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In this study, calcium phosphate nanoparticles-based (STCNV) and montanide oil adjuvant vaccine (STOAV) containing outer membrane proteins (Omps) of S. Typhi were evaluated for inducing oxidative stress indicators [reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total protein] in the tissues of mice after vaccination. The GSH levels though slightly high in the liver, kidney, and lungs of STCNV group were not significantly different from STOAV and the control group (STC). There was no significant difference in LPO levels in any group for any tissue. The significantly lower activities of catalase were observed in the kidney and lungs of the STCNV group as compared to STOAV and STC group, while in the liver, STCNV group revealed lower catalase activity in comparison to the control group. No significant difference in the SOD activities between the two vaccinated groups was observed. The total protein contents in all the organs showed no significant difference in the vaccinated and the control group. The vaccines may induce long-term inflammatory response and consequently damage vital organs; this study revealed no long-term oxidative stress in all the three vital organs, suggesting that these vaccines may not cause oxidative damages in the vital organs of mice.

Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is an economically important, immunosuppressive viral disease of chicken. Withania somnifera, a well-known Indian medicinal plant and functional food, finds extensive ethnomedicinal and ethnoveterinary use in the subcontinent. Root extracts of Withania somnifera have been shown to inhibit IBD virus (IBDV) in vitro. The effect of dietary supplementation with whole root powder of Withania somnifera was studied in chicken experimentally infected with IBDV. Dietary supplementation with the root powder improved erythrocytic indices, biochemical parameters, bursal weight index, and lymphocyte stimulation indices, and reduced histopathological insult in the infected birds. Viral load decreased to less than one-fourth in the birds receiving dietary supplementation with Withania somnifera root powder. It could be concluded that continued supplementation of IBDV-infected chicken with Withania somnifera root powder alleviated virus-induced stress and histological and immunological alterations and reduced viral persistence in the host.

The present study was carried out on the cranial lumbar vertebrae (L1, L2 and L3) of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. It was revealed that the centrum of cranial lumbar vertebrae was constricted in the middle, but expanded at either end. They presented a rudimentary ventral crest. The intervertebral foramina were often double in the cranial part of the series and were very large further back. The transverse process was a long plate of bone that spread out laterally at right angles from the centrum, being slightly bent forward. The borders of the transverse processes were thin, irregular and presented projections of variable size and form. The dorsal supraspinous processes were broad and flattened plates of bone. These processes were relatively low, wide and perpendicular to the long axis of the vertebrae. The articular processes were well developed and placed further apart than in the thoracic region. They were large and their facets were strongly curved. The mamillary processes were fused with the cranial articular processes and were thick and tuberous. The cranial articular processes were concave and directed medially, whereas the caudal ones were convex and directed laterally. Biometrical observations on different parameters of cranial lumbar vertebrae reflected significance (P less than 0.05) differences between the sexes of this species.

CHOUDHARY, O. P.; SINGH, I.; BHARTI, S. K.; MOHD, K. I.; SATHAPATHY, S. & MRIGESH, M. Gross and morphometricalstudies on mandible of blackbuck (Antelope cervicapra). Int. J. Morphol., 33(2):428-432, 2015.SUMMARY: The present study has been done on the mandible of blackbuck. The mandible was a paired bone. It was the largestbone of the skull, and it was made up of two halves, which were united with immovable articulation forming mandibular symphysis . Itpresented for description three surfaces and three borders. The lingual sur-face was smooth and concave. Its symphyseal surface wasrough and irregular. The most prominent part of the curve of the ramus formed the angle of the jaw; the part of the ramus between thebody and the angle was called horizontal part and carries the lower cheek teeth. The part of the ramus above the angle was termed thevertical part. The vertical part of ramus was non-tooth bearing, expanded vertical part of mandible. Each ramus presented for d escriptiontwo surfaces, two borders and two extremities. The lateral surface was widest at the angle and tapers towards the extremities.KEY WORDS: Blackbuck; Mandible; Ramus; Teeth.

The present study was carried out on the fourth, fifth and sixth thoracic vertebrae of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The first, second and third thoracic vertebrae were characterized by long supraspinous process, cylindrical, but shorter centrum. The length and breadth of supra spinous processes was observed to decrease from T4 to T6. The transverse process was thick, strong that presented a rounded non-articular mammillary process and a facet ventrally. The costal facets were placed on either side at the end of the articular extremities of the centrum. The cranial articular processes were represented by oval facets on the anterior part of the arch and faced upwards, whereas the caudal ones spring from the base of the dorsal supraspinous process. The Biometrical observations on different parameters of fourth, fifth and sixth thoracic vertebrae reflected significance (P

The study was about surface morphology of epididymis in 28 weeks old male guinea fowl. The tissue samples were fixed in Karnovsky's fluid and then processed as per the standard procedure for ultrastructural studies. Under scanning electron microscopy, the study revealed that, the epididymis was highly coiled, ductular organ, which covered by thick capsule and contained extratesticular part of rete testis, irregular shaped efferent ductules, connecting ductules and ductus epididymis. These ductules were lined by pseudostratified epithelium with or without cilia on the luminal surface. The inner luminal surface of efferent ductules was thrown into mucosal folds. The connecting ductules and ductus epididymis were almost similar, which lumens were fully packed with spermatozoa.

A study was carried out on the tarsal bones of blue bull. The tarsus of blue bull consisted of five bones i.e., tibial tarsal (Astragalus), fibular tarsal (Oscalcis), fused central and fourth tarsal (Scaphocuboid), first tarsal (Cunciformparvum) and second and third tarsal fused (Cuseiform magnum).The average height and breadth of tibial tarsal was 6.81±0.01 cm and 3.84±0.01 cm, respectively. The fibular tarsal was the longest, elongated bone of the tarsus and flattened from side to side with an average height and breadth 12.00±0.01 cm and 3.72±0.01 cm, respectively. The central and the fourth tarsalswere fused together to form a large single bone. The average height and breadth for central and fourth fused tarsal was 2.54±0.01 cm and 5.11±0.01 cm, respectively. The first tarsal was a quadrilateral piece of bone placed at the postero-internal part of the tarsus. The length and maximum breadth of first tarsal was 2.14±0.01 cm and 3.32±0.01 cm, respectively. The second and third fused tarsal was a small plate of bone having length and breadth of second and third fused tarsal 1.68±0.01 cm and 3.34±0.01 cm, respectively.