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1. VectorBase: improvements to a bioinformatics resource for invertebrate vector genomics.

Author

Megy, Karine, Emrich, Scott J, Lawson, Daniel, Campbell, David, Dialynas, Emmanuel, Hughes, Daniel ST, Koscielny, Gautier, Louis, Christos, Maccallum, Robert M, Redmond, Seth N, Sheehan, Andrew, Topalis, Pantelis, Wilson, Derek, and VectorBase Consortium

Subjects
VectorBase Consortium, Animals, Ixodes, Culicidae, Tsetse Flies, Rhodnius, Pediculus, Genomics, Insect Vectors, Insecticide Resistance, Databases, Genetic, Genome, Insect, Genetic Variation, Databases, Genetic, Genome, Insect, Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, Information and Computing Sciences, Developmental Biology
Abstract

VectorBase (http://www.vectorbase.org) is a NIAID-supported bioinformatics resource for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens. It hosts data for nine genomes: mosquitoes (three Anopheles gambiae genomes, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus), tick (Ixodes scapularis), body louse (Pediculus humanus), kissing bug (Rhodnius prolixus) and tsetse fly (Glossina morsitans). Hosted data range from genomic features and expression data to population genetics and ontologies. We describe improvements and integration of new data that expand our taxonomic coverage. Releases are bi-monthly and include the delivery of preliminary data for emerging genomes. Frequent updates of the genome browser provide VectorBase users with increasing options for visualizing their own high-throughput data. One major development is a new population biology resource for storing genomic variations, insecticide resistance data and their associated metadata. It takes advantage of improved ontologies and controlled vocabularies. Combined, these new features ensure timely release of multiple types of data in the public domain while helping overcome the bottlenecks of bioinformatics and annotation by engaging with our user community.

Published
2012

3. Genome of Rhodnius prolixus, an insect vector of Chagas disease, reveals unique adaptations to hematophagy and parasite infection

Author

Mesquita, Rafael D., Vionette-Amaral, Raquel J., Lowenberger, Carl, Rivera-Pomar, Rolando, Monteiro, Fernando A., Minx, Patrick, Spieth, John, Carvalho, A. Bernardo, Panzera, Francisco, Lawson, Daniel, Torres, André Q., Ribeiro, Jose M. C., Sorgine, Marcos H. F., Waterhouse, Robert M., Montague, Michael J., Abad-Franch, Fernando, Alves-Bezerra, Michele, Amaral, Laurence R., Araujo, Helena M., Araujo, Ricardo N., Aravind, L., Atella, Georgia C., Azambuja, Patricia, Berni, Mateus, Bittencourt-Cunha, Paula R., Braz, Gloria R. C., Calderón-Fernández, Gustavo, Carareto, Claudia M. A., Christensen, Mikkel B., Costa, Igor R., Costa, Samara G., Dansa, Marilvia, Daumas-Filho, Carlos R. O., De-Paula, Iron F., Dias, Felipe A., Dimopoulos, George, Emrich, Scott J., Esponda-Behrens, Natalia, Fampa, Patricia, Fernandez-Medina, Rita D., da Fonseca, Rodrigo N., Fontenele, Marcio, Fronick, Catrina, Fulton, Lucinda A., Gandara, Ana Caroline, Garcia, Eloi S., Genta, Fernando A., Giraldo-Calderón, Gloria I., Gomes, Bruno, Gondim, Katia C., Granzotto, Adriana, Guarneri, Alessandra A., Guigó, Roderic, Harry, Myriam, Hughes, Daniel S. T., Jablonka, Willy, Jacquin-Joly, Emmanuelle, Juárez, M. Patricia, Koerich, Leonardo B., Lange, Angela B., Latorre-Estivalis, José Manuel, Lavore, Andrés, Lawrence, Gena G., Lazoski, Cristiano, Lazzari, Claudio R., Lopes, Raphael R., Lorenzo, Marcelo G., Lugon, Magda D., Majerowicz, David, Marcet, Paula L., Mariotti, Marco, Masuda, Hatisaburo, Megy, Karine, Melo, Ana C. A., Missirlis, Fanis, Mota, Theo, Noriega, Fernando G., Nouzova, Marcela, Nunes, Rodrigo D., Oliveira, Raquel L. L., Oliveira-Silveira, Gilbert, Ons, Sheila, Orchard, Ian, Pagola, Lucia, Paiva-Silva, Gabriela O., Pascual, Agustina, Pavan, Marcio G., Pedrini, Nicolás, Peixoto, Alexandre A., Pereira, Marcos H., Pike, Andrew, Polycarpo, Carla, Prosdocimi, Francisco, Ribeiro-Rodrigues, Rodrigo, Robertson, Hugh M., Salerno, Ana Paula, Salmon, Didier, Santesmasses, Didac, Schama, Renata, Seabra-Junior, Eloy S., Silva-Cardoso, Livia, Silva-Neto, Mario A. C., Souza-Gomes, Matheus, Sterkel, Marcos, Taracena, Mabel L., Tojo, Marta, Tu, Zhijian Jake, Tubio, Jose M. C., Ursic-Bedoya, Raul, Venancio, Thiago M., Walter-Nuno, Ana Beatriz, Wilson, Derek, Warren, Wesley C., Wilson, Richard K., Huebner, Erwin, Dotson, Ellen M., and Oliveira, Pedro L.

Published
2015

4. Sequencing of Culex quinquefasciatus Establishes a Platform for Mosquito Comparative Genomics

Author

Arensburger, Peter, Megy, Karine, Waterhouse, Robert M., Abrudan, Jenica, Amedeo, Paolo, Antelo, Beatriz, Bartholomay, Lyric, Bidwell, Shelby, Caler, Elisabet, Camara, Francisco, Campbell, Corey L., Campbell, Kathryn S., Casola, Claudio, Castro, Marta T., Chandramouliswaran, Ishwar, Chapman, Sinéad B., Christley, Scott, Costas, Javier, Eisenstadt, Eric, Feschotte, Cedric, Fraser-Liggett, Claire, Guigo, Roderic, Haas, Brian, Hammond, Martin, Hansson, Bill S., Hemingway, Janet, Hill, Sharon R., Howarth, Clint, Ignell, Rickard, Kennedy, Ryan C., Kodira, Chinnappa D., Lobo, Neil F., Mao, Chunhong, Mayhew, George, Michel, Kristin, Mori, Akio, Liu, Nannan, Naveira, Horado, Nene, Vishvanath, Nguyen, Nam, Pearson, Matthew D., Pritham, Ellen J., Puiu, Daniela, Qi, Yumin, Ranson, Hilary, Ribeiro, Jose M. C., Roberston, Hugh M., Severson, David W., Shumway, Martin, Stanke, Mario, Strausberg, Robert L., Sun, Cheng, Sutton, Granger, Tubio, Jose Manuel C., Unger, Maria F., Vanlandingham, Dana L., Vilella, Albert J., White, Owen, White, Jared R., Wondji, Charles S., Wortman, Jennifer, Zdobnov, Evgeny M., Birren, Bruce, Christensen, Bruce M., Collins, Frank H., Cornel, Anthony, Dimopoulos, George, Hannick, Linda I., Higgs, Stephen, Lanzaro, Gregory C., Lawson, Daniel, Lee, Norman H., Muskavitch, Marc A. T., Raikhel, Alexander S., and Atkinson, Peter W.

Published
2010

5. Pathogenomics of Culex quinquefasciatus and Meta-Analysis of Infection Responses to Diverse Pathogens

Author

Bartholomay, Lyric C., Waterhouse, Robert M., Mayhew, George F., Campbell, Corey L., Michel, Kristin, Zou, Zhen, Ramirez, Jose L., Das, Suchismita, Alvarez, Kanwal, Arensburger, Peter, Bryant, Bart, Chapman, Sinead B., Dong, Yuemei, Erickson, Sara M., Karunaratne, S. H. P. Parakrama, Kokoza, Vladimir, Kodira, Chinnappa D., Pignatelli, Patricia, Shin, Sang Woon, Vanlandingham, Dana L., Atkinson, Peter W., Birren, Bruce, Christophides, George K., Clem, Rollie J., Hemingway, Janet, Higgs, Stephen, Megy, Karine, Ranson, Hilary, Zdobnov, Evgeny M., Raikhel, Alexander S., Christensen, Bruce M., Dimopoulos, George, and Muskavitch, Marc A. T.

Published
2010

6. Expression Atlas update—a database of gene and transcript expression from microarray- and sequencing-based functional genomics experiments

Author

Petryszak, Robert, Burdett, Tony, Fiorelli, Benedetto, Fonseca, Nuno A., Gonzalez-Porta, Mar, Hastings, Emma, Huber, Wolfgang, Jupp, Simon, Keays, Maria, Kryvych, Nataliya, McMurry, Julie, Marioni, John C., Malone, James, Megy, Karine, Rustici, Gabriella, Tang, Amy Y., Taubert, Jan, Williams, Eleanor, Mannion, Oliver, Parkinson, Helen E., and Brazma, Alvis

Published
2014
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7. Ensembl Genomes: an integrative resource for genome-scale data from non-vertebrate species

Author

Kersey, Paul J., Staines, Daniel M., Lawson, Daniel, Kulesha, Eugene, Derwent, Paul, Humphrey, Jay C., Hughes, Daniel S. T., Keenan, Stephan, Kerhornou, Arnaud, Koscielny, Gautier, Langridge, Nicholas, McDowall, Mark D., Megy, Karine, Maheswari, Uma, Nuhn, Michael, Paulini, Michael, Pedro, Helder, Toneva, Iliana, Wilson, Derek, Yates, Andrew, and Birney, Ewan

Published
2012
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8. Ensembl’s 10th year

Author

Flicek, Paul, Aken, Bronwen L., Ballester, Benoit, Beal, Kathryn, Bragin, Eugene, Brent, Simon, Chen, Yuan, Clapham, Peter, Coates, Guy, Fairley, Susan, Fitzgerald, Stephen, Fernandez-Banet, Julio, Gordon, Leo, Gräf, Stefan, Haider, Syed, Hammond, Martin, Howe, Kerstin, Jenkinson, Andrew, Johnson, Nathan, Kähäri, Andreas, Keefe, Damian, Keenan, Stephen, Kinsella, Rhoda, Kokocinski, Felix, Koscielny, Gautier, Kulesha, Eugene, Lawson, Daniel, Longden, Ian, Massingham, Tim, McLaren, William, Megy, Karine, Overduin, Bert, Pritchard, Bethan, Rios, Daniel, Ruffier, Magali, Schuster, Michael, Slater, Guy, Smedley, Damian, Spudich, Giulietta, Tang, Y. Amy, Trevanion, Stephen, Vilella, Albert, Vogel, Jan, White, Simon, Wilder, Steven P., Zadissa, Amonida, Birney, Ewan, Cunningham, Fiona, Dunham, Ian, Durbin, Richard, Fernández-Suarez, Xosé M., Herrero, Javier, Hubbard, Tim J., Parker, Anne, Proctor, Glenn, Smith, James, and Searle, Stephen M.

Published
2010
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9. VectorBase: a data resource for invertebrate vector genomics

Author

Lawson, Daniel, Arensburger, Peter, Atkinson, Peter, Besansky, Nora J., Bruggner, Robert V., Butler, Ryan, Campbell, Kathryn S., Christophides, George K., Christley, Scott, Dialynas, Emmanuel, Hammond, Martin, Hill, Catherine A., Konopinski, Nathan, Lobo, Neil F., MacCallum, Robert M., Madey, Greg, Megy, Karine, Meyer, Jason, Redmond, Seth, Severson, David W., Stinson, Eric O., Topalis, Pantelis, Birney, Ewan, Gelbart, William M., Kafatos, Fotis C., Louis, Christos, and Collins, Frank H.

Published
2009

10. VectorBase: a home for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens

Author

Lawson, Daniel, Arensburger, Peter, Atkinson, Peter, Besansky, Nora J., Bruggner, Robert V., Butler, Ryan, Campbell, Kathryn S., Christophides, George K., Christley, Scott, Dialynas, Emmanuel, Emmert, David, Hammond, Martin, Hill, Catherine A., Kennedy, Ryan C., Lobo, Neil F., MacCallum, M. Robert, Madey, Greg, Megy, Karine, Redmond, Seth, Russo, Susan, Severson, David W., Stinson, Eric O., Topalis, Pantelis, Zdobnov, Evgeny M., Birney, Ewan, Gelbart, William M., Kafatos, Fotis C., Louis, Christos, and Collins, Frank H.

Published
2007

11. Pathogenomics of Culex quinquefasciatus and meta-analysis of infection responses to diverse pathogens

Author

Barthotomay, Lyric C., Waterhouse, Robert M., Mayhew, George F., Campbell, Corey L., Michel, Kristin, Zou, Zhen, Ramirez, Jose L., Das, Suchismita, Alvarez, Kanwal, Arensburger, Peter, Bryant, Bart, Chapman, Sinead B., Dong, Yuemei, Erickson, Sara M., Karunaratne, S.H.P. Parakrama, Kokoza, Vladimir, Kodira, Chinnappa D., Pignatelli, Patricia, Shin, Sang Woon, Vanlandingham, Dana L., Atkinson, Peter W., Birren, Bruce, Christophides, George K., Clem, Rollie J., Hemingway, Janet, Higgs, Stephen, Megy, Karine, Ranson, Hilary, Zdobnov, Evgeny M., Raikhel, Alexander S., Christensen, Bruce M., Dimopoulos, George, and Muskavitch, Marc A.T.

Subjects
Pathogenic microorganisms -- Genetic aspects, Mosquitoes -- Genetic aspects, Genomics -- Research, West Nile fever -- Development and progression, West Nile fever -- Genetic aspects, Science and technology
Abstract

The mosquito Culex quinquefsciatus poses a substantial threat to human and veterinary health as a primary vector of West Nile virus (WNV), the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti, and an avian malaria parasite. Comparative phylogenomics revealed an expanded canonical C. quinquefasciatus immune gene repertoire compared with those of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae. Transcriptomic analysis of C. quinquefasciatus genes responsive to WNV, W. bancrofti, and non-native bacteria facilitated an unprecedented meta-analysis of 25 vector-pathogen interactions involving arboviruses, filarial worms, bacteria, and malaria parasites, revealing common and distinct responses to these pathogen types in three mosquito genera. Our findings provide support for the hypothesis that mosquito-borne pathogens have evolved to evade innate immune responses in three vector mosquito species of major medical importance. 10.1126/science.1193162

Published
2010
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14. Erratum to :'Genome of Rhodnius prolixus, an insect vector of Chagas disease, reveals unique adaptations to hematophagy and parasite infection' (vol 112, pg 14936, 2015)

Author

Lowenberger, Carl, Rivera Pomar, Rolando, Monteiro, Fernando A., Minx, Patrick, Spieth, John, Bernardo Carvalho, A., Panzera, Francisco, Lawson, Daniel, Torres, Andre Q., Ribeiro, Jose M. C., Sorgine, Marcos H. F., Waterhouse, Robert M., Montague, Michael J., Abad Franch, Fernando, Alves Bezerra, Michele, Amaral, Laurence R., Araujo, Helena M., Araujo, Ricardo N., Aravind, L., Atella, Georgia C., Azambuja, Patricia, Berni, Mateus, Bittencourt Cunha, Paula R., Braz, Gloria R. C., Calderon Fernandez, Gustavo, Carareto, Claudia M. A., Christensen, Mikkel B., Costa, Igor R., Costa, Samara G., Dansa, Marilvia, Daumas Filho, Carlos R. O., De Paula, Iron F., Dias, Felipe A., Dimopoulos, George, Emrich, Scott J., Esponda Behrens, Natalia, Fampa, Patricia, Fernandez Medina, Rita D., da Fonseca, Rodrigo N., Fontenele, Marcio, Fronick, Catrina, Fulton, Lucinda A., Gandara, Ana Caroline, Garcia, Eloi S., Genta, Fernando A., Giraldo Calderón, Gloria I., Gomes, Bruno, Gondim, Katia C., Granzotto, Adriana, Guarneri, Alessandra A., Guigó, Roderic, Harry, Myriam, Hughes, Daniel S. T., Jablonka, Willy, Jacquin Joly, Emmanuelle, Patricia Juarez, M., Koerich, Leonardo B., Latorre Estivalis, Jose Manuel, Lavore, Andrés, Lawrence, Gena G., Lazoski, Cristiano, Lazzari, Claudio R., Lopes, Raphael R., Lorenzo, Marcelo G., Lugon, Magda D., Majerowicz, David, Marcet, Paula L., Mariotti, Marco, Masuda, Hatisaburo, Megy, Karine, Melo, Ana C.A., Missirlis, Fanis, Mota, Theo, Noriega, Fernando G., Nouzova, Marcela, Nunes, Rodrigo D., Oliveira, Raquel L.L., Oliveira Silveira, Gilbert, Ons, Sheila, Pagola, Lucia, Paiva Silva, Gabriela O., Pascual, Agustina, Pavan, Marcio G., Pedrini, Nicolas, Peixoto, Alexandre A., Pereira, Marcos H., Pike, Andrew, Polycarpo, Carla, Prosdocimi, Francisco, Ribeiro Rodrigues, Rodrigo, Robertson, Hugh M., Salerno, Ana Paula, Salmon, Didier, Santesmasses, Didac, Schama, Renata, Seabra Junior, Eloy S., Silva Cardoso, Livia, Mesquita, Rafael D., and Vionette Amaral, Raquel J.

Subjects
rhodnius prolixus, Rhodnius prolixus, genome, hematophagy, immunity, Chagas disease, maladie de chagas
Abstract

Rhodnius prolixus not only has served as a model organism for the study of insect physiology, but also is a major vector of Chagas disease, an illness that affects approximately seven million people worldwide. We sequenced the genome of R. prolixus, generated assembled sequences covering 95% of the genome (similar to 702 Mb), including 15,456 putative protein-coding genes, and completed comprehensive genomic analyses of this obligate blood-feeding insect. Although immune-deficiency (IMD)-mediated immune responses were observed, R. prolixus putatively lacks key components of the IMD pathway, suggesting a reorganization of the canonical immune signaling network. Although both Toll and IMD effectors controlled intestinal microbiota, neither affected Trypanosoma cruzi, the causal agent of Chagas disease, implying the existence of evasion or tolerance mechanisms. R. prolixus has experienced an extensive loss of selenoprotein genes, with its repertoire reduced to only two proteins, one of which is a selenocysteine-based glutathione peroxidase, the first found in insects. The genome contained actively transcribed, horizontally transferred genes from Wolbachia sp., which showed evidence of codon use evolution toward the insect use pattern. Comparative protein analyses revealed many lineage-specific expansions and putative gene absences in R. prolixus, including tandem expansions of genes related to chemoreception, feeding, and digestion that possibly contributed to the evolution of a blood-feeding lifestyle. The genome assembly and these associated analyses provide critical information on the physiology and evolution of this important vector species and should be instrumental for the development of innovative disease control methods.

Published
2016

15. Genomic insights into the Ixodes scapularis tick vector of Lyme disease

Author

Gulia-Nuss, Monika, Nuss, Andrew B., Meyer, Jason M., Sonenshine, Daniel E., Roe, R. Michael, Waterhouse, Robert M., Sattelle, David B., de la Fuente, Jose, Ribeiro, Jose M., Megy, Karine, Thimmapuram, Jyothi, Miller, Jason R., Walenz, Brian P., Koren, Sergey, Hostetler, Jessica B., Thiagarajan, Mathangi, Joardar, Vinita S., Hannick, Linda I., Bidwell, Shelby, Hammond, Martin P., Young, Sarah, Zeng, Qiandong, Abrudan, Jenica L., Almeida, Francisca C., Ayllon, Nieves, Bhide, Ketaki, Bissinger, Brooke W., Bonzon-Kulichenko, Elena, Buckingham, Steven D., Caffrey, Daniel R., Caimano, Melissa J., Croset, Vincent, Driscoll, Timothy, Gilbert, Don, Gillespie, Joseph J., Giraldo-Calderon, Gloria I., Grabowski, Jeffrey M., Jiang, David, Khalil, Sayed M. S., Kim, Donghun, Kocan, Katherine M., Koci, Juraj, Kuhn, Richard J., Kurtti, Timothy J., Lees, Kristin, Lang, Emma G., Kennedy, Ryan C., Kwon, Hyeogsun, Perera, Rushika, Qi, Yumin, Radolf, Justin D., Sakamoto, Joyce M., Sanchez-Gracia, Alejandro, Severo, Maiara S., Silverman, Neal, Simo, Ladislav, Tojo, Marta, Tornador, Cristian, Van Zee, Janice P., Vazquez, Jesus, Vieira, Filipe G., Villar, Margarita, Wespiser, Adam R., Yang, Yunlong, Zhu, Jiwei, Arensburger, Peter, Pietrantonio, Patricia V., Barker, Stephen C., Shao, Renfu, Zdobnov, Evgeny M., Hauser, Frank, Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J. P., Park, Yoonseong, Rozas, Julio, Benton, Richard, Pedra, Joao H. F., Nelson, David R., Unger, Maria F., Tubio, Jose M. C., Tu, Zhijian Jake, Robertson, Hugh M., Shumway, Martin, Sutton, Granger, Wortman, Jennifer R., Lawson, Daniel, Wikel, Stephen K., Nene, Vishvanath M., Fraser, Claire M., Collins, Frank H., Birren, Bruce, Nelson, Karen E., Caler, Elisabet, Hill, Catherine A., Gulia-Nuss, Monika, Nuss, Andrew B., Meyer, Jason M., Sonenshine, Daniel E., Roe, R. Michael, Waterhouse, Robert M., Sattelle, David B., de la Fuente, Jose, Ribeiro, Jose M., Megy, Karine, Thimmapuram, Jyothi, Miller, Jason R., Walenz, Brian P., Koren, Sergey, Hostetler, Jessica B., Thiagarajan, Mathangi, Joardar, Vinita S., Hannick, Linda I., Bidwell, Shelby, Hammond, Martin P., Young, Sarah, Zeng, Qiandong, Abrudan, Jenica L., Almeida, Francisca C., Ayllon, Nieves, Bhide, Ketaki, Bissinger, Brooke W., Bonzon-Kulichenko, Elena, Buckingham, Steven D., Caffrey, Daniel R., Caimano, Melissa J., Croset, Vincent, Driscoll, Timothy, Gilbert, Don, Gillespie, Joseph J., Giraldo-Calderon, Gloria I., Grabowski, Jeffrey M., Jiang, David, Khalil, Sayed M. S., Kim, Donghun, Kocan, Katherine M., Koci, Juraj, Kuhn, Richard J., Kurtti, Timothy J., Lees, Kristin, Lang, Emma G., Kennedy, Ryan C., Kwon, Hyeogsun, Perera, Rushika, Qi, Yumin, Radolf, Justin D., Sakamoto, Joyce M., Sanchez-Gracia, Alejandro, Severo, Maiara S., Silverman, Neal, Simo, Ladislav, Tojo, Marta, Tornador, Cristian, Van Zee, Janice P., Vazquez, Jesus, Vieira, Filipe G., Villar, Margarita, Wespiser, Adam R., Yang, Yunlong, Zhu, Jiwei, Arensburger, Peter, Pietrantonio, Patricia V., Barker, Stephen C., Shao, Renfu, Zdobnov, Evgeny M., Hauser, Frank, Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J. P., Park, Yoonseong, Rozas, Julio, Benton, Richard, Pedra, Joao H. F., Nelson, David R., Unger, Maria F., Tubio, Jose M. C., Tu, Zhijian Jake, Robertson, Hugh M., Shumway, Martin, Sutton, Granger, Wortman, Jennifer R., Lawson, Daniel, Wikel, Stephen K., Nene, Vishvanath M., Fraser, Claire M., Collins, Frank H., Birren, Bruce, Nelson, Karen E., Caler, Elisabet, and Hill, Catherine A.

Abstract

Ticks transmit more pathogens to humans and animals than any other arthropod. We describe the 2.1 Gbp nuclear genome of the tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), which vectors pathogens that cause Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis and other diseases. The large genome reflects accumulation of repetitive DNA, new lineages of retro-transposons, and gene architecture patterns resembling ancient metazoans rather than pancrustaceans. Annotation of scaffolds representing similar to 57% of the genome, reveals 20,486 protein-coding genes and expansions of gene families associated with tick-host interactions. We report insights from genome analyses into parasitic processes unique to ticks, including host 'questing', prolonged feeding, cuticle synthesis, blood meal concentration, novel methods of haemoglobin digestion, haem detoxification, vitellogenesis and prolonged off-host survival. We identify proteins associated with the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging disease, and the encephalitis-causing Langat virus, and a population structure correlated to life-history traits and transmission of the Lyme disease agent.

Published
2016
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16. Genomic insights into the Ixodes scapularis tick vector of Lyme disease

Author

Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Gulia-Nuss, Monika, Nuss, Andrew B., Meyer, Jason M., Sonenshine, Daniel E., Roe, R. Michael, Waterhouse, Robert M., Sattelle, David B., de la Fuente, Jose, Ribeiro, Jose M., Megy, Karine, Thimmapuram, Jyothi, Miller, Jason R., Walenz, Brian P., Koren, Sergey, Hostetler, Jessica B., Thiagarajan, Mathangi, Joardar, Vinita S., Hannick, Linda I., Bidwell, Shelby, Hammond, Martin P., Young, Sarah, Zeng, Qiandong, Abrudan, Jenica L., Almeida, Francisca C., Ayllon, Nieves, Bhide, Ketaki, Bissinger, Brooke W., Bonzon-Kulichenko, Elena, Buckingham, Steven D., Caffrey, Daniel R., Caimano, Melissa J., Croset, Vincent, Driscoll, Timothy, Gilbert, Don, Gillespie, Joseph J., Giraldo-Calderon, Gloria I., Grabowski, Jeffrey M., Jiang, David, Khalil, Sayed M. S., Kim, Donghun, Kocan, Katherine M., Koci, Juraj, Kuhn, Richard J., Kurtti, Timothy J., Lees, Kristin, Lang, Emma G., Kennedy, Ryan C., Kwon, Hyeogsun, Perera, Rushika, Qi, Yumin, Radolf, Justin D., Sakamoto, Joyce M., Sanchez-Gracia, Alejandro, Severo, Maiara S., Silverman, Neal, Simo, Ladislav, Tojo, Marta, Tornador, Cristian, Van Zee, Janice P., Vazquez, Jesus, Vieira, Filipe G., Villar, Margarita, Wespiser, Adam R., Yang, Yunlong, Zhu, Jiwei, Arensburger, Peter, Pietrantonio, Patricia V., Barker, Stephen C., Shao, Renfu, Zdobnov, Evgeny M., Hauser, Frank, Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J. P., Park, Yoonseong, Rozas, Julio, Benton, Richard, Pedra, Joao H. F., Nelson, David R., Unger, Maria F., Tubio, Jose M. C., Tu, Zhijian Jake, Robertson, Hugh M., Shumway, Martin, Sutton, Granger, Wortman, Jennifer R., Lawson, Daniel, Wikel, Stephen K., Nene, Vishvanath M., Fraser, Claire M., Collins, Frank H., Birren, Bruce, Nelson, Karen E., Caler, Elisabet, Hill, Catherine A., Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Gulia-Nuss, Monika, Nuss, Andrew B., Meyer, Jason M., Sonenshine, Daniel E., Roe, R. Michael, Waterhouse, Robert M., Sattelle, David B., de la Fuente, Jose, Ribeiro, Jose M., Megy, Karine, Thimmapuram, Jyothi, Miller, Jason R., Walenz, Brian P., Koren, Sergey, Hostetler, Jessica B., Thiagarajan, Mathangi, Joardar, Vinita S., Hannick, Linda I., Bidwell, Shelby, Hammond, Martin P., Young, Sarah, Zeng, Qiandong, Abrudan, Jenica L., Almeida, Francisca C., Ayllon, Nieves, Bhide, Ketaki, Bissinger, Brooke W., Bonzon-Kulichenko, Elena, Buckingham, Steven D., Caffrey, Daniel R., Caimano, Melissa J., Croset, Vincent, Driscoll, Timothy, Gilbert, Don, Gillespie, Joseph J., Giraldo-Calderon, Gloria I., Grabowski, Jeffrey M., Jiang, David, Khalil, Sayed M. S., Kim, Donghun, Kocan, Katherine M., Koci, Juraj, Kuhn, Richard J., Kurtti, Timothy J., Lees, Kristin, Lang, Emma G., Kennedy, Ryan C., Kwon, Hyeogsun, Perera, Rushika, Qi, Yumin, Radolf, Justin D., Sakamoto, Joyce M., Sanchez-Gracia, Alejandro, Severo, Maiara S., Silverman, Neal, Simo, Ladislav, Tojo, Marta, Tornador, Cristian, Van Zee, Janice P., Vazquez, Jesus, Vieira, Filipe G., Villar, Margarita, Wespiser, Adam R., Yang, Yunlong, Zhu, Jiwei, Arensburger, Peter, Pietrantonio, Patricia V., Barker, Stephen C., Shao, Renfu, Zdobnov, Evgeny M., Hauser, Frank, Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J. P., Park, Yoonseong, Rozas, Julio, Benton, Richard, Pedra, Joao H. F., Nelson, David R., Unger, Maria F., Tubio, Jose M. C., Tu, Zhijian Jake, Robertson, Hugh M., Shumway, Martin, Sutton, Granger, Wortman, Jennifer R., Lawson, Daniel, Wikel, Stephen K., Nene, Vishvanath M., Fraser, Claire M., Collins, Frank H., Birren, Bruce, Nelson, Karen E., Caler, Elisabet, and Hill, Catherine A.

Abstract

Ticks transmit more pathogens to humans and animals than any other arthropod. We describe the 2.1 Gbp nuclear genome of the tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), which vectors pathogens that cause Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis and other diseases. The large genome reflects accumulation of repetitive DNA, new lineages of retro-transposons, and gene architecture patterns resembling ancient metazoans rather than pancrustaceans. Annotation of scaffolds representing similar to 57% of the genome, reveals 20,486 protein-coding genes and expansions of gene families associated with tick-host interactions. We report insights from genome analyses into parasitic processes unique to ticks, including host 'questing', prolonged feeding, cuticle synthesis, blood meal concentration, novel methods of haemoglobin digestion, haem detoxification, vitellogenesis and prolonged off-host survival. We identify proteins associated with the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging disease, and the encephalitis-causing Langat virus, and a population structure correlated to life-history traits and transmission of the Lyme disease agent.

Published
2016

17. Genomic insights into the Ixodes scapularis tick vector of Lyme disease

Author

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (US), National Institutes of Health (US), Department of Health and Human Services (US), Australian Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), National Science Foundation (US), Xunta de Galicia, European Commission, Department of Agriculture (US), Texas AgriLife Research, European Research Council, Swiss National Science Foundation, Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Lundbeck Foundation, Gulia-Nuss, Monika, Nuss, Andrew B., Meyer, Jason M., Sonenshine, Daniel E., Roe, R. Michael, Waterhouse, Robert M., Sattelle, David B., Fuente, José de la, Ribeiro, Jose M., Megy, Karine, Thimmapuram, Jyothi, Miller, Jason R., Walenz, Brian P., Koren, Sergey, Hostetler, Jessica B., Thiagarajan, Mathangi, Joardar, Vinita S., Hannick, Linda I., Bidwell, Shelby, Hammond, Martin P., Young, Sarah, Zeng, Qiandong, Abrudan, Jenica L., Almeida, Francisca C., Ayllón, Nieves, Bhide, Ketaki, Bissinger, Brooke W., Bonzón-Kulichenko, Elena, Buckingham, Steven D., Caffrey, Daniel R., Caimano, Melissa J., Croset, Vincent, Driscoll, Timothy, Gilbert, Don, Gillespie, Joseph J., Giraldo-Calderón, Gloria I., Grabowski, Jeffrey M., Jiang, David, Khalil, Sayed M .S., Kim, Donghun, Kocan, Katherine M., Koči, Juraj, Kuhn, Richard J., Kurtti, Timothy J., Lees, Kristin, Lang, Emma G., Kennedy, Ryan C., Kwon, Hyeogsun, Perera, Rushika, Qi, Yumin, Radolf, Justin D., Sakamoto, Joyce M., Sánchez-Gracia, Alejandro, Severo, Maiara S., Silverman, Neal, Šimo, Ladislav, Tojo, Marta, Tornador, Cristian, Van Zee, Janice P., Vázquez, Jesús, Vieira, Filipe G., Villar, Margarita, Wespiser, Adam R., Yang, Yunlong, Zhu, Jiwei, Arensburger, Peter, Pietrantonio, Patricia V., Barker, Stephen C., Shao, Renfu, Zdobnov, Evgeny M., Hauser, Frank, Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J. P., Park, Yoonseong, Rozas, Julio, Benton, Richard, Pedra, Joao H. F., Nelson, David R., Unger, Maria F., Tubio, Jose M. C., Tu, Zhijian, Robertson, Hugh M., Shumway, Martin, Sutton, Granger, Wortman, Jennifer R., Lawson, Daniel, Wikel, Stephen K., Nene, Vishvanath M., Fraser, Claire M., Collins, Frank H., Birren, Bruce, Nelson, Karen E., Caler, Elisabet, Hill, Catherine A., National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (US), National Institutes of Health (US), Department of Health and Human Services (US), Australian Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), National Science Foundation (US), Xunta de Galicia, European Commission, Department of Agriculture (US), Texas AgriLife Research, European Research Council, Swiss National Science Foundation, Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (Portugal), Lundbeck Foundation, Gulia-Nuss, Monika, Nuss, Andrew B., Meyer, Jason M., Sonenshine, Daniel E., Roe, R. Michael, Waterhouse, Robert M., Sattelle, David B., Fuente, José de la, Ribeiro, Jose M., Megy, Karine, Thimmapuram, Jyothi, Miller, Jason R., Walenz, Brian P., Koren, Sergey, Hostetler, Jessica B., Thiagarajan, Mathangi, Joardar, Vinita S., Hannick, Linda I., Bidwell, Shelby, Hammond, Martin P., Young, Sarah, Zeng, Qiandong, Abrudan, Jenica L., Almeida, Francisca C., Ayllón, Nieves, Bhide, Ketaki, Bissinger, Brooke W., Bonzón-Kulichenko, Elena, Buckingham, Steven D., Caffrey, Daniel R., Caimano, Melissa J., Croset, Vincent, Driscoll, Timothy, Gilbert, Don, Gillespie, Joseph J., Giraldo-Calderón, Gloria I., Grabowski, Jeffrey M., Jiang, David, Khalil, Sayed M .S., Kim, Donghun, Kocan, Katherine M., Koči, Juraj, Kuhn, Richard J., Kurtti, Timothy J., Lees, Kristin, Lang, Emma G., Kennedy, Ryan C., Kwon, Hyeogsun, Perera, Rushika, Qi, Yumin, Radolf, Justin D., Sakamoto, Joyce M., Sánchez-Gracia, Alejandro, Severo, Maiara S., Silverman, Neal, Šimo, Ladislav, Tojo, Marta, Tornador, Cristian, Van Zee, Janice P., Vázquez, Jesús, Vieira, Filipe G., Villar, Margarita, Wespiser, Adam R., Yang, Yunlong, Zhu, Jiwei, Arensburger, Peter, Pietrantonio, Patricia V., Barker, Stephen C., Shao, Renfu, Zdobnov, Evgeny M., Hauser, Frank, Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J. P., Park, Yoonseong, Rozas, Julio, Benton, Richard, Pedra, Joao H. F., Nelson, David R., Unger, Maria F., Tubio, Jose M. C., Tu, Zhijian, Robertson, Hugh M., Shumway, Martin, Sutton, Granger, Wortman, Jennifer R., Lawson, Daniel, Wikel, Stephen K., Nene, Vishvanath M., Fraser, Claire M., Collins, Frank H., Birren, Bruce, Nelson, Karen E., Caler, Elisabet, and Hill, Catherine A.

Abstract

Ticks transmit more pathogens to humans and animals than any other arthropod. We describe the 2.1 Gbp nuclear genome of the tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say), which vectors pathogens that cause Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, babesiosis and other diseases. The large genome reflects accumulation of repetitive DNA, new lineages of retro-transposons, and gene architecture patterns resembling ancient metazoans rather than pancrustaceans. Annotation of scaffolds representing ∼57% of the genome, reveals 20,486 protein-coding genes and expansions of gene families associated with tick–host interactions. We report insights from genome analyses into parasitic processes unique to ticks, including host ‘questing’, prolonged feeding, cuticle synthesis, blood meal concentration, novel methods of haemoglobin digestion, haem detoxification, vitellogenesis and prolonged off-host survival. We identify proteins associated with the agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging disease, and the encephalitis-causing Langat virus, and a population structure correlated to life-history traits and transmission of the Lyme disease agent.

Published
2016

18. Genomic insights into the Ixodes scapularis tick vector of Lyme disease

Author

Gulia-Nuss, Monika, primary, Nuss, Andrew B., additional, Meyer, Jason M., additional, Sonenshine, Daniel E., additional, Roe, R. Michael, additional, Waterhouse, Robert M., additional, Sattelle, David B., additional, de la Fuente, José, additional, Ribeiro, Jose M., additional, Megy, Karine, additional, Thimmapuram, Jyothi, additional, Miller, Jason R., additional, Walenz, Brian P., additional, Koren, Sergey, additional, Hostetler, Jessica B., additional, Thiagarajan, Mathangi, additional, Joardar, Vinita S., additional, Hannick, Linda I., additional, Bidwell, Shelby, additional, Hammond, Martin P., additional, Young, Sarah, additional, Zeng, Qiandong, additional, Abrudan, Jenica L., additional, Almeida, Francisca C., additional, Ayllón, Nieves, additional, Bhide, Ketaki, additional, Bissinger, Brooke W., additional, Bonzon-Kulichenko, Elena, additional, Buckingham, Steven D., additional, Caffrey, Daniel R., additional, Caimano, Melissa J., additional, Croset, Vincent, additional, Driscoll, Timothy, additional, Gilbert, Don, additional, Gillespie, Joseph J., additional, Giraldo-Calderón, Gloria I., additional, Grabowski, Jeffrey M., additional, Jiang, David, additional, Khalil, Sayed M. S., additional, Kim, Donghun, additional, Kocan, Katherine M., additional, Koči, Juraj, additional, Kuhn, Richard J., additional, Kurtti, Timothy J., additional, Lees, Kristin, additional, Lang, Emma G., additional, Kennedy, Ryan C., additional, Kwon, Hyeogsun, additional, Perera, Rushika, additional, Qi, Yumin, additional, Radolf, Justin D., additional, Sakamoto, Joyce M., additional, Sánchez-Gracia, Alejandro, additional, Severo, Maiara S., additional, Silverman, Neal, additional, Šimo, Ladislav, additional, Tojo, Marta, additional, Tornador, Cristian, additional, Van Zee, Janice P., additional, Vázquez, Jesús, additional, Vieira, Filipe G., additional, Villar, Margarita, additional, Wespiser, Adam R., additional, Yang, Yunlong, additional, Zhu, Jiwei, additional, Arensburger, Peter, additional, Pietrantonio, Patricia V., additional, Barker, Stephen C., additional, Shao, Renfu, additional, Zdobnov, Evgeny M., additional, Hauser, Frank, additional, Grimmelikhuijzen, Cornelis J. P., additional, Park, Yoonseong, additional, Rozas, Julio, additional, Benton, Richard, additional, Pedra, Joao H. F., additional, Nelson, David R., additional, Unger, Maria F., additional, Tubio, Jose M. C., additional, Tu, Zhijian, additional, Robertson, Hugh M., additional, Shumway, Martin, additional, Sutton, Granger, additional, Wortman, Jennifer R., additional, Lawson, Daniel, additional, Wikel, Stephen K., additional, Nene, Vishvanath M., additional, Fraser, Claire M., additional, Collins, Frank H., additional, Birren, Bruce, additional, Nelson, Karen E., additional, Caler, Elisabet, additional, and Hill, Catherine A., additional

Published
2016
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19. Expression Atlas update—an integrated database of gene and protein expression in humans, animals and plants

Author

Petryszak, Robert, primary, Keays, Maria, additional, Tang, Y. Amy, additional, Fonseca, Nuno A., additional, Barrera, Elisabet, additional, Burdett, Tony, additional, Füllgrabe, Anja, additional, Fuentes, Alfonso Muñoz-Pomer, additional, Jupp, Simon, additional, Koskinen, Satu, additional, Mannion, Oliver, additional, Huerta, Laura, additional, Megy, Karine, additional, Snow, Catherine, additional, Williams, Eleanor, additional, Barzine, Mitra, additional, Hastings, Emma, additional, Weisser, Hendrik, additional, Wright, James, additional, Jaiswal, Pankaj, additional, Huber, Wolfgang, additional, Choudhary, Jyoti, additional, Parkinson, Helen E., additional, and Brazma, Alvis, additional

Published
2015
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20. Expression Atlas update—a database of gene and transcript expression from microarray- and sequencing-based functional genomics experiments

Author

Petryszak, Robert, primary, Burdett, Tony, additional, Fiorelli, Benedetto, additional, Fonseca, Nuno A., additional, Gonzalez-Porta, Mar, additional, Hastings, Emma, additional, Huber, Wolfgang, additional, Jupp, Simon, additional, Keays, Maria, additional, Kryvych, Nataliya, additional, McMurry, Julie, additional, Marioni, John C., additional, Malone, James, additional, Megy, Karine, additional, Rustici, Gabriella, additional, Tang, Amy Y., additional, Taubert, Jan, additional, Williams, Eleanor, additional, Mannion, Oliver, additional, Parkinson, Helen E., additional, and Brazma, Alvis, additional

Published
2013
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21. Expression Atlas update--an integrated database of gene and protein expression in humans, animals and plants.

Author

Petryszak, Robert, Keays, Maria, Tang, Y. Amy, Fonseca, Nuno A., Barrera, Elisabet, Burdett, Tony, Füllgrabe, Anja, Fuentes, Alfonso Muñoz-Pomer, Jupp, Simon, Koskinen, Satu, Mannion, Oliver, Huerta, Laura, Megy, Karine, Snow, Catherine, Williams, Eleanor, Barzine, Mitra, Hastings, Emma, Weisser, Hendrik, Wright, James, and Jaiswal, Pankaj

Published
2016
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22. Ensembl Genomes: an integrative resource for genome-scale data from non-vertebrate species

Author

Kersey, Paul J., primary, Staines, Daniel M., additional, Lawson, Daniel, additional, Kulesha, Eugene, additional, Derwent, Paul, additional, Humphrey, Jay C., additional, Hughes, Daniel S. T., additional, Keenan, Stephan, additional, Kerhornou, Arnaud, additional, Koscielny, Gautier, additional, Langridge, Nicholas, additional, McDowall, Mark D., additional, Megy, Karine, additional, Maheswari, Uma, additional, Nuhn, Michael, additional, Paulini, Michael, additional, Pedro, Helder, additional, Toneva, Iliana, additional, Wilson, Derek, additional, Yates, Andrew, additional, and Birney, Ewan, additional

Published
2011
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23. Ensembl's 10th year

Author

Flicek, Paul, primary, Aken, Bronwen L., additional, Ballester, Benoit, additional, Beal, Kathryn, additional, Bragin, Eugene, additional, Brent, Simon, additional, Chen, Yuan, additional, Clapham, Peter, additional, Coates, Guy, additional, Fairley, Susan, additional, Fitzgerald, Stephen, additional, Fernandez-Banet, Julio, additional, Gordon, Leo, additional, Gräf, Stefan, additional, Haider, Syed, additional, Hammond, Martin, additional, Howe, Kerstin, additional, Jenkinson, Andrew, additional, Johnson, Nathan, additional, Kähäri, Andreas, additional, Keefe, Damian, additional, Keenan, Stephen, additional, Kinsella, Rhoda, additional, Kokocinski, Felix, additional, Koscielny, Gautier, additional, Kulesha, Eugene, additional, Lawson, Daniel, additional, Longden, Ian, additional, Massingham, Tim, additional, McLaren, William, additional, Megy, Karine, additional, Overduin, Bert, additional, Pritchard, Bethan, additional, Rios, Daniel, additional, Ruffier, Magali, additional, Schuster, Michael, additional, Slater, Guy, additional, Smedley, Damian, additional, Spudich, Giulietta, additional, Tang, Y. Amy, additional, Trevanion, Stephen, additional, Vilella, Albert, additional, Vogel, Jan, additional, White, Simon, additional, Wilder, Steven P., additional, Zadissa, Amonida, additional, Birney, Ewan, additional, Cunningham, Fiona, additional, Dunham, Ian, additional, Durbin, Richard, additional, Fernández-Suarez, Xosé M., additional, Herrero, Javier, additional, Hubbard, Tim J. P., additional, Parker, Anne, additional, Proctor, Glenn, additional, Smith, James, additional, and Searle, Stephen M. J., additional

Published
2009
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24. Transcriptomic analysis of insecticide resistance in the lymphatic filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus

Author

Silva Martins, Walter Fabricio, Wilding, Craig Stephen, Isaacs, Alison Taylor, Rippon, Emily Joy, Megy, Karine, and Donnelly, Martin James

Subjects
631/208/199, parasitic diseases, 631/208/212, 38/77, article, 38/90, 38/61, 3. Good health
Abstract

Culex quinquefasciatus plays an important role in transmission of vector-borne diseases of public health importance, including lymphatic filariasis (LF), as well as many arboviral diseases. Currently, efforts to tackle C. quinquefasciatus vectored diseases are based on either mass drug administration (MDA) for LF, or insecticide-based interventions. Widespread and intensive insecticide usage has resulted in increased resistance in mosquito vectors, including C. quinquefasciatus. Herein, the transcriptome profile of Ugandan bendiocarb-resistant C. quinquefasciatus was explored to identify candidate genes associated with insecticide resistance. High levels of insecticide resistance were observed for five out of six insecticides tested, with the lowest mortality (0.97%) reported to permethrin, while for DDT, lambdacyhalothrin, bendiocarb and deltamethrin the mortality rate ranged from 1.63–3.29%. Resistance to bendiocarb in exposed mosquitoes was marked, with 2.04% mortality following 1 h exposure and 58.02% after 4 h. Genotyping of the G119S Ace-1 target site mutation detected a highly significant association (p < 0.0001; OR = 25) between resistance and Ace1-119S. However, synergist assays using the P450 inhibitor PBO, or the esterase inhibitor TPP resulted in markedly increased mortality (to ≈80%), suggesting a role of metabolic resistance in the resistance phenotype. Using a novel, custom 60 K whole-transcriptome microarray 16 genes significantly overexpressed in resistant mosquitoes were detected, with the P450 Cyp6z18 showing the highest differential gene expression (>8-fold increase vs unexposed controls). These results provide evidence that bendiocarb resistance in Ugandan C. quinquefasciatus is mediated by both target-site mechanisms and over-expression of detoxification enzymes.

25. Transcriptomic analysis of insecticide resistance in the lymphatic filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus

Author

Silva Martins, Walter Fabricio, Wilding, Craig Stephen, Isaacs, Alison Taylor, Rippon, Emily Joy, Megy, Karine, and Donnelly, Martin James

Subjects
Insecticides, Mosquito Control, Genotyping Techniques, Gene Expression Profiling, fungi, Genes, Insect, Mosquito Vectors, 3. Good health, Insecticide Resistance, Culex, Elephantiasis, Filarial, parasitic diseases, Mutation, Acetylcholinesterase, Animals, Humans, Insect Proteins, Female, Uganda, Wuchereria bancrofti, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Abstract

Culex quinquefasciatus plays an important role in transmission of vector-borne diseases of public health importance, including lymphatic filariasis (LF), as well as many arboviral diseases. Currently, efforts to tackle C. quinquefasciatus vectored diseases are based on either mass drug administration (MDA) for LF, or insecticide-based interventions. Widespread and intensive insecticide usage has resulted in increased resistance in mosquito vectors, including C. quinquefasciatus. Herein, the transcriptome profile of Ugandan bendiocarb-resistant C. quinquefasciatus was explored to identify candidate genes associated with insecticide resistance. High levels of insecticide resistance were observed for five out of six insecticides tested, with the lowest mortality (0.97%) reported to permethrin, while for DDT, lambdacyhalothrin, bendiocarb and deltamethrin the mortality rate ranged from 1.63-3.29%. Resistance to bendiocarb in exposed mosquitoes was marked, with 2.04% mortality following 1 h exposure and 58.02% after 4 h. Genotyping of the G119S Ace-1 target site mutation detected a highly significant association (p < 0.0001; OR = 25) between resistance and Ace1-119S. However, synergist assays using the P450 inhibitor PBO, or the esterase inhibitor TPP resulted in markedly increased mortality (to ≈80%), suggesting a role of metabolic resistance in the resistance phenotype. Using a novel, custom 60 K whole-transcriptome microarray 16 genes significantly overexpressed in resistant mosquitoes were detected, with the P450 Cyp6z18 showing the highest differential gene expression (>8-fold increase vs unexposed controls). These results provide evidence that bendiocarb resistance in Ugandan C. quinquefasciatus is mediated by both target-site mechanisms and over-expression of detoxification enzymes.

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