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Abstract Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are promising tools used for immunomodulation and drug delivery in various disease contexts. The interaction between NP surfaces and plasma-resident biomolecules results in the formation of a biomolecular corona, which varies patient-to-patient and as a function of disease state. This study investigates how the progression of acute systemic inflammatory disease influences NP corona compositions and the corresponding effects on innate immune cell interactions, phenotypes, and cytokine responses. NP coronas alter cell associations in a disease-dependent manner, induce differential co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecule expression, and influence cytokine release. Integrated multi-omics analysis of proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, and cytokine datasets highlight a set of differentially enriched TLR4 ligands that correlate with dynamic NP corona-mediated immune activation. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic knockout studies validate that NP coronas mediate this response through TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. Our findings illuminate the personalized nature of corona formation under a dynamic inflammatory condition and its impact on NP-mediated immune activation profiles and inflammation, suggesting that disease progression-related alterations in plasma composition can manifest in the corona to cause unintended toxicity and altered therapeutic efficacy.

Abstract Background Studies of the world health organization indicated that Diabetes is on the rise. The occurrence of diabetes is steadily increasing everywhere, most markedly in the world’s middle and low-income countries. The aim of this study is to explore the consequence of war on the sugar level of diabetic mellitus patients. Methods A retrospective longitudinal study with a sample of 67 diabetic mellitus patients was used. As a result, longitudinal different models, which are generalized linear mixed effects and nonlinear mixed effect models were fitted on the continuous response variable, the Sugar Level of the diabetic patients. Results The results depicted that Blood Sugar Level of the patients increases over time. Moreover, as age, weight, medication, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), creatinine and linear time effect increase, Blood Sugar Level increases significantly, whereas triglyceride and low density lipoprotein increase, Blood Sugar Level of the adult Diabetes mellitus patients decreases. Conclusion The war has significant effect on the poor control of blood glucose level of the adult diabetic patients in Tigray region, Ethiopia. Due to the war, siege or blockages, in return there were rare of medicine, the patients were not taking their medicines on time, and they did not get enough insulin as well.

Abstract Background Worldwide, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has grown to represent a serious threat to the diagnosis, management, and prevention of bacterial diseases. Due to their multidrug resistance attributes, the WHO has classified extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE)-associated infections as infections of critical significance, posing a serious risk to human health. Thus, the goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the pooled prevalence of ESBL-PE and AMR among strains causing clinical infections in Africa. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, two investigators independently made an electronic search in Google Scholar and PubMed databases using related keywords and corresponding “MeSH.” terms for the PubMed. The accessed studies were screened, assessed for eligibility, and critically evaluated as per the PRISMA guidelines. The prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for ESBL-PE in Africa were evaluated using a random-effects model of a meta-analysis. As a visual and statistical way assessment, the funnel plot and Egger's test were utilized to assess the risk of bias or publication bias, with a statistically significant level of bias being determined at p

Abstract Soybean, one of the most important oil seed crops known for its high-quality oil and protein content, is widely grown and consumed worldwide. However, the crop is severely affected by various biotic and abiotic factors, of which diseases are by far the most important, resulting in significant yield losses each year. The major diseases affecting soybean production include soybean rust, soybean mosaic virus, anthracnose, charcoal rot, Sclerotinia stem rot (white mold), seedling diseases, sudden death syndrome, frogeye leaf spot, and Stem canker. Development of soybean varieties resistant to these diseases using modern biotechnology techniques is a viable option to increase genetic potential and boost soybean production. This paper, hence, aims to explore the application of functional genomics in improving resistance to various diseases in soybean. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the progress made in improving soybean resistance to major diseases by using the various approaches of modern biotechnological tools such as molecular markers, QTL/gene mapping, omics technology, freely available online databases, genome editing, genetic modification, and marker-assisted breeding. This review also highlights future directions that may be important for genomics-based research programs to improve disease resistance in soybean while increasing production.

Introduction: Pain management is crucial for improving patients' quality of care. Persistent pain has been linked to higher depression, anxiety, and work-related difficulties. This study aimed to enhance the time to pain relief in the emergency department through triage nurse-initiated analgesia. It evaluated the impact of nurse-led analgesia on patient satisfaction compared to standard pain management at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital and Kidus Paulos Specialized Hospital. Additionally, it compared the time to analgesia between the two hospitals and assessed the effect of nurse-led analgesia on reducing the length of stay for patients with pain. Methods: Using a quasi-experimental design, the study included an intervention group and a control group. Data was collected using an open data kit, and after ensuring data completeness, it was exported to SPSS and Excel for analysis. To assess the effectiveness of the intervention, the time to analgesia was compared between the intervention and control groups using an independent samples t-test. This statistical test allowed for a comparison of the mean time to analgesia between the two groups.Patient satisfaction scores were also compared between the intervention and control groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. Kaplan-Meier curves were employed to compare the time to analgesia between the intervention and control groups within both settings. A point bi-serial correlation analysis was performed to examine the association between the length of stay and the intervention of nurse-led analgesia in both hospital settings. Result and discussion: The study enrolled 179 participants, with a median age of 34 years (range: 9–80) and 67% female. The most common events leading to pain were medical conditions (21%), followed by trauma/quarrel/war, fall accidents, and underlying diseases (15%, 13%, and 13%, respectively). There was a significant correlation between the degree of pain on arrival and time to analgesia. Additionally, a significant correlation (p < 0.01) was found between time to analgesia and patient satisfaction. Conclusion and recommendation: Implementing a nurse-led analgesia protocol in the emergency department is crucial for reducing time to analgesia and improving patient satisfaction. It is recommended to scale up this approach to other healthcare facilities by incorporating it into the nursing practice guidelines of the country.

ABSTRACT Background Globally, infectious diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria are the leading causes of death for children under 5. Diarrheal disease is a significant public health concern and causes the death of approximately 525,000 children under the age of 5 every year. In Ethiopia, studies revealed that the prevalence of diarrhea among children under 5 years is alarming. However, there has been a shortage of studies regarding the predictors of diarrheal disease in Geshiyaro project implementation sites in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to fill this gap. Methods A community‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted from June to July 2023. A total of 2937 participants were enrolled in this investigation. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using STATA version 16. Results The 2‐week prevalence of diarrhea among children under 5 years was 11.8%. The following factors were significantly associated (p

Abstract The Arabian Gulf (AG) exports hypersaline, dense waters into the Sea of Oman (SOO), replaced by fresher inflowing surface waters from the Indian Ocean. We investigate the impact of recent AG warming on its exchange with the SOO and the implications this has on the AG biogeochemistry. Using an eddy‐resolving hindcast model simulation, we analyze the hydrography and biogeochemistry of the AG and the SOO from 1980 to 2018. Our study reveals that changes in summer surface winds have accelerated AG warming and weakened it in the SOO, reducing the density gradient and water exchange between the two seas during late summer. This has led to nutrient buildup, increased productivity, and heightened deoxygenation and acidification in the AG. These findings underscore how subtle wind changes can exacerbate the vulnerability of marginal seas to climate change and stress the need to properly represent regional winds in global climate models.

Background: Smartphone use has become widespread and continues to grow rapidly. Medical students, already highly susceptible to sleep deprivation, may experience exacerbated issues due to smartphone usage, particularly at bedtime. Therefore, understanding the potential negative impacts of this behavior is crucial. This study aims to assess the prevalence and risk factors of sleep quality among medical students bed time smart phone users in Ethiopia. Subject and methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was employed, involving 354 undergraduate medical students selected through simple random sampling from Debre Marko's University, the University of Gondar, and Debre Berhan University. Data were collected using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and structured interviews. Variables with a p-value of ≤0.2 in bivariable regression were included in multivariable logistic regression. Crude odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios were calculated, while chi-square tests were used to assess assumptions. In multivariable regression, variables with a p-value of ≤0.05 were deemed significant predictors at the 95 % confidence interval. Result: The results showed that among bedtime smartphone users, 67.52 % had a poor sleep quality index greater than 5. Poor sleep quality was significantly linked to factors such as sex, regular coffee consumption, the purpose of smartphone use, phone position during use, the duration of smartphone use, and a history of disease. Social media usage was the most common activity, accounting for 41.60 % of smartphone use, followed by watching videos (21.65 %). Conclusion: This study highlights the detrimental effects of bedtime smartphone use on sleep quality, which subsequently impacts mental. Given these findings, it is strongly recommended that medical students reduce their smartphone use before bedtime to improve their sleep quality.

ABSTRACTCOVID-19 vaccine acceptance is crucial for patients with chronic diseases, but previous studies in Ethiopia have yielded inconsistent and inconclusive findings. To fill this gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following established guidelines. Our search included relevant articles published between 2019 and 2023 from various sources. We assessed study heterogeneity and publication bias, and performed subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Our findings indicate that the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rate among patients with chronic diseases in Ethiopia was 55.4%. We also found that good knowledge and a favorable attitude toward the vaccine were positively associated with the acceptance rate. Based on these results, we recommend that healthcare professionals, policymakers, and healthcare guide developers should work more to address the relatively low acceptance rate. Improving the knowledge and attitude further about the COVID-19 vaccines is crucial. Future research should include community-based and qualitative studies to enhance our understanding of vaccines acceptance.

Perpetration of peer-targeted and dating aggression tends to co-occur in adolescence. However, few studies have examined relations among distinct forms of peer-targeted (physical, relational, cyber) and dating (physical, psychological, cyber) aggression. The purpose of this study was to explore the extent to which youth were distinguishable based on the form of aggression they perpetrated (physical, relational or psychological, or cyber) or by the relational context of the perpetration (dating partners or peers). Participants were 185 ninth-grade students (M[subscript age] = 14.3 years, SD = 0.56) in the southeastern United States who participated in surveys collected in the fall of 2019 and were currently dating. The sample was predominantly African American (92%) and was evenly divided by gender (52% female). Three profiles emerged through latent profile analysis: (1) low frequency aggression (84.6%); (2) high frequency peer-targeted aggression (8.9%); and (3) high frequency dating aggression (6.5%). Youth are distinguishable by the relationship contexts in which they perpetrate aggression rather than by forms of aggression. This suggests that youth may selectively choose to use aggression in specific contexts and do not always generalize aggression to other relationship contexts. Prevention and intervention efforts should address the relational contexts of aggression perpetration.

Abstract Aging is a multifaceted process impacting cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of the body. Like other systems, aging affects both the adaptive and the innate components of the immune system, a phenomenon known as immunosenescence. The deregulation of the immune system puts elderly individuals at higher risk of infection, lower response to vaccines, and increased incidence of cancer. In the Western world, overnutrition has increased the incidence of obesity (linked with chronic inflammation) which increases the risk of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Aging is also associated with inflammaging a sterile chronic inflammation that predisposes individuals to age‐associated disease. Genetic manipulation of the nutrient‐sensing pathway, fasting, and calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to increase the lifespan of model organisms. As well in humans, fasting and CR have also been shown to improve different health parameters. Yet the direct effect of fasting and CR on the aging immune system needs to be further explored. Identifying the effect of fasting and CR on the immune system and how it modulates different parameters of immunosenescence could be important in designing pharmacological or nutritional interventions that slow or revert immunosenescence and strengthen the immune system of elderly individuals. Furthermore, clinical intervention can also be planned, by incorporating fasting or CR with medication, chemotherapy, and vaccination regimes. This review discusses age‐associated changes in the immune system and how these changes are modified by fasting and CR which add information on interventions that promote healthy aging and longevity in the growing aging population.