47 results on '"Megumi Fuse"'
Search Results
2. Interactions b/w Collagen and Polylactic-Acid Molecular Models Due to DFT Calculations
- Author
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Kazunaka Endo, Megumi Fuse, and Nobuhiko Kato
- Subjects
Ocean Engineering - Abstract
Collagen and Polylactic Acid (PLA) as biomaterials in the tissue engineering have been investigated for the structure and function in considerably large progress. From a viewpoint of its electronic structures in the subnano-meter range, we investigate the bonding nature for five models of the type I collagen, PLA models and the bimolecular interaction between the models by using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations with Frontier MO theory. In order to confirm the accuracy of the models, we compare the simulated IR and C1s X-ray photoelectron spectra with experimental results. Especially, the interaction between PLA and (AspHypGly)-collagen models was obtained as the chemical bond energy (1540 kJ/mol), and the results of PLA-other four collagen bimolecular models were given as intermolecular bond energies of 30 ∼ 81 kJ/mol. The intermolecular interaction is due to inter-H-bond of –OH---O=, -NH---O=, and –CH---O= functional groups, respectively, using MO calculations.
- Published
- 2022
3. SCIP: a self-paced summer coding program creates community and increases coding confidence
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Rochelle-Jan Reyes, Olivia Pham, Ryan Fergusson, Niquo Ceberio, Candace Clark, C Sarah Cohen, Megumi Fuse, and Pleuni Pennings
- Abstract
In 2020, many students lost summer opportunities due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We wanted to offer students an opportunity to learn computational skills and be part of a community while stuck at home. Because the pandemic created an unexpected research and academic situation, it was unclear how to best support students to learn and build community online. We used lessons learned from literature and our own experience to design, run and test an online program for students called the Science Coding Immersion Program (SCIP). In our program, students worked in teams for 8 hours a week, with one participant as the team leader and Zoom host. Teams worked on an online R or Python class at their own pace with support on Slack from the organizing team. For motivation and career advice, we hosted a weekly webinar with guest speakers. We used pre- and post-program surveys to determine how different aspects of the program impacted students. We were able to recruit a large and diverse group of participants who were happy with the program, found community in their team, and improved their coding confidence. We hope that our work will inspire others to start their own version of SCIP.
- Published
- 2023
4. Automated Behavioral Phenotype Detection and Analysis Using Color-Based Motion Tracking.
- Author
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Alan Shimoide, Ilmi Yoon, Megumi Fuse, Holly C. Beale, and Rahul Singh
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The localization of phytohormones within the gall-inducing insect Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae)
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Gabriela E. Ponce, Edward F. Connor, Annette Chan, and Megumi Fuse
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Ecology ,biology ,Cell division ,fungi ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Cell biology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Auxin ,Insect Science ,Tephritidae ,Cytokinin ,Gall ,Wolbachia ,Gall-inducing insect ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Bacteria - Abstract
The phytohormone production hypothesis suggests that organisms, including insects, induce galls by producing and secreting plant growth hormones. Auxins and cytokinins are classes of phytohormones that induce cell growth and cell division, which could contribute to the plant tissue proliferation which constitutes the covering gall. Bacteria, symbiotic with insects, may also play a part in gall induction by insects through the synthesis of phytohormones or other effectors. Past studies have shown that concentrations of cytokinins and auxins in gall-inducing insects are higher than in their host plants. However, these analyses have involved whole-body extractions. Using immunolocalization of cytokinin and auxin, in the gall-inducing stage of Eurosta solidaginis, we found both phytohormones to localize almost exclusively to the salivary glands. Co-localization of phytohormone label with a nucleic acid stain in the salivary glands revealed the absence of Wolbachia sp., the bacterial symbiont of E. solidaginis, which suggests that phytohormone production is symbiont independent. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that phytohormones are synthesized in and secreted from the salivary glands of E. solidaginis into host-plant tissues for the purpose of manipulating the host plant.
- Published
- 2021
6. Risk factors for abutment and implant fracture after loading
- Author
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Hiroya Gotouda, Hiroshi Murakami, Kentaro Igarashi, Satoshi Uchibori, Hiroyuki Okada, Mitsuhiko Igarashi, Yasuhiko Kawai, Megumi Fuse, Chiaki Komine, and Tsuyoshi Kitagawa
- Subjects
Male ,Radiography ,Dentistry ,Mandible ,Mandibular angle ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Risk Factors ,Humans ,Medicine ,Gonial angle ,Dental Restoration Failure ,General Dentistry ,Retrospective Studies ,Dental Implants ,business.industry ,Implant prosthesis ,Retrospective cohort study ,030206 dentistry ,Fracture (geology) ,Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported ,Implant ,business ,Abutment (dentistry) ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Purpose Implant component fractures are one of the most serious complications in implant treatment. With a better understanding of the risk factors for fracture in the preoperative, surgery, superstructure, and post-loading phases of implant treatment, low-risk treatment could reduce implant component fractures, leading to a better prognosis. The aim of this study was to clarify the risk factors for abutment and implant fractures that occur after loading, and to perform a retrospective, approximately 10-year follow-up study to explore the risk factors in each treatment phase. Methods Subjects were fitted with an implant prosthesis between January 2008 and December 2009. In total, 1,126 Ankylos implants in 430 patients were included for analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to extract factors related to non-fracture and fracture of the abutment or implant as a dependent variable. Results Gender (OR = 3.466, 95% CI 1.296-9.268, P = 0.013), gonial angle (OR = 3.420, 95% CI 1.308-8.945, P = 0.012), and splinting status of the superstructure (OR = 4.456, 95% CI 1.861-10.669, P = 0.001) were identified as significant risk factors. Conclusion The risk of fracture is increased in males, especially those with a mandibular angle of less than 120° on panoramic radiographs, and those with a non-splinted superstructure.
- Published
- 2021
7. Examination of Optimal Concentrations of Poly (Lactic-co-glycolic Acid) in Hexafluoroisopropyl Alcohol for Guided Bone Regeneration Membrane Prepared by Electrospinning
- Author
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Yasuhiko Kawai, Takehiro Watanabe, Megumi Fuse, Takahiro Takahashi, Daisuke Isaji, Hiroshi Nakada, Hiroki Sato, Suguru Kimoto, and Yasuhiro Tanimoto
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Membrane ,chemistry ,Alcohol ,Bone regeneration ,Glycolic acid ,Electrospinning ,Nuclear chemistry - Published
- 2020
8. Preparation and Evaluation of a Poly(Lactic-co-glycolic Acid)Membrane Containing β-TCP
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Hiroshi Nakada, Takahiro Takahashi, Hiroki Sato, Suguru Kimoto, Yasuhiro Tanimoto, Daisuke Isaji, Megumi Fuse, Yasuhiko Kawai, and Takehiro Watanabe
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β tricalcium phosphate ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Membrane ,Alkaline phosphatase staining ,Chemistry ,Electrospinning ,Glycolic acid ,Nuclear chemistry - Published
- 2020
9. Student-Authored Scientist Spotlights: Investigating the Impacts of Engaging Undergraduates as Developers of Inclusive Curriculum through a Service-Learning Course
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Paola Juliet Romero, Blake Riggs, Patricia Tiongco de Vera, Loretta A Kelley, Ravinder N. M. Sehgal, Daniela C. Sanchez, Laura W. Burrus, Joseph C. Chen, Maurina L. Aranda, Laura M. Cardoso, Kimberly D. Tanner, Jonathan D. Knight, Christian Rivera-Nolan, Stephanie N. Boorstin, Ryan Winstead, Jenee Alexandra Wilson, Peter Ingmire, Elmer E. Lopez, Jason T. Cantley, Michael A. Goldman, Jocelyn I. Ortiz, Ruby E. Ramirez, Lorenzo Gastelum Mena, Brinda Govindan, Allison M. Upchurch, Matthew Dominguez, Pleuni S. Pennings, Falina Nicole Tigress, Sally G. Pasion, Michelle Diaz, Jeffrey N. Schinske, Sarah Elias, Melissa J. Sanchez, Carleigh S. Williams, and Megumi Fuse
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Universities ,General Essays and Articles ,Service-learning ,Context (language use) ,Articles ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Education ,Course (navigation) ,Pedagogy ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,Humans ,Learning ,Curriculum ,Educational Measurement ,Sociology ,Students - Abstract
Scientist Spotlights-curricular materials that employ the personal and professional stories of scientists from diverse backgrounds-have previously been shown to positively influence undergraduate students' relatability to and perceptions of scientists. We hypothesized that engaging students in authoring Scientist Spotlights might produce curricular materials of similar impact, as well as provide a mechanism for student involvement as partners in science education reform. To test this idea and investigate the impact of student-authored Scientist Spotlights, we developed a service-learning course in which teams of biology students partnered with an instructor to develop and implement Scientist Spotlights in a biology course. Results revealed that exposure to three or four student-authored Scientist Spotlights significantly shifted peers' perceptions of scientists in all partner courses. Interestingly, student-authored Scientist Spotlights shifted peers' relatability to scientists similarly among both white students and students of color. Further, student authors themselves showed increases in their relatability to scientists. Finally, a department-wide survey demonstrated significant differences in students' perceptions of scientist representation between courses with and without student-authored Spotlights. Results suggest that engaging students as authors of inclusive curricular materials and partners in reform is a promising approach to promoting inclusion and addressing representation in science.
- Published
- 2021
10. Nasal Immunization with a Vaccinia Virus-based Pentavalent H5N1 Avian Influenza Vaccine Induces Cellular Immunity in the Respiratory Tract of Mice
- Author
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Megumi Fuse, Tomoko Kurita-Ochiai, Masanori Saito, Ryoki Kobayashi, Noriko Shinozaki-Kuwahara, and Tomomi Hashizume-Takizawa
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Cellular immunity ,business.industry ,medicine.disease_cause ,Virology ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ,Virus ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Immunization ,Medicine ,Vaccinia ,business ,Respiratory tract - Published
- 2019
11. EigenPhenotypes: Towards an Algorithmic Framework for Phenotype Discovery.
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Alexander Vaughan, Rahul Singh, Ilmi Yoon, and Megumi Fuse
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- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Divergent mechanisms for regulating growth and development after imaginal disc damage in the tobacco hornworm
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Manuel A, Rosero, Benedict, Abdon, Nicholas J, Silva, Brenda, Cisneros Larios, Jhony A, Zavaleta, Tigran, Makunts, Ernest S, Chang, S Janna, Bashar, Louie S, Ramos, Christopher A, Moffatt, and Megumi, Fuse
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Life Cycle Stages ,animal structures ,Time Factors ,X-Rays ,fungi ,Body Weight ,Ecdysteroids ,Models, Biological ,Juvenile Hormones ,Imaginal Discs ,Manduca ,Tobacco ,Animals ,Head ,Research Article - Abstract
Holometabolous insects have been able to radiate to vast ecological niches as adults through the evolution of adult-specific structures such as wings, antennae and eyes. These structures arise from imaginal discs that show regenerative capacity when damaged. During imaginal disc regeneration, development has been shown to be delayed in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, but how conserved the delay-inducing mechanisms are across holometabolous insects has not been assessed. The goal of this research was to develop the hornworm Manduca sexta as an alternative model organism to study such damage-induced mechanisms, with the advantage of a larger hemolymph volume enabling access to the hormonal responses to imaginal disc damage. Upon whole-body X-ray exposure, we noted that the imaginal discs were selectively damaged, as assessed by TUNEL and Acridine Orange stains. Moreover, development was delayed, predominantly at the pupal-to-adult transition, with a concomitant delay in the prepupal ecdysteroid peak. The delays to eclosion were dose dependent, with some ability for repair of damaged tissues. We noted a shift in critical weight, as assessed by the point at which starvation no longer impacted developmental timing, without a change in growth rate, which was uncoupled from juvenile hormone clearance in the body. The developmental profile was different from that of D. melanogaster, which suggests species differences may exist in the mechanisms delaying development.
- Published
- 2019
13. Divergent mechanisms for regulating growth and development after imaginal disc damage in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
- Author
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Christopher A. Moffatt, Benedict Abdon, Jhony A. Zavaleta, Nicholas J. Silva, S. Janna Bashar, Louie S. Ramos, Tigran Makunts, Manuel A. Rosero, Megumi Fuse, Ernest S. Chang, and Brenda Cisneros Larios
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0106 biological sciences ,animal structures ,Physiology ,030310 physiology ,Aquatic Science ,Biology ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Hemolymph ,Melanogaster ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,0303 health sciences ,Ecdysteroid ,Developmental profile ,fungi ,biology.organism_classification ,Cell biology ,Imaginal disc ,chemistry ,Manduca sexta ,Insect Science ,Juvenile hormone ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Drosophila melanogaster - Abstract
Holometabolous insects have been able to radiate to vast ecological niches as adults through the evolution of adult-specific structures such as wings, antennae and eyes. These structures arise from imaginal discs that show regenerative capacity when damaged. During imaginal disc regeneration, development has been shown to be delayed in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, but how conserved the delay-inducing mechanisms are across holometabolous insects has not been assessed. The goal of this research was to develop the hornworm, Manduca sexta, as an alternative model organism to study such damage-induced mechanisms, with the advantage of a larger hemolymph volume enabling access to the hormonal responses to imaginal disc damage. Upon whole-body x-ray exposure, we noted that the imaginal discs were selectively damaged, as assessed by TUNEL and acridine orange stains. Moreover, development was delayed, predominantly at the pupal-to-adult transition, with a concomitant delay in the prepupal ecdysteroid peak. The delays to eclosion were dose-dependent, with some ability for repair of damaged tissues. We noted a shift in critical weight, as assessed by the point at which starvation no longer impacted developmental timing, without a change in growth rate, which was uncoupled from juvenile hormone clearance in the body. The developmental profile was different from Drosophila melanogaster, which suggests species differences may exist in the mechanisms delaying development.
- Published
- 2019
14. Central neural alterations predominate in an insect model of nociceptive sensitization
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Allan Solis, Ken Geraldi, Dennis R. Tabuena, Christopher A. Moffatt, and Megumi Fuse
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0301 basic medicine ,biology ,General Neuroscience ,biology.organism_classification ,03 medical and health sciences ,Electrophysiology ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Nociception ,Allodynia ,Manduca sexta ,Hyperalgesia ,medicine ,Noxious stimulus ,medicine.symptom ,Manduca ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Sensitization - Abstract
Many organisms respond to noxious stimuli with defensive maneuvers. This is noted in the hornworm, Manduca sexta, as a defensive strike response. After tissue damage, organisms typically display sensitized responses to both noxious or normally innocuous stimuli. To further understand this phenomenon, we used novel in situ and in vitro preparations based on paired extracellular nerve recordings and videography to identify central and peripheral nerves responsible for nociception and sensitization of the defensive behavior in M. sexta. In addition, we used the in vivo defensive strike response threshold assayed with von Frey filaments to examine the roles that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels play in this nociceptive sensitization using the inhibitors MK-801 and AP5 (NMDAR), and ivabradine and ZD7288 (HCN). Using our new preparations, we found that afferent activity evoked by noxious pinch in these preparations was conveyed to central ganglia by axons in the anterior- and lateral-dorsal nerve branches, and that sensitization induced by tissue damage was mediated centrally. Furthermore, sensitization was blocked by all inhibitors tested except the inactive isomer L-AP5, and reversed by ivabradine both in vivo and in vitro. Our findings suggest that M. sexta's sensitization occurs through central signal amplification. Due to the relatively natural sensitization method and conserved molecular actions, we suggest that M. sexta may be a valuable model for studying the electrophysiological properties of nociceptive sensitization and potentially related conditions such as allodynia and hyperalgesia in a comparative setting that offers unique experimental advantages. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1176-1191, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
- Published
- 2016
15. Observation of Carious Lesions on Undecalcified Tooth Sections with Silver Staining Method for Protein Gel Electrophoresis
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Hiroyuki Okada, Kunihiro Suzuki, Toshiro Sakae, Takashi Matsumoto, Ryo Tamamura, Toshihide Niimi, Alisa Kusunose, Megumi Fuse, and Takao Kuwada-Kusunose
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0301 basic medicine ,Silver Staining Method ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Dentistry ,030206 dentistry ,Cell Biology ,Gel electrophoresis of proteins ,Biochemistry ,Molecular biology ,Biomaterials ,Silver stain ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,0302 clinical medicine ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,business ,General Dentistry - Published
- 2016
16. Use of von Frey filaments to assess nociceptive sensitization in the hornworm, Manduca sexta
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Christopher A. Moffatt, F. Eric Arreola, Megumi Fuse, Marissa Zubia McMackin, Dennis R. Tabuena, and Matthew R. Lewin
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Nociception ,Pain Threshold ,0301 basic medicine ,Response method ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Empirical assessment ,0302 clinical medicine ,Manduca ,Physical Stimulation ,Tissue damage ,medicine ,Animals ,Sensitization ,Communication ,Behavior, Animal ,biology ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,General Neuroscience ,fungi ,biology.organism_classification ,030104 developmental biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Test sequence ,Manduca sexta ,Larva ,Von frey ,business ,Neuroscience ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
Background The hornworm Manduca sexta exhibits a defensive strike to noxious assaults, a response that is robust and is easily observed by experimenters. Von Frey filaments and methods typical for studying nociception in other animals were used to assess the strike response in M. sexta. New methods A series of von Frey filaments was applied to the body wall in ascending order and the data generated were used to determine the strike threshold by (i) the up-and-down method, (ii) the first response method, and (iii) the simplified up-and-down order method (SUDO). The effect of a noxious pinch on strike threshold was assessed. Comparison with existing methods To our knowledge none of these methods has been used on M. sexta previously, making the use of the up-and-down and SUDO methods the first in an invertebrate. The use of the first response method has been used in other invertebrates, and the method appears equally suited to M. sexta. Results All three methods were successful in monitoring the threshold sensitivity to touch, which was lowered (sensitized) by tissue damage induced with a pinch. Sensitization lasted 19 h. Conclusions All three methods of assessing nociception were successfully applied to quantify the defensive strike response in M. sexta, although the SUDO method required empirical assessment of which filament to start the test sequence with. The results revealed both short- and long-term sensitization. These methods should prove to be useful for quantifying sensitization in M. sexta.
- Published
- 2016
17. Cockroaches, performance, and an audience: Reexamining social facilitation 50 years later
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Gaurav Suri, Megumi Fuse, and Dylan Perez Neider
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Audience effect ,Social approval ,Social facilitation ,Cockroach ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,biology ,05 social sciences ,Blatta ,050109 social psychology ,biology.organism_classification ,050105 experimental psychology ,Arousal ,Task (project management) ,biology.animal ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
What are the underlying mechanisms driving social facilitation? Some social psychologists have proposed that social facilitation may be driven by basic mechanisms such as the level of arousal produced by the presence of an audience, while others have ascribed it to more socially and cognitively complex drivers such as a self-aware quest for social approval. In a now seminal study, Zajonc, Heingartner, and Herman (ZHH) (1969) demonstrated that the audience effect of social facilitation was exhibited in the Blatta orientalis cockroach: cockroaches were faster to complete a simple task (traversing a runway) when among other cockroaches than when alone, yet slower when the task was complex (traversing a maze). This finding suggested that arousal was a likely driver of social facilitation in the cockroach (since self-aware mechanisms were unlikely to apply). It also invited consideration of the possibility that arousal may be a contributing factor to social facilitation in humans. Despite ZHH's influence, a faithful direct replication has never been attempted. Such a replication is crucial in illuminating the underlying drivers of social facilitation.
- Published
- 2019
18. Patient Satisfaction Survey at the Dental Human Dock Clinic of Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo Hospital
- Author
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Suguru Kimoto, Chieko Taguchi, Kazumune Arikawa, Moriyasu Wada, Nobuyuki Kikuchi, Toshikazu Uchiyama, Yoko Yokota, Hideki Makimura, Yoshiharu Kono, Chikako Nishitani, Megumi Fuse, Hiroyuki Tanaka, Masahiko Fukumoto, Fumio Nagahama, and Akira Fukatsu
- Subjects
Patient satisfaction ,business.industry ,DOCK ,Dentistry ,Medicine ,business - Published
- 2015
19. MC3T3-E1 Cell Assay on Collagen or Fibronectin Immobilized Poly (Lactic Acid-ε-Caprolactone) Film
- Author
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Tomomi Hashizume-Takizawa, Tohru Hayakawa, Reiri Takeuchi, Junko Fujita-Yoshigaki, Megumi Fuse, Masahiko Fukumoto, and Tomoko Kurita-Ochiai
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biology ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Cell Biology ,Osteoblast like cell ,Mc3t3 e1 ,Biochemistry ,Lactic acid ,Biomaterials ,Fibronectin ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,biology.protein ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,General Dentistry ,Caprolactone - Published
- 2015
20. Risk factors for abutment and implant fracture after loading.
- Author
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Hiroshi Murakami, Kentaro Igarashi, Megumi Fuse, Tsuyoshi Kitagawa, Mitsuhiko Igarashi, Satoshi Uchibori, Chiaki Komine, Hiroya Gotouda, Hiroyuki Okada, Yasuhiko Kawai, Murakami, Hiroshi, Igarashi, Kentaro, Fuse, Megumi, Kitagawa, Tsuyoshi, Igarashi, Mitsuhiko, Uchibori, Satoshi, Komine, Chiaki, Gotouda, Hiroya, Okada, Hiroyuki, and Kawai, Yasuhiko
- Subjects
MANDIBULAR fractures ,PREOPERATIVE risk factors ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,DENTAL implants ,MANDIBLE ,RETROSPECTIVE studies ,COMPLICATIONS of prosthesis ,LONGITUDINAL method - Abstract
Purpose: Implant component fractures are one of the most serious complications in implant treatment. With a better understanding of the risk factors for fracture in the preoperative, surgery, superstructure, and post-loading phases of implant treatment, low-risk treatment could reduce implant component fractures, leading to a better prognosis. The aim of this study was to clarify the risk factors for abutment and implant fractures that occur after loading, and to perform a retrospective, approximately 10-year follow-up study to explore the risk factors in each treatment phase.Methods: Subjects were fitted with an implant prosthesis between January 2008 and December 2009. In total, 1,126 Ankylos implants in 430 patients were included for analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to extract factors related to non-fracture and fracture of the abutment or implant as a dependent variable.Results: Gender (OR = 3.466, 95% CI 1.296-9.268, P = 0.013), gonial angle (OR = 3.420, 95% CI 1.308-8.945, P = 0.012), and splinting status of the superstructure (OR = 4.456, 95% CI 1.861-10.669, P = 0.001) were identified as significant risk factors.Conclusion: The risk of fracture is increased in males, especially those with a mandibular angle of less than 120° on panoramic radiographs, and those with a non-splinted superstructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Collectively Improving Our Teaching: Attempting Biology Department-wide Professional Development in Scientific Teaching
- Author
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Scott William Roy, Loretta A Kelley, Michael Green, Kimberly D. Tanner, Barry S. Rothman, V. Thomas Parker, Ravinder N. M. Sehgal, Yee-Hung M Chan, Candace Low, Lance Lund, José R. de la Torre, Jonathon H. Stillman, Jonathan D. Knight, Katherine Farrar, Gloriana Trujillo, Kevin A. Simonin, Robert Patterson, Carmen R. Domingo, Robyn J. Crook, Darleen Franklin, William P. Cochlan, Edward J. Carpenter, Joseph M Romeo, Brinda Govindan, Sally G. Pasion, Julio Ramirez, Joseph C. Chen, Andrea Swei, Leslie C. Timpe, Megumi Fuse, Lynne M Dowdy, Karen D. Crow, Peter Ingmire, Michael A. Goldman, Terrye L Light, Rori V. Rohlfs, Steven L. Weinstein, Gretchen LeBuhn, Christopher A. Moffatt, Blake Riggs, Jennifer L. Breckler, Melinda T. Owens, Gloria Nusse, Hilary P Benton, Laura W. Burrus, Zheng-Hui He, Linda H Chen, Heather Gardner Murdock, Holly E Harris, Lily Chen, Greg S. Spicer, Amber R B Johnson, Katharyn E. Boyer, Diana S Chu, Leticia Márquez-Magaña, Colin D Harrison, Tatiane Russo-Tait, Robert M. Ramirez, Natalia Caporale, Vanessa C Miller-Sims, J R Blair, Shannon B. Seidel, Wilfred F. Denetclaw, Dana T. Byrd, Andrew G. Zink, Stephen B Ingalls, Vance T. Vredenburg, and Pleuni S. Pennings
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0301 basic medicine ,Higher education ,Teaching method ,MEDLINE ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Education ,03 medical and health sciences ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,Humans ,Program Development ,Students ,Biology ,Medical education ,Motivation ,ComputingMilieux_THECOMPUTINGPROFESSION ,business.industry ,4. Education ,Multimethodology ,Teaching ,05 social sciences ,Professional development ,050301 education ,Correction ,Problem-Based Learning ,Faculty ,030104 developmental biology ,Problem-based learning ,Active learning ,Faculty development ,business ,0503 education ,Goals - Abstract
Many efforts to improve science teaching in higher education focus on a few faculty members at an institution at a time, with limited published evidence on attempts to engage faculty across entire departments. We created a long-term, department-wide collaborative professional development program, Biology Faculty Explorations in Scientific Teaching (Biology FEST). Across 3 years of Biology FEST, 89% of the department’s faculty completed a weeklong scientific teaching institute, and 83% of eligible instructors participated in additional semester-long follow-up programs. A semester after institute completion, the majority of Biology FEST alumni reported adding active learning to their courses. These instructor self-reports were corroborated by audio analysis of classroom noise and surveys of students in biology courses on the frequency of active-learning techniques used in classes taught by Biology FEST alumni and nonalumni. Three years after Biology FEST launched, faculty participants overwhelmingly reported that their teaching was positively affected. Unexpectedly, most respondents also believed that they had improved relationships with departmental colleagues and felt a greater sense of belonging to the department. Overall, our results indicate that biology department–wide collaborative efforts to develop scientific teaching skills can indeed attract large numbers of faculty, spark widespread change in teaching practices, and improve departmental relations.
- Published
- 2017
22. Classroom sound can be used to classify teaching practices in college science courses
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Steven B. Waters, Rachel Small, Amy S. Edwards, Wilfred F. Denetclaw, Segal M. Boaz, Yee-Hung M Chan, Sara K. Krause, Jeffrey N. Schinske, Gloriana Trujillo, Loretta A Kelley, Diana W. Wright, Susan F. Akana, Lance Lund, Mike Wong, Greg S. Spicer, Kristine M. Okimura, Pleuni S. Pennings, Natalia Caporale, Paul Z. Hankamp, Zahur-Saleh Subedar, L. Jeanette Green, Dana T. Byrd, Linda J. McPheron, Kathleen E. Duncan, Holly E Harris, Karen D. Crow, Joseph R. Perez, J R Blair, Stephen B Ingalls, Shannon B. Seidel, Katharyn E. Boyer, Bryan K. Clarkson, Amy Chovnick, Joseph J. Gorga, Peter Ingmire, Diana S Chu, Lori E. Krueger, Terrye L Light, Paul H. Nagami, Brinda Govindan, Lisa M. Schultheis, Andrea Swei, Lily Chen, Robert Patterson, Jonathan D. Knight, Scott William Roy, Joseph M Romeo, Shangheng Sit, Jonathon H. Stillman, Leticia Márquez-Magaña, Sara E. Cooper, Colin D Harrison, Hilary P Benton, Gloria Nusse, Mark Kamakea, J. Rebecca Jacobs, Sally G. Pasion, Carmen R. Domingo, Laura W. Burrus, Rhea R. Kimpo, Zheng-Hui He, Kimberly D. Tanner, Vanessa C Miller-Sims, José R. de la Torre, Susanne Lietz, Jennifer M. Wade, Travis E. Bejines, Tatiane Russo-Tait, Gigi N. Acker, Julia K. Willsie, Steven L. Weinstein, Christopher A. Moffatt, Melinda T. Owens, Lakshmikanta Sengupta, Brad Balukjian, Karen L. Erickson, Jason B. Bram, Edward J. Carpenter, Megumi Fuse, Briana K. McCarthy, Pamela C. Muick, Blake Riggs, and Catherine Creech
- Subjects
Technology ,Universities ,Computer science ,Teaching method ,Science ,Social Sciences ,computer.software_genre ,01 natural sciences ,0103 physical sciences ,Mathematics education ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,Humans ,010306 general physics ,Students ,Class (computer programming) ,Multidisciplinary ,Multimedia ,Teaching ,05 social sciences ,050301 education ,Variance (accounting) ,Problem-Based Learning ,Clicker ,Sound ,Active learning ,0503 education ,computer - Abstract
Active-learning pedagogies have been repeatedly demonstrated to produce superior learning gains with large effect sizes compared with lecture-based pedagogies. Shifting large numbers of college science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) faculty to include any active learning in their teaching may retain and more effectively educate far more students than having a few faculty completely transform their teaching, but the extent to which STEM faculty are changing their teaching methods is unclear. Here, we describe the development and application of the machine-learning-derived algorithm Decibel Analysis for Research in Teaching (DART), which can analyze thousands of hours of STEM course audio recordings quickly, with minimal costs, and without need for human observers. DART analyzes the volume and variance of classroom recordings to predict the quantity of time spent on single voice (e.g., lecture), multiple voice (e.g., pair discussion), and no voice (e.g., clicker question thinking) activities. Applying DART to 1,486 recordings of class sessions from 67 courses, a total of 1,720 h of audio, revealed varied patterns of lecture (single voice) and nonlecture activity (multiple and no voice) use. We also found that there was significantly more use of multiple and no voice strategies in courses for STEM majors compared with courses for non-STEM majors, indicating that DART can be used to compare teaching strategies in different types of courses. Therefore, DART has the potential to systematically inventory the presence of active learning with ∼90% accuracy across thousands of courses in diverse settings with minimal effort.
- Published
- 2017
23. Enhancement of Apatite Precipitation on an Alkaline Hydrolyzed Poly (Lactic acid-ε-Caprolactone) Film in Simulated Body Fluid
- Author
-
Megumi Fuse and Takeshi Tsurumi
- Subjects
Materials science ,Precipitation (chemistry) ,Simulated body fluid ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Cell Biology ,Biochemistry ,Apatite ,Lactic acid ,Biomaterials ,Hydrolysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,General Dentistry ,Caprolactone ,Nuclear chemistry - Published
- 2014
24. Stainless and Titanium Fibers as Non-degradable Three-dimensional Scaffolds for Bone Reconstruction
- Author
-
Megumi Fuse, Yumi Usukura, Saori Yasuoka, Tohru Hayakawa, Takao Kato, and Hiroyuki Okada
- Subjects
Three dimensional scaffolds ,Materials science ,Simulated body fluid ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Cell Biology ,Biochemistry ,Biomaterials ,chemistry ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Bone formation ,Fiber ,General Dentistry ,Biomedical engineering ,Titanium - Published
- 2014
25. Investigating Instructor Talk in Novel Contexts: Widespread Use, Unexpected Categories, and an Emergent Sampling Strategy
- Author
-
Wilfred F. Denetclaw, Joseph J. Gorga, Segal M. Boaz, Bryan K. Clarkson, Sara E. Cooper, Lori E. Krueger, Natalia Caporale, Yee-Hung M Chan, Tatiane Russo-Tait, Christopher A. Moffatt, Melinda T. Owens, Kristine M. Okimura, Alycia M Escobedo, Lakshmikanta Sengupta, Miranda Martens, Kristen S Liang, Carmen R. Domingo, Edward J. Carpenter, Courtney Hartman, Loretta A Kelley, Paul Z. Hankamp, José R. de la Torre, Hilary P Benton, Linda J. McPheron, Pamela C. Muick, Sally G. Pasion, Jonathan D. Knight, Blake Riggs, Catherine Creech, Briana K. McCarthy, Andrea Swei, Joseph M Romeo, Robert Patterson, Pleuni S. Pennings, Laura W. Burrus, Rhea R. Kimpo, Kathleen E. Duncan, Leticia Márquez-Magaña, Kimberly D. Tanner, Brad Balukjian, Zheng-Hui He, Peter Ingmire, Paul H. Nagami, Scott William Roy, Colin D Harrison, Gloria Nusse, Gigi N. Acker, Amy Chovnick, Holly E Harris, Dana T. Byrd, Jeffrey N. Schinske, Julia K. Willsie, L. Jeanette Green, Sara K. Krause, Gloriana Trujillo, J R Blair, Shannon B. Seidel, Brinda Govindan, Karen L. Erickson, Katie Lam, Susan F. Akana, Tiffy A Nguyen, Jennifer M. Wade, Terrye L Light, J. Rebecca Jacobs, Stephen B Ingalls, Amelia S Edwards, Megumi Fuse, Jason B. Bram, Lily Chen, Lisa M. Schultheis, Lance Lund, Greg S. Spicer, Katharyn E. Boyer, Diana S Chu, Mark Kamakea, and Vanessa C Miller-Sims
- Subjects
Higher education ,050109 social psychology ,Context (language use) ,Article ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Education ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,Mathematics education ,Humans ,Learning ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Students ,Biology ,Curriculum ,business.industry ,Data Collection ,Teaching ,4. Education ,05 social sciences ,050301 education ,Sampling (statistics) ,Science teachers ,Faculty ,Category Type ,Variation (linguistics) ,Dynamics (music) ,business ,0503 education - Abstract
Instructor Talk—noncontent language used by instructors in classrooms—is a recently defined and promising variable for better understanding classroom dynamics. Having previously characterized the Instructor Talk framework within the context of a single course, we present here our results surrounding the applicability of the Instructor Talk framework to noncontent language used by instructors in novel course contexts. We analyzed Instructor Talk in eight additional biology courses in their entirety and in 61 biology courses using an emergent sampling strategy. We observed widespread use of Instructor Talk with variation in the amount and category type used. The vast majority of Instructor Talk could be characterized using the originally published Instructor Talk framework, suggesting the robustness of this framework. Additionally, a new form of Instructor Talk—Negatively Phrased Instructor Talk, language that may discourage students or distract from the learning process—was detected in these novel course contexts. Finally, the emergent sampling strategy described here may allow investigation of Instructor Talk in even larger numbers of courses across institutions and disciplines. Given its widespread use, potential influence on students in learning environments, and ability to be sampled, Instructor Talk may be a key variable to consider in future research on teaching and learning in higher education.
- Published
- 2019
26. Quantification and analysis of ecdysis in the hornworm, Manduca sexta, using machine vision–based tracking
- Author
-
Ian Kimball, Alan Shimoide, Ilmi Yoon, John T. Birmingham, Rahul Singh, Megumi Fuse, Hendra Lim, and Alba A. Gutierrez
- Subjects
Event tracking ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,biology ,Machine vision ,Video Recording ,Anatomy ,Electromyography ,Molting ,biology.organism_classification ,Tracking (particle physics) ,Article ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Developmental Neuroscience ,Manduca sexta ,Insect Hormones ,Manduca ,Ecdysis ,medicine ,Animals ,Neuroscience ,Moulting - Abstract
We have developed a machine vision–based method for automatically tracking deformations in the body wall to monitor ecdysis behaviors in the hornworm, Manduca sexta. The method utilizes naturally-occurring features on the animal’s body (spiracles) and is highly accurate (>95% success in tracking). Moreover, it is robust to unanticipated changes in the animal’s position and in lighting, and in the event tracking of specific features is lost, tracking can be reestablished within a few cycles without input from the user. We have paired our tracking technique with electromyography (EMG) and have also compared our in vivo results to fictive motor patterns recorded from isolated nerve cords. We found no major difference in the cycle periods of contractions during naturally-occurring ecdysis compared to ecdysis initiated prematurely through injection of the peptide Ecdysis-Triggering Hormone (ETH), and we confirmed that the ecdysis period in vivo is statistically similar to that of the fictive motor pattern.
- Published
- 2012
27. Central neural alterations predominate in an insect model of nociceptive sensitization
- Author
-
Dennis R, Tabuena, Allan, Solis, Ken, Geraldi, Christopher A, Moffatt, and Megumi, Fuse
- Subjects
Electrophysiology ,Nociception ,Central Nervous System Sensitization ,Disease Models, Animal ,Manduca ,Animals ,Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels ,Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ,Article - Abstract
Many organisms respond to noxious stimuli with defensive maneuvers. This is noted in the hornworm, Manduca sexta, as a defensive strike response. After tissue damage, organisms typically display sensitized responses to both noxious or normally innocuous stimuli. To further understand this phenomenon, we used novel in situ and in vitro preparations based on paired extracellular nerve recordings and videography to identify central and peripheral nerves responsible for nociception and sensitization of the defensive behavior in M. sexta. In addition, we used the in vivo defensive strike response threshold assayed with von Frey filaments to examine the roles that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels play in this nociceptive sensitization using the inhibitors MK-801 and AP5 (NMDAR), and ivabradine and ZD7288 (HCN). Using our new preparations, we found that afferent activity evoked by noxious pinch in these preparations was conveyed to central ganglia by axons in the anterior- and lateral-dorsal nerve branches, and that sensitization induced by tissue damage was mediated centrally. Furthermore, sensitization was blocked by all inhibitors tested except the inactive isomer L-AP5, and reversed by ivabradine both in vivo and in vitro. Our findings suggest that M. sexta's sensitization occurs through central signal amplification. Due to the relatively natural sensitization method and conserved molecular actions, we suggest that M. sexta may be a valuable model for studying the electrophysiological properties of nociceptive sensitization and potentially related conditions such as allodynia and hyperalgesia in a comparative setting that offers unique experimental advantages. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1176-1191, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
- Published
- 2015
28. Effect of the Introduction of a Carboxylic Acid Group onto the Surface of a Three-dimensional Porous Poly (lactic acid) Scaffold on Apatite Deposition
- Author
-
Megumi Fuse, Kiyoshi Kitahara, and Masahiko Fukumoto
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Scaffold ,Carboxylic acid ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Biomaterial ,respiratory system ,equipment and supplies ,Apatite ,Lactic acid ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,stomatognathic system ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Biochemistry ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Bone regeneration ,Organic acid - Abstract
Scaffolds are important in engineering biomaterials for tissue and bone regeneration. In this study, a three-dimensional porous poly (lactic acid) (PLA) scaffold was fabricated using a method of salt leaching followed by freeze drying. A carboxylic acid group (COOH) was introduced onto all surfaces of a three-dimensional (3D) porous PLA scaffold (PLA-COOH) to test whether this polar organic acid had an effect on apatite attachment and deposition in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS, pH=7.4) compared to PLA alone. Water adsorption in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was also examined between PLA-COOH and PLA by varying immersion time to evaluate whether there is an effect of COOH on the rate and degree of degradation. In contrast to PLA scaffold alone that allowed for apatite deposition only on its surface, the PLA-COOH scaffold also allowed for apatite formation on the surface of the barrier walls within the pores of the scaffold. Although PBS immersion eventually degraded both porous PLA and PLA-COOH scaffolds, we did not observe any specific difference in the rate or degree of degradation between them. These results suggest that the COOH group introduced into the porous PLA scaffold is an improvement on the PLA biomaterial for effective and efficient bone regeneration.
- Published
- 2011
29. Different actions of ecdysis-triggering hormone on the brain and ventral nerve cord of the hornworm, Manduca sexta
- Author
-
Megumi Fuse, Hani El Shawa, Marilyn Asuncion-Uchi, and Tunyalee Martin
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Central nervous system ,Neuropeptide ,Molting ,Article ,Endocrinology ,Manduca ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Thoracic ganglia ,Cyclic GMP ,biology ,Brain ,biology.organism_classification ,Axons ,Ganglia, Invertebrate ,Ganglion ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Manduca sexta ,Insect Hormones ,Larva ,Ventral nerve cord ,Ecdysis ,Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Peptides ,Hormone - Abstract
Ecdysis, or the shedding of the old cuticle, depends on coordinated stereotyped behaviors, regulated by a number of neuropeptides. In the hornworm, Manduca sexta, two neuropeptides interact, namely Ecdysis Triggering Hormone (ETH) and Eclosion Hormone. We looked at the effects of ETH in vivo and in vitro, on the brain and the ventral nerve cord to determine the roles played by these hormones. We monitored ecdysis onset and the presence of cGMP and Eclosion Hormone immunoreactivity. In vivo, only a fraction of larvae lacking the cell bodies containing Eclosion Hormone, and injected with ETH, were able to undergo ecdysis, with a delayed response. These animals showed strongest cGMP immunoreactivity in the subesophageal and thoracic ganglia, with concomitant reductions in Eclosion Hormone immunoreactivity in descending axons in comparison with animals not undergoing ecdysis. Animals lacking the brain showed reduced to no cGMP levels in all ganglia. In vitro, isolated CNS preparations lacking the brain initiated ecdysis motor programs after incubation in ETH, with faster onset times than controls, and with reduced cGMP-immunoreactivity. If ETH was applied only to the brain of the isolated CNS, cGMP-immunoreactivity was noted primarily in the subesophageal and thoracic ganglia, with a decrease in Eclosion Hormone immunoreactivity in descending axons. ETH addition to the rest of the nerve cord showed reduced Eclosion Hormone immunoreactivity but little to no cGMP-immunoreactivity in any ganglion. Controls showed strong cGMP-immunoreactivity in all ganglia, and even greater reductions in Eclosion Hormone staining after ETH application. These results support previous suggestions that Eclosion Hormone is required for a positive feedback loop with ETH as well as onset of an inhibitory component, but also suggest that ETH stimulates Eclosion Hormone release at multiple spike initiation zones. The resultant up regulation of cGMP does not appear to be required for onset of ecdysis. A new model for ecdysis regulation is considered.
- Published
- 2010
30. Structure–activity relationship of ETH during ecdysis in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
- Author
-
Cornell Wells, Katherine Aparicio, Megumi Fuse, Ari Zadel, and Arthur Salmon
- Subjects
Central Nervous System ,Physiology ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Neuropeptide ,Molting ,Biochemistry ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Endocrinology ,Manduca ,Animals ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Peptide sequence ,Alanine ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Lysine ,biology.organism_classification ,Amino acid ,Electrophysiology ,Amino Acid Substitution ,chemistry ,Manduca sexta ,Insect Hormones ,Larva ,Ecdysis ,Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ,Peptides ,Moulting - Abstract
In insects, ecdysis or shedding of the old cuticle, consists of a series of behaviors that are regulated by the coordinated actions of a number of neuropeptides, one of which is ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH). ETH acts directly on central pattern generators of the abdominal ganglia to trigger onset of pre-ecdysis behaviors, as well as indirectly to activate release of eclosion hormone, thereby inducing onset of ecdysis behaviors through a cGMP-mediated mechanism. We assessed the minimal C-terminal amino acids required for biological activity of ETH, by assessing: (i) onset of pre-ecdysis and ecdysis behaviors in vivo, after injection of peptide analogs, (ii) onset of fictive pre-ecdysis and ecdysis motor patterns in vitro, as recorded extracellularly, after incubation of the CNS with the peptide analogs, and (iii) accumulation of cGMP within cells of the abdominal ganglia, as assessed immunohistochemically. Amidation of ETH at the C-terminus was required to elicit a biological response in vivo and in vitro, as well as an accumulation of cGMP within the CNS. The five amino acid amidated C-terminus of ETH (NIPRMamide) was the minimal moiety able to induce a robust pre-ecdysis response in vivo and in vitro, while a seven amino acid core (NKNIPRMa) was required for induction of ecdysis, including accumulation of cGMP immunoreactivity within the CNS. Analogs smaller than 12 amino acids in length were only active at very high concentrations in vivo, suggesting that smaller fragments might be susceptible to hemolymph degradation. Some alanine substitutions or removal of internal amino acids altered the activity of ETH, as well as the time of onset of ecdysis behaviors, suggesting that internal amino acids play a role in maintaining proper folding of the peptide for successful binding or activity at the ETH receptor.
- Published
- 2006
31. Modulation of ecdysis in the mothManduca sexta
- Author
-
Megumi Fuse and James W. Truman
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Crustacean cardioactive peptide ,Physiology ,fungi ,Neuropeptide ,Aquatic Science ,Biology ,Inhibitory postsynaptic potential ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,Manduca sexta ,Insect Science ,Internal medicine ,Ecdysis ,medicine ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Thoracic ganglia ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Intracellular ,Hormone - Abstract
SUMMARYThe sequential behaviours shown by insects at ecdysis are due to the sequential release of various hormones, but the transition from one phase to the next can be fine-tuned by inhibitory influences. The ecdysis sequence in the moth Manduca sexta was initiated by injecting sensitive animals with the neuropeptide ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH). Exposure to ETH stimulates the release of eclosion hormone (EH) which, in turn, activates a set of neurons containing crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) by elevating their levels of intracellular cyclic GMP. We characterized a set of non-CCAP containing neurons that also appear to be EH targets because of their response to cyclic GMP at ecdysis. The neurons did not display leucokinin-,diuretic-hormone- or FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity. They are probably the bursicon-containing cells described previously. After release of EH, there is a transient inhibition of the abdominal centers responsible for ecdysis. Transection experiments suggested that this suppression is viadescending inhibitory units from the suboesophageal and thoracic ganglia. The duration of this inhibition appears to depend on the levels of cyclic GMP and can be extended by pharmacologically suppressing cyclic GMP breakdown. We further found that brief exposure to CO2 caused premature ecdysis. Since the CO2 treatment was effective only after EH release, it probably acts by suppressing descending inhibition. Studies on adult eclosion suggest that CO2, given at the appropriate time, can uncouple the basic larval motor program from modulatory influences provided by the adult pterothoracic ganglion. CO2 therefore appears to be a novel and non-invasive tool for studies of ecdysis behavior in insects.
- Published
- 2002
32. Characterization and baculovirus-directed expression of a myosuppressin encoding cDNA from the true armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta
- Author
-
William G. Bendena, Megumi Fuse, Ian Orchard, Angela B. Lange, E. Lee, B. C. Donly, and Stephen S. Tobe
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,DNA, Complementary ,Physiology ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Prohormone ,In situ hybridization ,Moths ,Biochemistry ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Endocrinology ,Cabbage looper ,Hemolymph ,Internal medicine ,Complementary DNA ,medicine ,Animals ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Nerve Tissue ,Gene ,In Situ Hybridization ,Base Sequence ,biology ,Pseudaletia ,Neuropeptides ,fungi ,biology.organism_classification ,Cell biology ,Manduca sexta ,Insect Proteins ,Baculoviridae ,Sequence Alignment ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Insect myosuppressins are a highly conserved sub-family of peptides which are primarily characterized by the ability to suppress contraction of visceral muscles in a variety of insect species. We have isolated a cDNA from the true armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta, that encodes a prohormone containing a peptide identical to ManducaFLRFamide. We have shown that this myosuppressin gene appears to be expressed in late larval and adult insects. In Manduca sexta, a number of extended-FLRFamide peptides have previously been purified including ManducaFLRFamide, F7D (DPSFLRFamide), F7G (GNSFLRFamide) and two larger peptides F24 and F39 that contain the shorter ManducaFLRFamide sequence at their C-terminus. Comparison with the true armyworm prepropeptide characterized here identifies F24 and F39 as partially processed products from the same precursor. Expression in the true armyworm was shown by in situ hybridization to occur in over 150 cells throughout the adult brain and nerve cord, and also to occur in both open and closed endocrine type cells of the gut. Overexpression of the P. unipuncta FLRFamide cDNA from a baculovirus vector in cabbage looper caterpillars was used to assess the potential for myosuppressin expression as a means of enhancing virus efficacy. Viral expression of the armyworm prohormone cDNA resulted in raised levels of RFamide-like products in the hemolymph of infected insects, but the products were found to be chemically distinguishable from authentic mature peptide and probably represent partially processed hormone.
- Published
- 2002
33. Ecdysis behaviors and circadian rhythm of ecdysis in the stick insect, Carausius morosus
- Author
-
Andrew Carriman, Christopher A. Moffatt, Alba A. Gutierrez, Megumi Fuse, and Tracy Wadsworth
- Subjects
Carausius morosus ,Nymph ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Insecta ,Physiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Stimulation ,Insect ,Molting ,Motor Activity ,Article ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Circadian rhythm ,Cyclic GMP ,Preparatory phase ,media_common ,biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Cell biology ,Circadian Rhythm ,Eclosion hormone ,Endocrinology ,Insect Science ,Ecdysis ,Nerve Net ,Moulting - Abstract
Successful ecdysis in insects depends on proper timing and sequential activation of an elaborate series of motor programs driven by a relatively conserved network of neuropeptides. The behaviors must be activated at the appropriate times to ensure successful loosening and shedding of the old cuticle, and can be influenced by environmental cues in the form of immediate sensory feedback and by circadian rhythms. We assessed the behaviors, components of the neural network and the circadian basis of ecdysis in the stick insect, Carausius morosus. C. morosus showed many of the characteristic pre-ecdysis and ecdysis behaviors previously described in crickets and locusts. Ecdysis was described in three phases, namely the (i) preparatory or pre-ecdysis phase, (ii) the ecdysial phase, and (iii) the post-ecdysis or exuvial phase. The frequencies of push-ups and sways during the preparatory phase were quantified as well as durations of all the phases. The regulation of ecdysis appeared to act via elevation of cGMP, as described in many other insects, although eclosion hormone-like immunoreactivity was not noted using a lepidopteran antiserum. Finally, C. morosus showed a circadian rhythm to the onset of ecdysis, with ecdysis occurring just prior to or at lights on. Ecdysis could be induced precociously with mechanical stimulation.
- Published
- 2014
34. Effects of an allatostatin and a myosuppressin on midgut carbohydrate enzyme activity in the cockroach Diploptera punctata
- Author
-
Megumi Fuse, J.R. Zhang, William G. Bendena, Ronald J. Nachman, Emily A. Partridge, Stephen S. Tobe, and Ian Orchard
- Subjects
Glycoside Hydrolases ,Physiology ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,Neuropeptide ,Cockroaches ,digestive system ,Biochemistry ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,fluids and secretions ,Endocrinology ,biology.animal ,polycyclic compounds ,Animals ,Diploptera ,Cockroach ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,beta-Fructofuranosidase ,biology ,ved/biology ,Neuropeptides ,fungi ,Diploptera punctata ,Allatostatin ,Midgut ,biology.organism_classification ,digestive system diseases ,Intestines ,Insect Hormones ,Juvenile hormone ,Carbohydrate Metabolism ,alpha-Amylases ,Corpus allatum - Abstract
Neuropeptides of the cockroach allatostatin (AST) family are known for their ability to inhibit the production of juvenile hormone by the corpora allata of cockroaches. Since their discovery, they have also been shown to modulate myotropic activity in a range of insect species as well as to act as neurotransmitters in Crustaceans and possibly in insects. The midgut of cockroaches contains numerous endocrine cells, some of which produce AST whereas others produce the FMRFamide-related peptide, leucomyosuppressin (LMS). We have determined if ASTs and LMS are also able to influence carbohydrate-metabolizing enzyme activity in the midgut of the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Dippu-AST 7 stimulates activity of both invertase and alpha-amylase in a dose-dependent fashion in the lumen contents of ligatured midguts in vitro, but not in midgut tissue, whereas the AST analog AST(b)phi2, a cyclopropyl-ala, hydrocinnamic acid analog of Dippu-AST 6, has no effect. Leucomyosuppressin also stimulates enzyme activity in lumen contents only, although the EC50 is considerably greater than for Dippu-AST. Dippu-AST is also able to inhibit proctolin-induced contractions of midgut muscle, and this action had already been described for LMS [18]. Thus, in this organ, AST and LMS have at least two distinct physiological effects.
- Published
- 1999
35. The muscular contractions of the midgut of the cockroach, Diploptera punctata: effects of the insect neuropeptides proctolin and leucomyosuppressin
- Author
-
Megumi Fuse and Ian Orchard
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Physiology ,Clinical Biochemistry ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,Neuropeptide ,Cockroaches ,Nerve Tissue Proteins ,Proctolin ,Biochemistry ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Endocrinology ,Internal medicine ,biology.animal ,medicine ,Animals ,FMRFamide ,Cockroach ,Diploptera ,biology ,ved/biology ,Neuropeptides ,Diploptera punctata ,Midgut ,biology.organism_classification ,Peptide Fragments ,Nerve tract ,Peptides ,Oligopeptides ,Muscle Contraction - Abstract
We have previously shown differential expression of leucomyosuppressin (LMS) mRNA in apparent endocrine cells in the anterior region of midguts of the cockroach Diploptera punctata, using in situ hybridization. In contrast, other FMRFamide-related peptides, as revealed by immunohistochemistry, have been found most abundantly in the posterior region in both apparent endocrine cells and nerve tracts (1). Here, we partially purified extracts of anterior and posterior cockroach midguts, using HPLC coupled with radioimmunoassay, and found, among multiple FMRFamide-like immunoreactive fractions, one fraction co-eluting with LMS in both regions. The presence of a co-eluting fraction in the posterior region, in the absence of LMS mRNA positive endocrine cells suggests that LMS might therefore be present in nerve tracts running along the length of the midgut. Using a circular muscle contraction assay from different portions of midgut, we determined the effects of LMS, proctolin and a variety of other midgut peptides on contractions of the midgut of Diploptera. Proctolin caused a sustained tonic contraction in the anterior midgut, the amplitude of which was dose-dependent. In contrast, LMS, and its relative SchistoFLRFamide, reduced the amplitude of these contractions. LMS and SchistoFLRFamide also inhibited spontaneous phasic contractions, which were elicited by proctolin application in only a few preparations. Other postulated midgut peptides did not induce or inhibit contractions, nor augment the proctolin-induced contractions. The C-terminal truncated sequences of LMS, HVFLRFamide and VFLRFamide, were sufficient to reduce the amplitude of the proctolin-induced contractions. This work illustrates a possible physiological role for LMS in Diploptera midguts, in the passage of food along the alimentary canal. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
- Published
- 1998
36. In situ hybridization analysis of leucomyosuppressin mRNA expression in the cockroach,Diploptera punctata
- Author
-
Stephen S. Tobe, William G. Bendena, Megumi Fuse, Ian Orchard, and B. C. Donly
- Subjects
Diploptera ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,biology ,ved/biology ,General Neuroscience ,Diploptera punctata ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,In situ hybridization ,biology.organism_classification ,Molecular biology ,Ganglion ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Stomatogastric nervous system ,Ventral nerve cord ,Suboesophageal ganglion ,medicine ,FMRFamide - Abstract
In the cockroach Diploptera punctata, sequencing of the cDNA for the insect myoinhibitory neuropeptide, leucomyosuppressin (LMS), has demonstrated that LMS is the only Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide (NH2) (FMRFamide)-related peptide to be encoded by this gene (Donly et al. [1996] Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 26:627‐637). However, in the present study, high performance liquid chromatography analysis of brain extracts showed six discrete FMRFamide-like immunoreactive fractions, one of which co-eluted with LMS. This study compared the distribution of FMRFamide-related peptides visualized by immunohistochemistry with LMS mRNA expression demonstrated by in situ hybridization in D. punctata. Immunohistochemistry with a polyclonal antiserum generated against FMRFamide, but which recognizes extended RFamide peptides, demonstrated numerous RFamide-like immunoreactive cells and processes in both nervous and nonnervous tissues. RFamide-like immunoreactivity was found in cells and processes of the brain and optic lobes, the stomatogastric nervous system, including the frontal and ingluvial ganglia, and the suboesophageal ganglion. Immunoreactivity was also present in all ganglia of the ventral nerve cord and in the alimentary canal. Within the alimentary canal, positively stained processes were found in the crop, midgut, and hindgut, and immunoreactive endocrinelike cells were located in the midgut. In situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled RNA probe spanning the entire LMS coding region showed cell bodies containing LMS mRNA in all ganglia studied, other than the ingluvial ganglion. Expression was most abundant in the brain and optic lobes and in the frontal and suboesophageal ganglia. LMS mRNA was also apparent, although less intensely, in all other ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. Within the alimentary canal, LMS mRNApositive cells were only visible in the anterior portion of the midgut, in the endocrinelike cells. The appearance of LMS mRNA in the central nervous system, stomatogastric nervous system, and midgut suggests that LMS may play a central role in Diploptera and may be associated
- Published
- 1998
37. Characterization of the gene for leucomyosuppressin and its expression in the brain of the cockroach Diploptera punctata
- Author
-
William G. Bendena, Ian Orchard, B. C. Donly, Stephen S. Tobe, and Megumi Fuse
- Subjects
DNA, Complementary ,Molecular Sequence Data ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,Gene Expression ,Cockroaches ,Biology ,Biochemistry ,Complementary DNA ,Gene expression ,Animals ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Northern blot ,Molecular Biology ,Peptide sequence ,In Situ Hybridization ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Base Sequence ,ved/biology ,cDNA library ,Neuropeptides ,Diploptera punctata ,Brain ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Molecular biology ,Amino acid ,Open reading frame ,Genes ,chemistry ,Insect Hormones ,Insect Science ,Female ,Peptides - Abstract
Using HPLC separation, radioimmunoassay, and subsequent bioassay, we have detected the presence of an active peptide, which co-elutes with the insect myoinhibitory peptide leuco-myosuppressin, in the brain of the cockroach Diploptera punctata. We have isolated a cDNA encoding the precursor for this peptide from cDNA libraries representing D. punctata brain RNA. The cDNA sequence contains an open reading frame that upon translation would result in a prepropolypeptide of 96 amino acids. Proteolytic cleavage of the predicted precursor could result in several peptides, including a 10 amino acid C-terminal peptide that would, upon modification of the NH2 and COOH-terminal amino acids, be identical to the insect FLRFamide, leucomyosuppressin. No other RFamide products are predicted to be processed from the precursor. Southern blot analysis indicates that the gene is present in the D. punctata genome in a single copy. Northern blot analysis shows that the gene is predominantly expressed as a 3.8 kb mRNA in cockroach brain. Study of the expression of the leucomyosuppressin gene in D. punctata brain, using in situ hybridization, indicates that expression occurs primarily in the pars intercerebralis of the protocerebrum, a region showing abundant FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurosecretory cells. Immunohistochemistry and HPLC coupled to radioimmunoassay indicates that leucomyosuppressin represents a significant proportion of FMRFamide-related peptide production in the brain. However, HPLC analysis also indicates the presence of significant levels of other related peptides, demonstrating the presence of more than one FMRFamide-related gene in this insect.
- Published
- 1996
38. EigenPhenotypes: Towards an Algorithmic Framework for Phenotype Discovery
- Author
-
Alan Shimoide, Megumi Fuse, U. Yoon, Alexander G. Vaughan, and Rahul Singh
- Subjects
ved/biology ,Computer science ,business.industry ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,Phenotype ,ComputingMethodologies_PATTERNRECOGNITION ,Decomposition (computer science) ,A priori and a posteriori ,Artificial intelligence ,Model organism ,Cluster analysis ,business ,Categorical variable ,computer ,Functional analysis (psychology) ,Organism - Abstract
Studying the genetic control of molecular, anatomical and/or morphological phenotypes in model organisms is a powerful tool in the functional analysis of a gene. The goal of our research is to develop algorithms that discover phenotypes of behavior in model organisms, which may identify, categorize, and quantify these phenotypes under conditions of minimal a priori information. Starting from a non-invasive video monitoring of a model organism, we propose an eigen-decomposition of the organism's behavior captured in video. Traditional clustering techniques in space, time, and frequency can utilize this decomposition to characterize the categorical behaviors of an animal, and for an analysis of the behavioral repertoire. This supplies a quantified analysis of behavior with minimal assumptions, a crucial first step in the genetic analysis of behavior.
- Published
- 2006
39. Molecular characterization and cell-specific expression of an ion transport peptide in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
- Author
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Anna L. Drexler, Myra G. dela Pena, Simon G. Webster, Megumi Fuse, Sook Chung, Christina Harris, and Marilyn Asuncion-Uchi
- Subjects
Central Nervous System ,medicine.medical_specialty ,animal structures ,Histology ,Invertebrate Hormones ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Radioimmunoassay ,Nerve Tissue Proteins ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Arthropod Proteins ,Internal medicine ,Complementary DNA ,Hemolymph ,Manduca ,medicine ,Animals ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Peptide sequence ,Conserved Sequence ,Ion Transport ,biology ,Base Sequence ,Nervous tissue ,fungi ,Cell Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Immunohistochemistry ,Cell biology ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Manduca sexta ,Ecdysis ,Ventral nerve cord ,Larva ,Peptides ,Moulting - Abstract
The crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) peptides regulate diverse physiological processes from reproduction to metabolism and molting in arthropods. In insects, the ion transport peptides (ITP), also members of the CHH family, have only been implicated in ion transport. In this study, we sequenced a nucleotide fragment spanning the conserved A1/A2 region of the putative CHH/ITP gene. This fragment was amplified from larval cDNA of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta and showed a high degree of sequence conservation with the same region from other insects and, to a lesser degree, with that of crustacean species, suggesting the presence of a Manduca-specific CHH/ITP mRNA (MasITP mRNA). CHH-like immunocytochemical analyses with two crustacean antisera (from Carcinus maenas and Cancer pagurus) identified the presence of CHH-like immunoreactivity in nervous tissue of all developmental stages, but not in the gut of M. sexta. Specifically, CHH-like peptides localized to paired type IA(2) neurosecretory cells of the pars lateralis of the brain (projecting ipsilaterallly to the corpora cardiaca-allata complex) and to neurosecretory cells and transverse nerves of the ventral nerve cord in larvae, pupae, and adults. The distribution of the putative MasITP peptide shifted during development in a manner consistent with metamorphic reorganization. A comparison of hemolymph equivalents of CHH detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with CHH-like immunoreactivity in transverse nerves provided evidence for the release of MasITP from the transverse nerves into the hemolymph at insect ecdysis. These data suggest the presence of an insect ITP in M. sexta and a role for this hormone during ecdysis.
- Published
- 2006
40. FMRFamide-related Peptides in Insects, with Emphasis on the Myosuppressins
- Author
-
Ian Orchard, William G. Bendena, Megumi Fuse, B. C. Donly, Angela B. Lange, and Stephen S. Tobe
- Subjects
History and Philosophy of Science ,General Neuroscience ,Biology ,FMRFamide ,Neuroscience ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology - Published
- 1997
41. Automated Behavioral Phenotype Detection and Analysis Using Color-Based Motion Tracking
- Author
-
Rahul Singh, Alan Shimoide, Ilmi Yoon, H.C. Beale, and Megumi Fuse
- Subjects
Context model ,Motion analysis ,business.industry ,Computer science ,Context (language use) ,Body movement ,Motion detection ,Application software ,computer.software_genre ,Machine learning ,Phenotype ,Match moving ,Computer vision ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,computer - Abstract
The problem of elucidating the functional significance of genes is a key challenge of modern science. Solving this problem can lead to fundamental advancements across multiple areas such starting from pharmaceutical drug discovery to agricultural sciences. A commonly used approach in this context involves studying genetic influence on model organisms. These influences can be expressed at behavioral, morphological, anatomical, or molecular levels and the expressed patterns are called phenotypes. Unfortunately, detailed studies of many phenotypes, such as the behavior of an organism, is highly complicated due to the inherent complexity of the phenotype pattern and because of the fact that it may evolve over long time periods. In this paper, we propose applying color-based tracking to study Ecdysis in the hornworm - a biologically highly relevant phenotype whose complexity had thus far, prevented application of automated approaches. We present experimental results which demonstrate the accuracy of tracking and phenotype determination under conditions of complex body movement, partial occlusions, and body deformations. A key additional goal of our paper is to expose the computer vision community to such novel applications, where techniques from vision and pattern analysis can have a seminal influence on other branches of modern science.
- Published
- 2005
42. Modulation of ecdysis in the moth Manduca sexta: the roles of the suboesophageal and thoracic ganglia
- Author
-
Megumi, Fuse and James W, Truman
- Subjects
Neurons ,Esophagus ,Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ,Insect Hormones ,Manduca ,Animals ,Carbon Dioxide ,Molting ,Thorax ,Cyclic GMP ,Ganglia, Invertebrate - Abstract
The sequential behaviours shown by insects at ecdysis are due to the sequential release of various hormones, but the transition from one phase to the next can be fine-tuned by inhibitory influences. The ecdysis sequence in the moth Manduca sexta was initiated by injecting sensitive animals with the neuropeptide ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH). Exposure to ETH stimulates the release of eclosion hormone (EH) which, in turn, activates a set of neurons containing crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) by elevating their levels of intracellular cyclic GMP. We characterized a set of non-CCAP containing neurons that also appear to be EH targets because of their response to cyclic GMP at ecdysis. The neurons did not display leucokinin-, diuretic-hormone- or FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity. They are probably the bursicon-containing cells described previously. After release of EH, there is a transient inhibition of the abdominal centers responsible for ecdysis. Transection experiments suggested that this suppression is via descending inhibitory units from the suboesophageal and thoracic ganglia. The duration of this inhibition appears to depend on the levels of cyclic GMP and can be extended by pharmacologically suppressing cyclic GMP breakdown. We further found that brief exposure to CO(2) caused premature ecdysis. Since the CO(2) treatment was effective only after EH release, it probably acts by suppressing descending inhibition. Studies on adult eclosion suggest that CO(2), given at the appropriate time, can uncouple the basic larval motor program from modulatory influences provided by the adult pterothoracic ganglion. CO(2) therefore appears to be a novel and non-invasive tool for studies of ecdysis behavior in insects.
- Published
- 2002
43. Molecular characterization of the inhibitory myotropic peptide leucomyosuppressin
- Author
-
B. Cameron Donly, Angela B. Lange, Ian Orchard, Eunhee Lee, Stephen S. Tobe, William G. Bendena, and Megumi Fuse
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Subfamily ,Physiology ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Enteroendocrine cell ,Peptide ,Cockroaches ,Genes, Insect ,Biology ,Biochemistry ,Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience ,Endocrinology ,Internal medicine ,Complementary DNA ,biology.animal ,medicine ,Animals ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Protein Precursors ,Gene ,In Situ Hybridization ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Cockroach ,ved/biology ,Diploptera punctata ,Neuropeptides ,Brain ,genomic DNA ,Alternative Splicing ,chemistry ,Insect Hormones ,Oligopeptides ,Protein Processing, Post-Translational - Abstract
Bendena, W. G., B. C. Donly, M. Fuse, E. Lee, A. B. Lange, I. Orchard and S. S. Tobe. Molecular characterization of the inhibitory myotropic peptide leucomyosuppressin. Peptides 18(1) 157–163, 1997.—The myoinhibitory peptide leucomyosuppressin (LMS) (pQDVDHVFLRFamide) has been identified and characterized at the molecular level in the cockroach Diploptera punctata through analysis of the organization of both brain cDNA and genomic DNA. Processing of the precursor predicted from DNA sequence would release a single LMS peptide. The organization of the precursor appears to be conserved in other insects and may reflect a functional organization for this subfamily of extended FLRFamides. The expression of the LMS gene appears in numerous cells of the pars-intercerebralis of the cockroach protocerebrum as well as in numerous endocrine cells of the midgut.
- Published
- 1997
44. The distribution and partial characterization of FMRFamide-related peptides in the salivary glands of the locust, Locusta migratoria
- Author
-
Ian Orchard, Megumi Fuse, and Declan W. Ali
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Histology ,Invertebrate Hormones ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Radioimmunoassay ,Grasshoppers ,Biology ,Salivary Glands ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Internal medicine ,Suboesophageal ganglion ,medicine ,Cyclic AMP ,Animals ,Amino Acid Sequence ,FMRFamide ,Cyclic GMP ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Neurotransmitter Agents ,Neuropeptides ,Nerve plexus ,Cell Biology ,biology.organism_classification ,Immunohistochemistry ,Ganglia, Invertebrate ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Endocrinology ,Ventral nerve cord ,Second messenger system ,Female ,Invertebrate hormone ,Locust - Abstract
The distribution and partial characterization of FMRFamide-related peptides in the salivary glands of the locust, Locusta migratoria, were investigated by means of immunohistochemistry, radioimmunoassay and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Whole-mount preparations of glands stained positively against anti-FMRFamide antisera, and contained the equivalent of 837 +/- 80 fmol FMRFamide/gland pair, as determined by radioimmunoassay. FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity occurred in the processes of the transverse nerves of both the prothoracic and mesothoracic ganglia, but was not found in the salivary motoneurons 1 or 2 of the suboesophageal ganglion, both of which directly innervate the salivary glands via the salivary nerve 7b; nor was it found within the salivary nerve 7b itself, leading to the salivary glands. It was, however, found as a superficial nerve plexus on the surface of nerve 7 at the suboesophageal ganglion, but did not appear to extend to the salivary glands. The origin of this staining is unclear. High performance liquid chromatography of salivary gland tissue extracts, monitored by radioimmunoassay, revealed 4 peaks of immunoreactive material, 2 of which co-migrated with AFIRFamide and GQERNFLRFamide, previously isolated from the locust ventral nerve cord. These 2 synthetic peptides did not elevate basal levels of the second messengers cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP in the salivary glands.
- Published
- 1996
45. Stress-induced failure of osmoregulation in the parasitic nematode Pseudoterranova decipiens: indirect evidence for hormonal regulation
- Author
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K. G. Davey, R. I. Sommerville, and Megumi Fuse
- Subjects
Nematoda ,Physiology ,Aquatic Science ,Biology ,Cola (plant) ,Animal science ,medicine ,Osmotic pressure ,Animals ,Seawater ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,fungi ,Stress induced ,Body Weight ,Osmolar Concentration ,Anatomy ,Water-Electrolyte Balance ,biology.organism_classification ,Pseudoterranova decipiens ,Kinetics ,Nematode ,Insect Science ,Larva ,Osmoregulation ,Animal Science and Zoology ,medicine.symptom ,Weight gain ,Hormone - Abstract
When third-stage larvae of Pseudoterranova decipiens maintained at 5°C are placed in either 40% artificial sea water (ASW, iso-osmotic) or 15% ASW (hypo-osmotic) and weighed once at 0h and again at 24h, they neither lose nor gain weight, and the osmotic pressure (OP) of their pseudocoelomic fluid (PCF) remains unchanged. In contrast, when worms are weighed six additional times during the 24h interval, those maintained in iso-osmotic conditions lose weight, while those maintained in hypo-osmotic conditions gain weight. Worms which had been exposed to hypo-osmotic conditions and weighed at various times between 0 and 24h exhibited an increase in weight which was correlated with the number of weighings. Worms exposed to hypo-osmotic conditions and weighed three additional times between 0 and 24h also gained weight, and the OP of the PCF decreased such that worms experiencing the greatest increase in weight suffered the greatest dilution of the PCF. In worms ligatured at the head or tail or at the head and tail, and then exposed to either 15% or 40% ASW, the effect of multiple weighings is exaggerated in a complex way. The presence of a ligature on the tail in worms immersed in an iso-osmotic medium leads to an increase in weight and to a very marked additional increase in weight in worms immersed in a hypo-osmotic medium. The presence of a head ligature in worms in an iso-osmotic medium leads to a decrease in weight and to a smaller weight gain in a hypo-osmotic medium. The addition of a head ligature to worms ligatured at the tail increases the weight gain in both iso-osmotic and hypo-osmotic media. These results demonstrate that stress induced by handling disrupts the normal capacity to osmoregulate in P. decipiens; they are consistent with the stress-induced release of postulated diuretic and antidiuretic factors.
- Published
- 1993
46. Water compartments and osmoregulation in the parasitic nematode Pseudoterranova decipiens
- Author
-
R. I. Sommerville, K. G. Davey, and Megumi Fuse
- Subjects
Physiology ,Drinking ,Penetration (firestop) ,Anatomy ,Aquatic Science ,Biology ,Water-Electrolyte Balance ,biology.organism_classification ,Pseudoterranova decipiens ,Nematode ,Animal science ,Digestive System Physiological Phenomena ,Insect Science ,Larva ,Time course ,Ascaridoidea ,Osmoregulation ,Animals ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Seawater ,Molecular Biology ,Water content ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
A study of the time course of penetration of 3H2O into whole worms suggests that worms immersed in a hypo-osmotic environment (15% artificial sea water) reach full exchange equilibrium more slowly than worms in an iso-osmotic environment (40 % artificial sea water). The apparent water content, determined by dry mass, matches that determined by 3H2O exchange when worms are immersed for 24h in 40% artificial sea water (ASW), but the water content measured by 3H2O exchange is lower when worms are kept in a hypo-osmotic environment for 24h. These differences disappear after 48h. No such differences are apparent when sacs, consisting of cylinders of body wall lacking their intestines and pseudocoelomic fluid and closed at both ends by ligatures, are immersed in either 40% or 15% ASW for 24h. The placing of ligatures at the head, but not at the tail, results in a failure of worms immersed in 40% ASW or 15% ASW containing 3H2O to achieve full exchange equilibrium within 24h. These results suggest that although worms immersed in an iso-osmotic environment drink, those immersed in a hypo-osmotic environment do not, a conclusion supported by studies involving the addition of [14C]inulin to the medium. The application of ligatures to the head and tail of worms immersed in 40% ASW results in a slower penetration of 3H2O into the pseudocoelomic fluid, whereas similar ligatures do not further retard the penetration in worms exposed to 15% ASW. The results are consistent with a model which sees the pseudocoelomic fluid as consisting of two compartments containing water, one of which exchanges more slowly than the other.
- Published
- 1993
47. Osmoregulation in the parasitic nematode Pseudoterranova decipiens
- Author
-
Megumi Fuse, K. G. Davey, and R. I. Sommerville
- Subjects
Physiology ,Anal Canal ,Aquatic Science ,Biology ,Permeability ,Ascaridoidea ,Osmotic pressure ,Animals ,Seawater ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Osmolar Concentration ,Anatomy ,Water-Electrolyte Balance ,biology.organism_classification ,Pseudoterranova decipiens ,Cell biology ,Nematode ,Insect Science ,Larva ,Osmoregulation ,Tonicity ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Digestive System - Abstract
When subjected to hyper-or hypo-osmotic stress at 5°C for 24h, third-stage larvae of the parasitic nematode Pseudoterranova decipiens do not exhibit changes in mass or in the osmotic pressure of the pseudocoelomic fluid. Immersion in solutions containing 3H2O demonstrates that exchange with the water in the pseudocoelomic fluid is substantially complete within 24h. Sacs composed of cylinders of body wall without the intestine and pseudocoelomic fluid do not gain weight when immersed for 24h in hypotonic medium. Metabolic poisons abolish the ability of whole worms and sacs to maintain their weight when immersed in hypotonic media. These observations support the conclusion that the nematode is capable of at least short-term osmoregulation and that the site of osmoregulation is the body wall. The observations that more fluid is passed from the anus in some hypo-osmotically stressed worms and that worms ligatured at the tail exhibit a small increase in mass when exposed to hypo-osmotic conditions may indicate that the intestine plays a minor and subsidiary role in osmoregulation.
- Published
- 1993
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