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Background/Purpose Laparoscopic gastrostomy (LG) and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) are two common methods for gastrostomy feeding tube placement in children. There have been limited studies evaluating these surgical interventions in infants under 12 months of age. Methods This study is a retrospective review of 186 patients who underwent either LG or PEG placement over a 5-year period at a single institution. The primary outcome for this study was the complication rate between the two groups. Results Of 186 patients who underwent gastrostomy tube placements, n = 130 patients comprised the PEG cohort, and n = 56 made up the LG cohort. The demographics of the two cohorts were comparable in weight, age, and co-morbidities. The overall complication rate was 29.6% The breakdown of 31.5% complications in the PEG group vs. 25% in the laparoscopic group was not statistically different. However, the PEG group did have significantly more patients who required general anesthetic for additional procedures related to G tube placement. Conclusion Laparoscopy and endoscopy are both acceptable options for gastrostomy tube placements in infants. However, this study identifies that PEG placements are associated with significantly increased risk for the need of additional procedures requiring general anesthesia in this patient population. Level of Evidence

Pectus excavatum is a common chest wall anomaly. Achieving optimal pain control is a priority for adolescents undergoing surgical correction of this condition. Options for pain control include the use of subcutaneous catheters (On-QWe identified patients who underwent pectus excavatum repair at our institution between January 2010 and August 2016. Patients were divided into two cohorts (epidural or On-Q pump). Patient charts were reviewed for length of stay, pain scores, pain medications, and complications.A total of 124 patients were included. Forty percent of patients used an epidural (n = 50), and 60% had the On-Q pump (n = 74). The average patient age was 15.6 years. The average Haller index was 4.3. The On-Q pump population had a significant decrease in postoperative length of stay (mean [M] = 4.86, standard deviation [SD] = 0.85) compared with the epidural population (M = 5.60, SD = 0.97); P ≤ .001. There was a significant difference observed in pain scores for patients on the epidural (M = 2.91, SD = 1.13) and On-Q pump (M = 3.81, SD = 1.19; P ≤ .001). There was n = 1 wound infection in each group.The use of bilateral subcutaneous infusion catheters is a safe and effective method for pain control in patients undergoing surgical correction of pectus excavatum. Even though the degree of pain control is not necessarily superior to epidurals, in this study, the catheters were associated with a shorter postoperative length of stay in this patient population and did not increase the incidence of complications.

HHT is an autosomal dominant vascular dysplasia, in which abnormalities of endothelial cells cause patients to develop mucocutaneous telangiectasias, and AVMs of the pulmonary, hepatic, and cerebral circulations. Pulmonary AVMs occur in more than 20% of patients with HHT, and presentation varies from simple diffuse telangiectasias to large complex structures. Surgical management is usually indicated for large pulmonary AVMs. Treatment options for pulmonary AVMs include therapeutic embolization, segmental or lobar resection of the affected lung, and less commonly lung transplantation. Here we report the first successful case of a bilateral lung transplant for a four-yr-old girl with HHT.

McGuire MM, Jones BA, Hull MA, Misra MV, Smithers CJ, Feins NR, Jenkins RL, Lillehei CW, Harmon WE, Jonas MM, Kim HB. Combined en bloc liver–double kidney transplantation in an infant with IVC thrombosis. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: E142–E144. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: We report a case of a pediatric en bloc liver-double kidney transplant in a patient with IVC thrombosis below the renal veins. The patient is an 11-month-old girl diagnosed with congenital nephrotic syndrome at two months of age. Multifocal liver masses were identified on routine ultrasound at eight months of age. Alpha fetoprotein level was 55 319. Biopsy confirmed hepatoblastoma. CT scan confirmed multiple lesions in both lobes, which would require liver transplantation for resection. She was also found to have thrombosis of her infrarenal IVC secondary to multiple central lines. She was listed for combined liver–kidney transplant and began chemotherapy. After four cycles of chemotherapy, she underwent bilateral nephrectomies followed by a combined en bloc liver-double kidney transplant from a size matched donor. In order to provide adequate venous outflow from the kidneys in the absence of a recipient infrarenal IVC, the donor liver and kidneys were procured en bloc with a common arterial inflow via the infrarenal aorta and common outflow via the suprahepatic IVC. Kidney transplantation in the absence of adequate recipient venous drainage may require unusual vascular reconstruction techniques. This case demonstrates a novel approach in patients who may require combined liver–kidney transplantation.

Patients on cardiac assist devices are often considered to be high-risk solid organ donors. We report the first case of a reduced size liver transplant performed using the left lateral segment of a pediatric donor whose cardiac function was supported by a Berlin Heart. The recipient was a 22-day-old boy with neonatal hemochromatosis who developed fulminant liver failure shortly after birth. The transplant was complicated by mild delayed graft function, which required delayed biliary reconstruction and abdominal wall closure, as well as a bile leak. However, the graft function improved quickly over the first week and the patient was discharged home with normal liver function 8 weeks after transplant. The presence of a cardiac assist device should not be considered an absolute contraindication for abdominal organ donation. Normal organ procurement procedures may require alteration due to the unusual technical obstacles that are encountered when the donor has a cardiac assist device.

HHT is an autosomal dominant vascular dysplasia, in which abnormalities of endothelial cells cause patients to develop mucocutaneous telangiectasias, and AVMs of the pulmonary, hepatic, and cerebral circulations. Pulmonary AVMs occur in more than 20% of patients with HHT, and presentation varies from simple diffuse telangiectasias to large complex structures. Surgical management is usually indicated for large pulmonary AVMs. Treatment options for pulmonary AVMs include therapeutic embolization, segmental or lobar resection of the affected lung, and less commonly lung transplantation. Here we report the first successful case of a bilateral lung transplant for a four-yr-old girl with HHT.

We report a case of a pediatric en bloc liver-double kidney transplant in a patient with IVC thrombosis below the renal veins. The patient is an 11-month-old girl diagnosed with congenital nephrotic syndrome at two months of age. Multifocal liver masses were identified on routine ultrasound at eight months of age. Alpha fetoprotein level was 55 319. Biopsy confirmed hepatoblastoma. CT scan confirmed multiple lesions in both lobes, which would require liver transplantation for resection. She was also found to have thrombosis of her infrarenal IVC secondary to multiple central lines. She was listed for combined liver-kidney transplant and began chemotherapy. After four cycles of chemotherapy, she underwent bilateral nephrectomies followed by a combined en bloc liver-double kidney transplant from a size matched donor. In order to provide adequate venous outflow from the kidneys in the absence of a recipient infrarenal IVC, the donor liver and kidneys were procured en bloc with a common arterial inflow via the infrarenal aorta and common outflow via the suprahepatic IVC. Kidney transplantation in the absence of adequate recipient venous drainage may require unusual vascular reconstruction techniques. This case demonstrates a novel approach in patients who may require combined liver-kidney transplantation.

Background Despite aggressive chemotherapy, recurrence of disease remains the leading cause of death after liver transplantation (LTx) for hepatoblastoma (HB). Unfortunately, little is known about the effects of immunosuppression on recurrence and posttransplant outcomes. We hypothesized that minimal immunosuppression can be safely used in these recipients. Methods In 2004, we adopted a minimal immunosuppression regimen using daclizumab induction and tacrolimus monotherapy. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated. Results From 2004 to 2006, 6 children underwent primary LTx for HB with neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy. Patient survival was 100% at 12 months and at 24 months, without graft loss. One patient died 28 months after transplantation. Recurrence-free survival was 83% at 12 months and at 24 months. Despite minimal immunosuppression (IS), 4 of 6 HB recipients remained rejection-free. When compared to other LTx recipients receiving minimal IS, HB recipients trended to have better rejection-free survival (HB, 83% at 12 months and 62.5% at 24 months vs all others, 36% and 36%, respectively; P = .19). Conclusion Our short-term patient and graft survival rates are comparable to those reported for all HB recipients in the United Network for Organ Sharing database. Although not statistically significant, our rejection-free survival data suggest that HB recipients may be less likely to reject than other recipients.