg/g extract) and isoquercitrin (4136.91 µg/g extract). Furthermore, anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase and antielastase inhibitory, antioxidant, cytotoxic activities of the ethanol extracts, essential oil, and major components of the species were evaluated. Antioxidant potentials of all extracts of this species were quite high in all studied antioxidant methods. Moreover, butyrylcholinesterase and elastase inhibitory capacities of ferruginol, the major component of S. hypargeia roots, were notable. For these reasons, this species has a high potential for food and pharmaceutical industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This new GC-MS method was applied to S. hypargeia Fisch. & C.A. Mey. and it indicated that this species possessed high amount of ferruginol and lupeol, and that this species could be used for their natural sources. According to the results of the activity studies (antioxidant, anticholinesterase, tyrosinase, elastase, and cytotoxic), this method was used to exhibit which compound may be responsible for the activities. This developed and validated method could be easily applied to determine major/active/toxic secondary metabolites of Salvia species which are used and/or could be used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.

Representatives of the Achillea genus are widely used as foods or nutraceuticals. Considering the increasing demand for herbal dietary supplements with health promoting effects, the objective of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition and biological activities of the essential oils obtained from sixteen Achillea species (A. biebersteinii, A. wilhelmsii subsp. wilhelmsii, A. aleppica subsp. zederbaueri, A. vermicularis, A. monocephala, A. nobilis, A. goniocephala, A. sintenisii, A. coarctata, A. kotschyi subsp. kotschyi, A. millefolium subsp. millefolium, A. lycaonica, A. spinulifolia, A. teretifolia, A. setacea, and A. schischkinii). Anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase enzymes inhibition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, toxic and cytotoxic activities of obtained essential oils were investigated. DPPH activities were found to be very low in all studied samples, while ABTS and CUPRAC antioxidant activities were found to be moderate. In addition, all samples were found to have moderate anticholinesterase and antimicrobial effects. It has been determined that the studied species have low cytotoxicity and high toxicity. Besides, chemical composition of the essential oils were determined by GC/MS and the results were chemometrically analyzed. The chemometric analyses of Achillea species collected from nine different regions were accomplished by principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) techniques. According to the PCA analysis, A. nobilis subsp. neilreichii was found to be different from all studied species in terms of essential oil composition. The major components found in these species were piperitone, camphor, α-terpinene, eucalyptol, artemisia ketone, endo-borneol, β-eudesmol and verbenol. The fact that camphor was toxic and found in majority of the studied species stands out as a remarkable result.

In the present study, the essential oil and aroma compositions of Nepeta heliotropifolia (NH) and N. congesta subsp. cryptantha (NC) were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC/FID), and their phenolic compounds by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In addition, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, urease, and tyrosinase activities of essential oils obtained from NH and NC aerial parts and ethanol extracts prepared from different parts of NH and NC were investigated. The major constituent of water-distilled essential oils was found to be germacrene D (36.7% and 38.5%, respectively), and their main aroma component was eucalyptol (48.0% and 24.7%, respectively). Among the studied parts of NH and NC, their flowers extracts were found to be the richest in phenolic compounds and in which the most abundant compound was rosmarinic acid (8,909.91 and 4,317.20 μg/g, respectively). NH and NC flower extracts exhibited also strong antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC assays. Among the tested samples, NH essential oil indicated the best cytotoxic effect against PDF, HT-29, and MCF-7 (IC50 52.34, 25.89, and 44.70 μg/ml, respectively), and the highest butyrylcholinesterase (77.21 ± 1.12% inhibition) and moderate acetylcholinesterase (41.36 ± 0.69% inhibition) inhibitory activities. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This is the first report on the essential oil and aroma compositions, the phenolic compounds, the antioxidant with total phenolic and flavonoid contents, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, urease, and tyrosinase activities of Nepeta heliotropifolia and N. congesta subsp. cryptantha, except for their essential oil compositions. The reported results suggested that Nepeta heliotropifolia and N. congesta subsp. cryptantha flowers being rich in rosmarinic acid and having strong antioxidant potential, and NH essential oil possessing significant cytotoxic and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory effect could be source for nutraceutical, food, and drug industries.

The current study aims to optimize and validate a comprehensive LC–MS/MS method for the quantification of 37 phytochemicals (15 phenolic acids, 17 flavonoids, 3 non-phenolic organic acids, 1 phenolic aldehyde and 1 benzopyrene) in Achillea species. Though Achillea species were chosen as real life samples, the current method is applicable to a wide range of plant species. The developed method was fully validated in terms of linearity, accuracy (recovery), inter-day and intra-day precision (repeatability), limits of detection and quantification (LOD/LOQ) and relative standard uncertainty (U% at 95% confidence level (k = 2)). Reversed-phase ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography was optimized to achive optimum separation for 37 phytochemical compounds and to overcome the suppression effects. MS detection was performed using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer and negative or positive ionization modes were optimized for each analyte. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to quantify the analytes, related molecular ions and transition ions were optimized. Phytochemical screening of ethanol and methanol-chloroform extracts of root and aerial parts of A. coarctata and A. monocephala were performed by using the developed and validated LC–MS/MS method. Root and aerial parts of both species have considerable amounts of certain phenolic-nonphenolic acids (quinic, malic, fumaric, chlorogenic and vanillic acids) and flavonoids (rutin, hesperidin, isoquercitrin, apigetrin, luteolin, apigenin). Additionally, total phenolic and flavonoid amounts, antioxidant (DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical cation decolorization assay, β-carotene lipid peroxidation test system and CUPRAC cupper reduction capacity methods), anticholinesterase, tyrosinase, urease inhibition and cytotoxic activities (on HeLa (Human Cervical Carcinoma Cell Line) of A. coarctata and A. monocephala were also investigated. It has been determined that the studied Achillea species, that are rich in total phenolic-flavonoid and chlorogenic acid contents, have high antioxidant and cytotoxic potential at the same time. According to the results of LC–MS/MS, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity studies, after detailed chemical investigation and toxicity studies on these species, A. coarctata and A. monocephala may be promoted as promising sources of natural agents and used for the development of nutraceuticals or functional food ingredients in future.

The importance of Salvia L. species, being used as traditional medicine, in the scientific world is increasing day by day. The relationship between health and traditional-modern life, promotes the creation of new value added food products. Within this context, in this study, it was aimed to biologically and chemically investigate the essential oil and ethanol extracts of the Salvia multicaulis Vahl. Chemical and biological study results of naturally grown and cultivated (uninvestigated in the literature) samples of S. multicaulis were compared. The essential oil, aroma and terpenoid-steroid contents of the species were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and phenolic content by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). In addition, the bioactivities of the extracts were screened for antioxidant, cytotoxic, antialzheimer, antiurease, antityrosinase, antielastase and anticollagenase activities. It was found that the enzyme activities of the essential oil and the antioxidant activities of all ethanol extracts of the species were quite high. It was determined that especially essential oil and the ethanol extracts of the leaf parts exhibited high cytotoxic effect in cancer cell lines (PDF (Healthy primary dermal fibroblast cell line), HT-29 (colon cancer cell line), MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line), Caco-2 (colon cancer cell line) and Skov-3 (ovary cancer cell line)). According to the GC–MS results, in the natural specimen 1,8-cineole (33.05 %) and d -limonene (21.18 %), in the cultivated sample 1,8-cineole (42.35 %) and α-pinene (15.74 %) were detected to be as the major components of the essential oil and aroma, respectively. It was observed that both natural and cultivated samples were rich in β-Sitosterol. Moreover, the root extract of natural samples was found to be richer than the other extracts in terms of abieatane diterpene (ferruginol, cryptanol, sugiol, and inuroyleanone) compounds. According to the LC–MS/MS results, it is seen that both natural and cultivated samples are very rich in rosmarinic acid. Especially, the flower part of the natural sample (98.10 mg analyte/g extract) was found to contain more rosmarinic acid than the other parts. Due to the high total phenolic and rosmarinic acid content, cytotoxic, anti-aging, and antioxidant potential of the ethanol extract of the leaf parts of the species, it has the potential to be used as a food supplement, food preservative and in the pharmaceutical industry.

Aim We aimed to determine the predictors of early death in the course of acute pulmonary embolism (APE). Materials and methods We included 206 patients who had been admitted to our hospital between January 2011 and April 2013 with the diagnosis of APE. We derived a new model including corrected QT interval dispersion (QTcd) and P wave dispersion (Pd), echocardiographic findings, laboratory markers, and blood cell count indices to predict early death in patients with APE. Results Thirty patients (14.5%) died; 176 patients (85.5%) lived after diagnosis of APE. Logistic regression (LR) analysis found that troponin I (odds ratio [OR], 1.084 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.009-1.165]), creatinine (OR, 4.153 [95% CI, 1.375-12.541]), mean platelet volume (OR, 1.991 [95% CI, 1.230-3.223]), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (OR, 1.079 [95% CI, 1.005-1.160]), QTcd (OR, 1.084 [95% CI, 1.043-1.127]), Pd (OR, 1.049 [95% CI, 1.004-1.096]) were associated with early death in APE. New LR model (area under the curve [AUC], 0.970) performed better than the simplified pulmonary embolism severity index (sPESI) score (AUC, 0.859) in predicting early death in APE ( P = .021). The predictivity of the sPESI score significantly improved after its single combination with creatinine, QTcd, or troponin I. When the combined model was constructed together with these 6 independent variables and sPESI score, stepwise LR model automatically excluded Pd and NLR, and the AUC from the rest of the combined model was 0.976, which is significantly different from the AUC of sPESI (0.859) ( P = .0031). Conclusions Creatinine, troponin I, and QTcd significantly improves sPESI score. A new model with troponin I, creatinine, mean platelet volume, NLR, QTcd, and Pd seems to have greater prognostic power than the sPESI scoring system.

Chenopodium species have been used in folk medicine and as vegetable for years. In the present study, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, biological activities, phenolic constituents and fatty acid profile of Chenopodium album subsp. album var. microphyllum (Boen.) Aellen were determined for the first time. The antioxidant effects were investigated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity assays (CUPRAC). The Ellman method was applied for the determination of the cholinesterase inhibition activity. The phenolic constituents of the methanol extract and the fatty acid profile of the n-hexane extract were evaluated by LC–MS/MS and GC–MS, respectively. Acetone and methanol extracts showed similar DPPH free radical scavenging activities (0.68 ± 0.07 and 0.68 ± 0.05 mmol Trolox/g extract, respectively), whereas the cupric ion reducing capacity of the acetone extract was the highest (0.41 ± 0.05 mmol Trolox/g extract). Acetone and methanol extracts had moderate butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities as 65.29 ± 1.56% and 52.64 ± 2.78%, respectively, whereas non of the extracts possessed anti-acetylcholinesterase effect. The methanol extract was found to contain significant amounts of hesperidin (9769.13 ± 158.26 μg/g extract) and rutin (2935.19 ± 39.92 μg/g extract). The major fatty acid constituents of the n-hexane extract were identified as myristic acid (18.26%) and cis-10-pentadecanoic acid (15.39%).

OBJECTIVE There are various studies showing the cardiovascular benefits of the Mediterranean diet (MD), but, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which aimed to investigate the relation between adherence to the MD and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS The study was a single centre, cross-sectional prospective study which included 200 consecutive patients (131 men [65.5%] and 69 women [34.5%], mean age 57±9) who were diagnosed with CAD by coronary angiography between January 2012 and April 2013. A food frequency questionnaire was administered to the patients. Compliance to the MD was evaluated by the MD score (MDS), which collects prominent diet characteristics under 10 main titles. Each patient's angiographic data was examined by a cardiologist, and Gensini scores (GS) were then calculated to evaluate the extensiveness of coronary atherosclerosis. RESULTS Forty-four percent of patients were in the third category of body mass index (BMI) (≥30 kg/m2) and 17.5% were in the first category (BMI

Long QT syndrome is a pathology that may cause fatal arrhythmias and has congenital or acquired forms. Structural and functional defects of the membrane ion channels are thought to be the cause of congenital form of long QT syndrome. On the other hand, drugs, electrolyte disorders, some kind of toxins, myocardial ischemia, conduction abnormalities and endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism are known to be the cause of acquired form of long QT syndrome. Bupropion, that is widely used for both as an anti-depressant or the relief of the symptoms of cigarette smoking cessation, is one of the drugs that may cause QT prolongation. However, QT prolongation under dosages less than 1.5 g/day bupropion is exteremely rare. In this report, we declare a 26 years old female patient, who experienced transient QT prolongation and generalized tonic clonic seizure after the fi rst dose of 600 mg slow-release bupropion., Uzun QT sendromu, doğumsal veya sonradan kazanılmış formları olan ve ölümcül ritm bozukluklarına sebep olabilen bir patolojidir. Doğumsal tip uzun QT sendromunun membran iyon kanallarındaki yapısal ve fonksiyonel bozukluklardan kaynaklanabileceği düşünülmektedir. Diğer taraftan ilaçlar, elektrolit bozuklukları, bazı toksinler, miyokart iskemisi, ileti anormallikleri ve hipotiroidi gibi endokrin bozukluklar ise sonradan kazanılmış uzun QT sendromunun günümüzde bilinen nedenleri arasında yer almaktadır. Gerek antidepresan olarak, gerekse sigara bağımlılığı tedavisinde yoksunluk semptomlarının giderilmesinde kullanılan bupropion, QT uzaması yapabilen ilaçlardandır. Ancak, bupropionun 1.5 g/gün altında kullanımına bağlı QT uzaması oldukça nadir görülen bir durumdur. Bu yazıda, ilk doz 600 mg yavaş salınımlı bupropion alımı sonrasında ortaya çıkan jeneralize tonik klonik nöbet ve geçici QT uzaması yaşayan 26 yaşındaki kadın hasta sunulmaktadır.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to demonstrate and compare to each other the relations of QT and P wave dispersions with early death in the course of acute pulmonary embolism (PE). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The archive data of 124 patients who had been hospitalized in our hospital with the diagnosis of acute PE between May 2012 and June 2013 was retrospectively reviewed. 93 patients who were in sinus rhythm and whose data were suitable for QT interval and P wave analyses were included to the study. Analyses of corrected QT interval dispersion (QTcd) and P wave dispersion (Pd) were performed for each patients. RESULTS: Among the study population, 12 patients (13%) died and 81 patients (87%) lived after the diagnosis of PE. PD values of deaths were significantly higher than those who survived (59.2±21.2 msec versus 44.8±13.5 msec respectively, p=0.04). Moreover, QTcd values of deaths were also significantly higher than the survivors (105.5 msec (99-119) versus 80msec (74-88) respectively, p64.5 msec for prediction of early mortality was found to be 58.3% with a specificity of 97.5% (p=0.017) where the sensitivity of Qtcd> 97 msec for prediction of early mortality was found to be 83.3% with a specificity of 82.7% (p64.5 msn için erken ölümü öngörme sensitivitesi %58,3, spesifitesi %97,5 (p=0.017) olarak bulunurken, düzeltilmiş QT dispersiyonunun >97 msn için erken ölümü öngörme sensitivitesi %83,3, spesifitesi %82,7 olarak bulundu (p

WOS: 000317542700008, This study investigated how affective factors like attitude and motivation contribute to science achievement in PISA 2006 using linear structural modeling. The data set of PISA 2006 collected from 4942 fifteen-year-old Turkish students (2290 females, 2652 males) was used for the statistical analyses. A total of 42 selected items on a four point Likert-type scale were initially subjected to Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) resulting in seven factors with total variance of 64.82%. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was later performed for cross-validation of factor structures of PISA 2006 data. Furthermore, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was also utilized to test the proposed model representing the relationship among affective factors and Turkish students' science achievement scores in PISA 2006. The results indicated that the hypothesized model fits data well. The results also revealed that, in general, affective factors contributed significantly either positively or negatively to 15 year-old students' science achievement. In addition, affective factors were observed to be predictors of the science achievement based on PISA 2006 Turkish data set, but they are not good predictors due to their low magnitude. In light of the findings, implications are presented for further studies. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000336911900011, The main purpose of the present study is twofold: (a) to investigate the awareness and attitudes of prospective teachers from different departments and class levels regarding current educational reforms in Turkey and the reasons why they do or do not adhere to these reform activities, and (b) to gain thorough knowledge about information resources that they use and the problems that they encounter while learning about and sharing current educational reforms. The study was conducted with 23 prospective teachers drawn from the Education Faculty of Akdeniz University, and it used a two-stage sampling method. A semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers was employed as the data collection instrument. The interview form included four demographic and 12 open-ended questions. The tape-recorded interviews were transcribed and verbatim transcriptions were analyzed via quantitative data analysis. The results indicated that freshman and sophomore prospective teachers adhered to the education reform developments less frequently than their juniors and seniors. Most of the prospective teachers who rarely followed educational reforms indicated that they did not have enough time to do so due to their heavy schedule, but they concentrated on educational reforms in their own field of study since they had concerns for the future. Prospective teachers often had insufficient and false information about educational reforms; they indicated interest in obtaining more reliable information through conferences featuring presentations by experts. Further studies conducted with prospective teachers enrolled in additional departments or pedagogical formation courses would provide a more complete understanding of attitudes toward educational reforms.

WOS: 000302554900008, This study examines the level of knowledge of and attitudes toward biotechnology of preservice teachers from Lebanon, Lithuania, Slovakia and Turkey. Data were gathered from a total of 768 preservice teachers from these four countries. The Biotechnology Knowledge Questionnaire and the Biotechnology Attitude Questionnaire were used for data collection. Three-way MANOVA was conducted to analyze the cross-cultural data. The results revealed that preservice teachers' knowledge of biotechnology in all four samples was below average. The results also demonstrated that there were significant differences in attitude towards biotechnology among preservice teachers in the four countries. In addition, significant gender differences were observed between male and females. Implications for teaching and further research are discussed.