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Introduction:Congenital spinal deformities accompanied by medulla spinalis anomalies are relatively common conditions and can lead to severe complications when left untreated. The conventional treatment approach for severe spine deformity with medulla abnormality is at least a two-stage surgery performed at different times by an orthopaedic and neurosurgeon. However, this might increase hospitalisation time, cost and complication rates. In this study, we aimed to retrospectively evaluate the results of the simultaneous correction of spinal and medulla spinalis deformities in the paediatric population and compare the outcomes with a control group.Methods:The study included 26 patients with spinal deformities such as rigid scoliosis and kyphosis who underwent a deformity correction surgery and 8 patients who underwent a simultaneous correction of spinal and medulla spinalis deformities. Diagnosis, age, additional pathologies and neurological and radiological findings were recorded. Intraoperative and postoperative measures including operation time, intensive care unit (ICU) duration, hospital stay, blood loss, any early and late complications and second revision surgery requirements were evaluated and reported.Results:The mean operation time was 5.8 (range, 5-8) h in the study group and 3.4 h (range, 3-5) h in the control group (p

In this study volume density of gray and white matter of cervical segments of spinal cords of rats were investigated using stereological method. Twelve male Wistar albino rats were used in the study as two different age groups 1 month and 5 months. All animals were fixed by perfusing 10% buffered formalin. Rats were dissected and spinal cords of rats were removed. In the study cervical segments of 1 and 5 months age rats were obtained. One of the first 15 section were selected randomly when the sections were taken. And following every 50th section was determined by systematic random sampling. Thus, 8-10 sections of 5µm thickness were obtained from cervical segments of each animal’s medulla spinalis. These sections were stained by hemotoxylin eosin and they were photographed at microscope. Densities of volumes of all tissue of cervical segments of whole spinal cord and white and gray matters were calculated using dotted area ruler by Cavalieri Principle. SHTEREOM 1.5 package programme was used for counting dotted area. In addition, the volume vales of total cervical segment, volume values of the white matter and the gray matter and the ratios of these volume values to each other were evaluated in the study.

V female normoglycemic Wistar rats were used 200–250 g . Dorsolateral incisional wounds length: 4 cm were made on the two sides of the medulla spinalis in rats. They were di- vided into 3 groups: untreated group n=12 , chitosan group n=12 and chitosan+VEGF group n=12 . The rats were sacrificed on the 3rd and 7th days of post wounding. NOx, TBARs and RSH levels were determined spectrophotometrically in serum. Results were compared by one-way ANOVA p

The mouse spinal cord is the caudal most part of the central nervous system (CNS) and that one which in adult life still allows to recognize the origin from the cylindrical neural tube. The spinal cord can be subdivided into the centrally located gray matter (neuronal perikarya) and the white matter (descending motor and ascending sensory fiber tracts). Furthermore, the spinal cord is the anatomical substrate of mono- and polysynaptic reflexes. The connection to the periphery of the body is provided by the spinal nerves composed of a motor root innervating the muscles and a sensory root transferring sensory input from the periphery to the CNS.

Hemorrhagic schwannoma in the medulla spinalis is a rare occurrence. It is a variant of the slow-growing nerve sheath tumor that usually has subtle clinical symptoms. Injury to the spinal schwannoma that was previously suspected by spinal manipulations may accelerate the progression of symptoms and cause an acute presentation of paraplegia. We report a case of a patient that was suspected of an intradural tumor with paraparesis that initially refused treatment. Spinal manipulation procedures were performed outside of the hospital setting with subsequent advancement of paraparesis. A surgical intervention was performed, which found that the tumor mass has grown along with hemorrhage within the schwannoma. The bleeding within the mass may have caused the acute paraplegia that is rarely reported. The patient had a fair improvement on her lower motor extremity function from 1‐2 to 3‐4 out of 5 at six‐month follow-up.

Tez (yüksek lisans) -- Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, 2018 Libra Kayıt No: 122470 …

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy of the peripheral nervous system. Involvement of the dorsal root ganglia and the medulla spinalis in GBS is rare, especially in an axonal form. Herein, we report the case of a 53-year-old woman with classic GBS and involvement of the T8-L1 dorsal root segments. Dorsal root and spinal involvement should be kept in mind in all types of GBS when patients present with segmental or dermatomal sensory impairment.

Background: Central nervous system tuberculosis remains a prevalent problem in developing countries. Also, this disease has been an important problem in developed countries due to the increased incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Tuberculosis of the central nervous system is seen in 10% of immunocompetent patients with primary tuberculosis. Case Report: We report two patients with tuberculoma in the central nervous system. The first case had a lesion located in the medulla oblongata, and the second case had a lesion in the medulla spinalis between the 5th cervical and 1st thoracic vertebral level. Both of these patients underwent surgery. Conclusion: CNS tuberculomas may not always show typical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signs, but when a neurosurgeon encounters a brown-yellow rubber-like lesion that is easily extirpated from the glial tissue, tuberculoma should be considered; anti-tuberculous and corticosteroid therapy should be initiated as soon as possible to prevent meningitis and the immune-mediated destructive effects of tuberculosis on the CNS. Whether or not anti-tuberculous therapy is continued can be decided upon by following definitive pathologic diagnosis. Turkish Başlık Medulla Spinalis ve Medulla Oblongata İçinde Tüberkülom: İki Olgu Sunumu Arkaplan: Merkezi sinir sistem tüberkülozu gelişmekte olan ülkelerde yaygın bir sorun olmaya devam etmektedir. Bu hastalık, edinilmiş immün yetmezlik sendromunda insidans artışı nedeniyle gelişmiş ülkelerde de önemli bir sorun olmaktadır. Merkezi sinir sisteminin tüberkülozu primer tüberkülozlu immünokompetan hastaların %10'unda görülmektedir. Olgu Sunumu: Merkezi sinir sisteminde tüberkülomu olan iki olgu sunmaktayız. İlk vakada lezyon medulla oblongatada yerleşikti ve ikinci vakada 5. servikal ve 1. torakal vertebra seviyesi arasında medulla spinaliste bir lezyon vardı. Bu hastaların ikisi de ameliyat edildi. Sonuç: MSS tüberkülomları her zaman tipik manyetik rezonans görüntüleme (MRG) bulguları göstermeyebilir, ancak beyin cerrahı kolayca glial dokudan çıkarılan, sarı-kahverengi kauçuk benzeri bir lezyonla karşılaştığında, tüberkülom düşünülmelidir; menenjiti ve MSS üzerinde tüberkülozun immün-aracılı yıkıcı etkilerini önlemek için anti-tüberküloz ve kortikosteroid tedavisi mümkün olan en kısa sürede başlanmalıdır. Anti- tüberküloz tedaviye devam edilip edilmeyeceğine kesin patolojik tanıyı takiben karar verilebilir.

Background and objectives: : To assess the potential neurotoxic effects at the ultrastructural level of magnesium sulfate administered intrathecally as a single or multi-dose. Methods: : Our study was conducted with 24 Sprague-Dawley rats that weighed 250-300 g. After a 4-hour fast, the rats were given 10 mg.kg-1 xylazine chloride intraperitoneal and then randomly allocated into three groups. Group I (n = 8) received 0.9% normal saline, Group II (n = 8) was given one intrathecal injection of 0.02 mL of 15% magnesium sulphate, and Group III (n = 8) was given 0.02 mL of 15% magnesium sulphate once a day for seven days. The injections were given within 0.40x50 mm from the lumbar area. After seven days, the animals were sacrificed under anesthesia with an aortic injection of 10% formaldehyde and their tissues were fixed. The medulla spinalis was then examined and histopathologically evaluated under an electron microscope. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical evaluation. A value of p < .05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: : Significant neurodegeneration was detected in rats given single or repeated magnesium sulphate injections compared to the control group. The histopathological evaluation score of this group was also high. Conclusions: : Based on electron microscopic examination, we found that intrathecal magnesium sulphate administration induced neurodegeneration. Keywords: Magnesium Sulphate, Injections, Spinal, Toxic Actions, Microscopy, Electron.

Cedera medulla spinalis akut merupakan penyebab yang paling sering dari kecacatan dan kelemahan. Penyebab utama cedera medulla spinalis adalah trauma, dimana insidensinya pada laki-laki 5 kali lebih besar daripada perempuan. Laki-laki, 25 tahun, Berat Badan 50 kg, Tinggi Badan 160 cm. Pasien dikonsulkan ke Bagian Anestesi dengan paraplegia disebabkan karena fraktur vertebra C5-6 pro dekompressi dan stabilisasi posterior. Tanda vital: Tekanan Darah 120/60 mmHg; laju nadi 78 x/menit, reguler, kuat angkat; laju napas 18 x/menit, tipe abdominal; suhu afebris; dan VAS = 1/10. Penanganan cedera medulla spinalis, dimulai pada saat evaluasi awal, dimana terjaminnya jalan nafas menjadi prioritas utama, oksigenasi dan ventilasi yang adekuat, dan dilanjutkan dengan terapi untuk mencegah ataupun mengatasi komplikasi yang terjadi. Spinal Cord Injury Cause By Vertebra Cervical 5-6 Fracture Acute spinal cord injury is common cause for weakness and morbidity. The primary cause of spinal cord injury is trauma, high incidency at man 5 time higher than woman. A man, 25 years old, body weight 50 kg, height 160 cm has been consulted to Department of Anesthesiology with paraplegia cause by vertebrae C5-6 fracture pro decompression and posterior stabilization. Vital sign: blood pressure 120/60 mmHg, heart rate 78/minute, regular, adequate volume, respiratory rate 18/minute, abdominal, temperature afebris, and VAS 1/10. The management of spinal cord injury, started in early evaluation, with the primary priority is airway, oxygenation, and adequate ventilation, and continuous with therapy for avoiding and treatment the complication.

Ventral cord herniationis a rare cause of focal myelopathy due to herniation of the thoracic cord through a dural defect.It isalso known by a variety of other terms such asspontaneous thoracic cord herniationoridiopathic spinal cord herniation.The key feature is focal distortion and rotation of the cord with no CSF seen between it and the ventral theca.

1. Gülşen S, Caner H. Tuberculoma in the Medulla Oblongata and Me- dulla Spinalis: Two Case Reports. Balkan Med J 2013;30:442-4. 2. Talamás O, Del Brutto OH, García-Ramos G. Brain-stem tuberculoma. An analysis of 11 patients. Arch Neurol 1989;46:529-35. [CrossRef] 3. Gropper MR, Schulder M, Duran HL, Wolansky L. Cerebral tuberculo

PubMed ID: 24992621, OBJECTIVE: The development of secondary brain injury after trauma is known to involve in many cellular mediators. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the effects of the use of both methylprednisolone and montelukast on serum and tissue concentrations of NO, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and tissue glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: SCI was induced in Wistar albino rats by dropping a 10 g rod from a 5.0 cm height at T9-10. The 28 rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: montelukast, methylprednisolone, non-treatment and sham groups. Rats were neurologically tested at 24 hours after trauma and spinal cord tissue levels of MDA, SOD, GSH-PX, CAT levels and blood CK, CK-BB, LDH levels were measured. In addition, histopathological changes were also examined. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in Tarlov scores in methylprednisolone and montelukast administered group compared to the trauma group (p = 0.001).When compared to trauma group, methylprednisolone and montelukast groups had significant differences in MDA (p < 0.05), SOD (p < 0.001), CK-BB (p < 0.001) and LDH (p < 0.05) levels. Histopathologically, no significant changes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows effects of montelukast with biochemical and histopathological parameters and compares its effects with those of methylprednisolone for the first time. Our research has shown that montelukast and methylprednisolone have a neuroprotective effect on spinal cord injury.

Background and ObjectivesThe object of this study was to describe the three-dimensional structure of the dura mater by use of scanning electron microscopy.MethodsMicroscopic dissection of the dura mater from four fresh cadavers (aged 70, 75, 76, and 80 years) 8-12 hours after death were investigated in three different planes (longitudinal, tangential, and transverse).ResultsThe external surface of the dura mater, facing the epidural space, consisted of a network of randomly oriented fine collagen fibers. The thicker elastic fibers (2 μm in diameter) were observed on the surface of the dura. In the inner part of the dura mater, there were very fine lamellae of collagen fibers, which were bundled into thicker (4-5 μm) layers. The dura mater consisted of 78-82 layers, each layer including 8-12 very fine lamellae.ConclusionsThe fibers of the dura mater do not run in a longitudinal direction and are not arranged in a parallel fashion. Cytoarchitecturally the dura mater is a laminated structure built up from well-defined layers oriented concentrically around the medulla spinalis.

WOS: 000327685500006, PubMed ID: 24011796, This study investigates the impact of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on blood vessels, specifically on the development of intussusceptive angiogenesis in cutaneous wound healing. Excisional wounds were formed on both sides of the medulla spinalis in dorsal location of the rats. The control and EGF-treated groups were divided into two groups with respect to sacrifice day: 5 d and 7 d. EGF was topically applied to the EGF-treated group once a day. The wound tissue was removed from rats, embedded in araldite and paraffin, and then examined under transmission electron and light microscopes. The ultrastructural signs of intussusceptive angiogenesis, such as intraluminal protrusion of endothelial cells and formation of the contact zone of opposite endothelial cells, were observed in the wound. Our statistical analyses, based on light microscopy observations, also confirm that EGF treatment induces intussusceptive angiogenesis. Moreover, we found that induction of EGF impact on intussusceptive angiogenesis is higher on the 7th day of treatment than on the 5th day. This implies that the duration of EGF treatment is important. This research clarifies the effects of EGF on the vessels and proves that EGF induces intussusceptive angiogenesis, being a newer model with respect to sprouting type, Anadolu University Research Foundation, Eskisehir, Turkey [BAP1001E06], This study was supported by Anadolu University Research Foundation, Eskisehir, Turkey (project number: BAP1001E06).

WOS: 000328082800024, A case of congenital segmental spinal hypoplasia was described in a 40-day-old Holstein calf. The calf was submitted to our clinic (Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Education and Research Hospital, Surgery Clinic) with the complaint of not being able to rise to feet after birth. After clinical and radiologic inspection an anomaly was detected in spinal cord at the level of 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae. As the prognosis of the animal deteriorates, the calf was euthanized and systemic necropsy of the animal was performed. There was no malformation at the vertebrae around lumbar region, but a constriction was found at the third and fourth lumbar region of the spinal cord in macroscopy. It was detected that the sections prepared from the narrowest part of the medulla spinalis revealed the entire disappearance of the canalis centralis, microscopically. Furthermore syringomyelic cavities with different dimensions were observed in dorsal and ventral funiculi.

Medulla spinalis yaralanması ile testiküler atrofi ve spermatogenezisin bozulması üzerine yapılan araştırmaların günümüzde hala çok yetersiz olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmada torakal düzeyde oluşturulan medulla spinalis kesisinin testis üzerine olası etkilerinin elektron mikroskopik düzeyde araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.Çalışmamızda 250-300 gram ağırlığında 30 yetişkin Wistar türü erkek sıçan kullanıldı. Sıçanlar her bir grupta 5 hayvan olmak üzere 6 gruba ayrıldı. 1. grubu oluşturan 5 hayvana herhangi bir cerrahi işlem uygulanmadı ve bu hayvanlar kontrol grubu olarak değerlendirildi. Geriye kalan 25 hayvanda ise torakal 7-9 seviyelerinde medulla spinalis transeksiyonu yapıldı. Yaralanma sonrası tabakalar kapatıldı ve kontrol grubu da dahil, tüm gruplardaki hayvanlar aynı ortam şartlarında yaşatıldı. Operasyonu takiben 2, 3, 4, 5 ve 6. grupları oluşturan sıçanlardan sırası ile 1, 3, 7, 14 ve 28 gün sonra testisler alındı. Ayrıca hayvanlardan hormon analizi için kan örnekleri de alındı. Elde edilen testis doku örnekleri rutin elektron mikroskopik doku takip yöntemleri ile hazırlandı. Alınan ince kesitler Jeol JEM-1400 elektron mikroskobu ile incelendi.Medulla spinalis kesisinden 1 gün sonra elde edilen testis dokularının incelenmesinde belirgin bir yapısal değişiklik görülmedi. 3. günde Sertoli hücrelerinin sitoplazmasında hafif vakuolizasyon, lipofuksin granülleri ve iri lipid damlacıkları gözlendi. Ayrıca Leydig hücrelerinde agranüler endoplazmik retikülüm sisternalarında genişlemeye bağlı vakuolizasyon izlendi. Kesiden 7 gün sonra membrana propria duvarında kalınlaşma, bazal laminanın ondüleli bir şekil alması, kollajen lif miktarında artma, Sertoli hücrelerinde agranüler endoplazmik retikülüm sisternalarında genişleme, lipid damlacıklarında artma ve sitoplazmada litik alanların oluştuğu izlendi. Spermatogoniumların aralarında geniş boşluklar ve bazı spermatidlerde dejeneratif akrozomal değişiklikler de görüldü. Kesiden 14 ve 28 gün sonra alınan testislerde, Sertoli hücrelerinde çekirdekte piknotik değişiklikler, sitoplazmada ileri derecede vakuolizasyon ve lizis, spermatidlerde yapısal bozukluklar, membrana propriada ondüleli şekil alma ve kollajen liflerde artış gibi dejeneratif değişikliklerin belirgin olarak arttığı dikkati çekmekteydi.Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada, torakal seviyedeki medulla spinalis kesisi sonucu testis ultrastrüktürel düzeyde incelenmiş ve oluşan yapısal dejenerasyonlar ayrıntılı olarak gösterilmiştir. Medulla spinalis kesisinin spermatogenez üzerindeki akut etkisinin hormon eksikliğine bağlı olabileceği, kesinin kronik fazı boyunca gözlenen anormal spermatogenez ve seminiferöz epitel gerilemesinin altında daha çok nörojenik mekanizmaların yattığı düşünülmektedir. Fertiliteyi olumsuz yönde etkileyen testiküler dejenerasyonların, medulla spinaliste oluşan nörolojik hasarlardan kaynaklanabileceği, dolayısıyla nöral-hipotalamik-testiküler bir yolun varlığını düşündürdüğünü ancak bu konuda daha ileri çalışmaların yapılması gerektiğini göstermektedir. The relationship between spinal cord injury and testicular atrophy and impairment of spermatogenesis in still not fully known. The present study was carried out in order to obtain ultrastructural effects of thoracal spinal cord injury on the testis.Thirty adult male Wistar rats weighing between 250 and 300 g were used. Animals were divided into 6 groups each containing 5 animals. The first group was used as intact control group. The remaining 25 rats underwent spinal cord injury at thoracal 7-9 levels. After the operation, the incision was sutured and the animals were kept under standard conditions. Testicular tissues were taken from rats of 2th, 3th, 4th, 5th, 6th groups respectively on the 1th, 3th, 7th, 14th and 28th days following the operation. Also blood samples were obtained for hormone analysis. Testicular tissue pieces were processed for electron microscopy and examined with Jeol JEM-1400 transmission electron microscope.Electron microscopic examination of the testis from 1 day after operation revealed normal ultrastructure. After 3 days, Sertoli cells exhibited dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, abundant lipid droplets and lipofucsin granules. Most of the Leydig cells also contained dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum cisternae forming variously sized vacuoles. Interesting ultrastructural changes were observed in testicular tissue on the 7th day. Abundant lipid droplets, dilated smooth endoplasmic reticulum cisternae and cytoplasmic lytic areas were encountered in Sertoli cells. Furthermore, enlargement of intercellular area between the spermatogonia, abnormal acrosome formation of the spermatids and thickened membrana propria were also observed. On the other hand, the most prominent fine structural alterations were seen on the 14th and 28th days. Most of the Sertoli cells revealed pyknotic nuclei, abundant lipid droplets and numerous electron dens bodies and variously sized vacuoles. Moreover, many of the tubules exhibit abnormal spermatids and alterations of the membrana propria include ondulated basal lamina and excessive collagen fibers.Testicular ultrastructural changes in the thoracal 7-9 level of spinal cord injury have been documented in detail in this study. It is widely accept that the acute effect of spinal cord injury on the spermatogenesis due to hormone deprivation, whereas neurogenic mechanisms affect atrophy of seminiferous tubules and abnormal spermatogenesis during the chronic phase of the injury. These ultrastructural alterations can lead to impairment of fertility that may caused by the neurological injury at the level of thoracal spinal cord of the brain-testicular axis needs further investigation. 64

Yapılan bu araştırma ile atlarda medulla spinalis'in lumbal segmentlerine ait uzunluk, çap, ağırlık, hacim ve hacim oranları (Substantia grisea, substantia alba, canalis centralis) gibi morfometrik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla çalışmada (1 adet Pony,2 adet arap, 1 adet Belçika, 2 adet İngiliz ırkı) toplam 6 ata ait medulla spinalis kullanıldı. Bu hayvanlardan medulla spinalis'in lumbal bölümü alınarak segmentasyonu yapıldı. Bu işlem takibinde segmentler üzerinde makroskobik ölçümler yapıldıktan sonra, histolojik işlemler aşamasına geçildi. Bu aşamada ilk olarak segmentler 3.8 mm aralıklarla transversal olarak dilimlendi. Elde edilen örneklerin cranial'den caudal'e doğru sırasına ve yönüne sadık kalınarak histolojik takibi yapıldıktan sonra 10µ kalınlığında kesildi ve May-Grümwalds Giemsa ile boyanarak kapatıldı. Boyanan kesitlerin stero-investigator'un virtual slice özelliği kullanılarak görüntüleri alındı. Elde edilen görüntüler üzerinde öncelikle çap ölçümleri, sonrada cavalieri prensibi kullanılarak alan ölçümleri ve hacim hesaplamaları yapıldı. Bu işlemler sonucunda elde edilen morfometrik verilerin istatistiki analizleri yapılarak çizelge ve şekiller halinde sunuldu. Atlarda pars lumbalis'in ağırlık, uzunluk ve haciminin sırasıyla 35.5±2.4 g, 22.5±0.8 cm ve 35.1±2.7 cm3 olarak, medulla spinalis'e oranlandığında ise bu değerlerin sırasıyla %14.7, %13ve %14 olarak tespit edildi. Segment uzunluklarının L1'den L6'ya doğru kısaldığı belirlendi. Mikroskobik ölçümler sonucunda en büyük transversal çapa L4 ve L5'in, vertikal çapta ise L6'nın sahip olduğu tespit edildi. Canalis centralis'te çaplar yönünden segmentler arasında bir fark gözlenmedi. Histolojik işlemler sonucunda ilgilenilen segmentlerde uzunluk, transversal ve vertikal çapta büzüşme oranı sırasıyla %12.43, %5.1 ve % 7.8 olarak gerçekleştiği görüldü. Kesit alanı olarak L5'in, substantia grisea'da L6'nın, substantia alba'da ise L5'in en büyük değerlere sahip segmentler olduğu gözlendi. Hacim olarak L6 dışında tüm segmentlerin istatistiki olarak birbirine benzer, L5'te substantia grisea, L3'te ise substantia alba hacminin en yüksek olduğu gözlendi. Substantia grisea`nın tüm segment hacmine oranı L1 `den L6'ya doğru artarken, substantia alba'da bu oranın azaldığı tespit edildi. Histolojik işlemler sonucunda medulla spinalis'teki büzüşme oranı %26.2 olarak gerçekleştiği görüldü. Sonuç olarak makroskobik ve içerisinde stereolojik yöntemlerinde bulunduğu mikroskobik olarak atlarda medulla spinalis'in pars lumbalis'inin morfometrik özelliklerinin araştırıldığı bu çalışmada elde edilen ve sunulan verilerin bölge morfolojisine ve gelecekte yapılacak araştırmalara katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir., The aim of this study was to determine morphometric features of Lumbar part of the spinal cord of horse, such as length, diameter, weight, volume and volume fraction of the grey and white matter in addition to central canal. For the purpose of the present study, 6 spinal cords that belong to free of nervous disorders and different breeds of horse were used (1 Pony, 2 Arabian Horses, 1 Belgium breed, 2 English horses). Lumbar parts of the cords were dissected out from vertebral columns and segmentation was performed. Morphometric measurements were done on the segments and then routine histological procedure was applied to the all samples. At this stage, segments were sliced transversally at 3.8 mm thickness. All samples were cut at 10 µm thickness with rotary microtom taking into account cranial and caudal directions of the segments. Slides were stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa and covered with glass slip. Virtual slice module of the Stereoinvestigator was used to take whole images of the slides under light microscope using 2.5 X objective. Diameter measurements were utilized on the obtained slides and afterwards area and volume calculations were performed using Cavalieri principle. As a result of these procedures, statistical results of obtained morphometric data were presented in tables and figures. The average weight, length and volume of the Lumbar parts were determined 35.5±2.4 g, 22.5±0.8 cm and 35.1±2.7 cm3 respectively, fractions of mentioned morphometric values to the cord were evaluated as 14.7%, 13% and 14%. The decrease of lengths of segments from L1 to L6 was observed. As a result of microscopic analysis, L4 and L5 had the biggest transverse diameter, however L6 had the largest vertical diameter. It was not observed any differences between vertical and transverse diameters of the central canal of all segments. As a result of histological procedure, tissue shrinkage ratio of length, transverse and vertical diameters of the segments were realized that %12.43, %5.1 and % 7.8 respectively. It was found that L5 had the largest values of cross-sectional and white matter area, however L6 had the largest value of grey matter. Volumes of all segments except for L6 were found similar to each other and the largest volume of grey matter in L5 and the largest volume of white matter in L3 were observed. While the volume ratio of grey matter to the volumes of segments was found to be increased from L1 to L6, the volume of white matter was found to be decreased through related segments. Tissue shrinkage ratio of the spinal cord was found as 26.2% after histological processing. In conclusion, it is thought that the results of present study which were conducted on Lumbar part of the spinal cord and collected using macroscopic, microscopic and stereological methods will contribute to the morphology of related region and the further studies.

Collecting and analyzing all possible documents by internet, and consulting medical libraries in different countries. To focus on the work of Ollivier d’Angers who, in the beginning of the 19th century, spent most of his professional life studying the spinal cord, marrow (SM), or medulla spinalis, and publishing the first comprehensive treatise on the subject in 1824. ParaDoc database, Swiss Paraplegic-Centre, 6207 Nottwil, Switzerland, in collaboration with Paul Dollfus, ISCoS/Paradoc, Mulhouse, France Some of d’Angers's clinical descriptions, observations and also pathologic findings, described in the successive editions of his treatise, were very much in advance of his time. To our knowledge, this was the first comprehensive treatise, in 1824, at least in France. It gave a clear picture on the matter of the SM and in that period of medical history.

Introduction: We investigated the effect of interstitial cystitis (IC) urine on bladder layers and nociceptive centers in the spinal cord with determination of nerve growth factor (NGF), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and c-fos expressions. Material and Methods: Female rats were instilled into the bladder IC urine (Group-IC), normal urine (Group-NU) and saline (Group-S). NGF, nNOS and c-fos activity were determined in the L6–S1 medulla spinalis with identification of mast cell and NGF activity on bladder layers. Results: There was more NGF expression cell density in the bladder wall that was determined immunohistochemically in control and IC urine instillation groups than Group-S. While there was no difference in nNOS, NGF and c-fos activity between spinal cord regions except the lateral dorsal horn of the L6 section, localization of activities was different in Group-IC. Conclusions: The characteristics of the bladder wall and its nociceptive afferents after human urine instillation of some toxic compounds might be causative factors for IC. However, it is barely hard to conclude that different toxic compounds should be causative factors in IC urine in the pathogenesis of IC.

The study was performed on 18 New Zealand rabbits. The rabbits were divided into 4 subgroups. The first group consisted of 6 rabbits and was given 3 mg (0.1 ml) ketorolac intrathecally, the second group of 6 rabbits had 30 mg (1 ml) of ketorolac epidurally, the third and fourth group (controls) consisted of 3 rabbits each and were given 0.1 ml saline intrathecally or epidurally. Biopsies of all groups above and below level of puncture point were made at intervals of 24, 48, and 72 hours and was inspected under an electron microscope. On the control groups where spinal and epidural 0.9% NaCl was used at intervals of 24, 48 and 72 hours, results showed that a big quantity of the norium body was intact, myelin covers was nearly intact, acson organels were in safe limits, and glia cells were also in safe limits at the medulla spinalis. On the groups where spinal and epidural additions were made, results after 24 hours showed some important disorientations. Disorientations were in the form of contractions of myelin covered lamels, invasion of the myelin covers through the acsons, formation of vacumoles between myelin covers and acsons, concentration of hemocromatin around nucleus raised on oligodendrocyte which is glia cells and vacuolation on cytoplasma. Disorientations of this sort were seen to be much milder after 48 hours and inspections were normal at 72 hours. Degenerations found with epidural addings were milder compared to spinal addings. The result of this study showed that epidural administrations causes less degeneration compared to spinal administrations. The primary effect on degeneration were found to be provocative. Finally, the spinal or epidural application of ketorolac on humans need more research on its potential segmental effects at receptor levels.

Bu araştırma, Gemlik Askeri Veteriner Araştırma Enstitüsü ve Eğitim Merkez Komutanlığı, Köpek Eğitim ve Üretim Bölümünden temin edilen değişik cinsiyet ve yaştaki (6-12 aylık) yedişer adet Türk Çoban ve Alman Kurt Köpeği üzerinde yapıldı. Hayvanların medulla spinalis'leri bilinen disseksiyon yöntemleri ile açığa çıkartılıp %10'luk formaldehit solüsyonu ile 12 saat süreyle fikse edildi. Daha sonra iki ırkın medulla spinalis'lerine ait morfolojik özellikler ve morfometrik ölçümler tespit edildi. Sonuçlar aşağıdaki gibi özetlenebilir: 1- İki irkin fila radicularia sayıları, fila çıkış yeri genişliği, iki fila arası uzaklığı ve dura içi fila uzunlukları ile ilgili değerler arasında yapılan istatistiksel önem kontrollerinde anlamlı farklılıklar bulunamamıştır (p>0.05). 2- İki ırkta da intumescentia'ların şekillenme bölgelerinde fila radicularia sarıları diğer bölgelerden daha fazladır. 3. En fazla fila radicularia ventralia sayısı Türk Çoban Köpeğinde C8 de, Alman Kurt Köpeğinde C2 ve C8'de, en fazla fila radicularia dorsalia sayısı Türk Çoban Köpeğinde C6, Alman Kurt Köpeğinde C- de tespit edilmiştir. 4- Her iki ırkta da segment uzunluğunun fazla olduğu bölgelerde fila çıkış yeri genişliği ile fila'lar arası uzaklık da daha fazladır 5- Her iki ırkta da aynı segmentlerden çıkan radix dorsalis uzunlukları radix ventralis uzunluklarından daha fazladır. 6- İki ırkta da segment uzunlukları ile radix uzunlukları arasında ters bir orantı vardır. 7- Radix uzunlukları caudale gidildikçe artmaktadır. Bu durum L.'den sonra daha da belirginleşir. Seven Turkish and seven German Shepherd Dogs which were different seres and ages (6-12 months) from Gemlik Military Veterinary Research Institute were used as research material the spinal cord of the dogs were dissected with known methods and fixed in 10% formaldelnde solution for 12 hours then, morphological features and morphometrical measurements of spinal nerve roots of both breeds were determined. The results could be summarized as follows: - The numbers of fila radicularia, the length of rooi origins (attachment). the length of roor intervals and the lenght of roots within spinal dural sheath comparisions are not found statistically significant between the breeds (P >0.05). 2- In the both breeds, the numbers of fila radicularia at the intumescentia regions are more than the ones that of other regions. 3- While the largest numbers of fila radicularia ventralia at C, in Turkish Shepherd Dogs and at C, and C, in German Shepherd Dogs, on the other hand, the largest numbers of fila radicularia dorsalia are at C. and C. respectively. 4. The regions with longer segment length, the length of root origin (attachment) and the intervals between the adjacent roots are larger than the other regions. 5- In both breeds, the lengths of dorsal roots are longer than the lengths of ventral roots originating from the same segments. 6- There is an opposite correlation between the length of segments and the lenght of roots. 7- There is a gradual increase in the length of roots caudally, and this becomes much more prominent after L. Bu araştırma U. Ü. Araştırma Fonu İşletme Müdürlüğü'nün 91/14 No’lu Projesi ile desteklenmiştir.

Bu araştırma, Gemlik Askeri Veteriner Araştırma Enstitüsü ve Eğitim Merkez Komutanlığı. Köpek Üretim ve Eğitim Bölümünden temin edilen, 6-12 aylık değişik cinsiyetteki 7 Türk Çoban ve 7 Alman Kurt Köpeği üzerinde yapıldı. Hayvanların medulla spinalis 'leri bilinen disseksiyon yöntemleri ile açığa çıkartılıp % 10'luk formaldehit ile 12 saat süreyle fikse edildi. Daha sonra iki irkin medulla spinalis "ine ait morfolojik özellikler ve morfometrik ölçümler tespit edildi. Sonuçlar aşağıdaki gibi özetlenebilir: 1- Medulla spinalis 'in uzunluğu Türk Çoban Köpeklerinde 71.50 + 3.02 cm iken Alman Kurt Köpeklerinde 75.50 + 2.26 cm'dir. 2- Medulla spinalis 'in ağırlığı Türk Çoban Köpeğinde 46.50 7.50 gr ve beyne oranı % 38.62. Alman Kurt Köpeğinde ise 38.30 + 9.10 gr ve beyne oranı % 41.55'dir. 3- Her iki ırkta da medulla spinalis'in transversal çapı, vertikal çapından daha büyüktür. 4- Her iki ırkın segment uzunlukları arasında yapılan istatistiksel önem kontrollerinde anlamlı bir farklılık bulunamamıştır (p>0.05). En uzun segment Türk Çoban Köpeğinde C,'ün, Alman Kurt Köpeğinde ise C, 'ün olduğu tespit edilmiştir. 5- Her iki ırkta da L, 'nin dışında medulla spinalis segmentleri aym numaralı vertebra'nın az veya çok önünde yer almıştır. Bu önde bulunuş özelliği L,'ten geriye doğru gidildikçe fazlalaşmaktadır. In this study, seven Turkish and seven German Shepherd Dogs which were different sexes and ages (6-12 months) from Gemlik Military Veterinary Research Institute were used. The spinal cord of dogs were dissected with known methods and fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution for 12 hours. Then morphological features and morphometrical measurements of the spinal cord of both breeds were determined. The results could be summarized as follows: 7- The mean lenght of spinal cord is 71.50 + 3.02 cm in Turkish Shepherd Dogs and 75.50 + 2.26 cm in German Shepherd Dogs. 2- The mean weight of spinal cord is 46.50 £ 7.50 gr in Turkish Shepherd Dogs and 38.30 + 9.10 gr in German Shepherd Dogs. The weight ratios of spinal cord to the brain are 38.62 % and 41.55 % respectively. 3- In all examined sections of both breeds the transversal diameters of the spinal cord are wider than the vertical diameters. 4- The comparasion of the lenght of the spinal segments are not found statiscally significiant between the breeds (P >0.05). The longest segment of spinal cord is C, in Turkish Dog and C, in German Shepherd Dog. 5- The positions of the spinal segments, except Ly, are more on less cranially located with respect to their corresponding vertebrae in both breeds. This condition becomes much more prominent from L, to caudal.

Bu çalışmada sıçanlarda, spinal kordda travmatik lezyon sonrası implante edilen interkostal sinirin medulla spinalise konneksiyonu ve oluşan skar dokusu üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Medulla spinalise sadece kavite açılan kontrol grubunda (n= 10), kalınlığı 0.02 ile 0.2 mm arasında değişen skar dokusunun oluştuğu görülürken, interkostal sinirin bu kaviteye implante edildiği gruptaki (n= 14) medulla spinalis ile konneksiyon sağlanan yedi sıçanda skar dokusunun oluşumunda belirgin azalma olduğu görüldü. Konneksiyon gelişmeyen sıçanlarda skar dokusunun kalınlığında, kontrol grubuna göre fark yoktu. In this study intercostal nerve was implanted into traumatic rat spina! cord and effects on scar formation in spinal cord were examined. While in control group (n= 10) only a cavity was prepared in spina! cord, implantation of intercostal nerve into the cavity was performed in the other group (n= 14). Control group showed a scar formation ranging 0.02 and 0.2 mms in thickness whereas connection achievements in implantation group skarformation was reduced significantly. Scar thickness was found to be similar in implantation group without connection and the control group.

Background This study aimed to analyze three-dimensional (3D) dosimetric data of conventional two-dimensional (2D) palliative spinal bone irradiation using different reference points and treatment plans with respect to the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) Report 50. Methods Forty-five simulation CT scans of 39 patients previously treated for thoraco-lumbar spinal bone metastases were used. Three different treatment plans were created: (1) single posterior field plans using the ICRU reference points (ICRUrps); (2) single posterior field plans using the International Bone Metastasis Consensus Working Party reference points (IBMCrps); (3) two opposed anterior-posterior (AP-PA) field plans using the ICRUrps. The intended dose range for planning target volume (PTV) was 90% to 110% of the prescribed dose for AP-PA field plans. Cumulative dose-volume histograms were generated for each plan, and minimum, maximum and mean doses to the PTV, medulla spinalis, esophagus and intestines were analyzed. Results The mean percentages of minimum, maximum and mean PTV doses ± standard deviation were, respectively, 91 ± 1.3%, 108.8 ± 1.3% and 99.7 ± 1.3% in AP-PA field plans; 77.3 ± 2.6%, 122.2 ± 4.3% and 99.8 ± 2.6% in ICRUrp single field plans; and 83.7 ± 3.3%, 133.9 ± 7.1% and 108.8 ± 3.3% in IBMCrp single field plans. Minimum doses of both single field plans were significantly lower (p < 0.001) while maximum doses were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than AP-PA field plans. Minimum, maximum and mean doses were higher in IBMCrp single field plans than in ICRUrp single field plans (p < 0.001). The mean medulla spinalis doses were lower in AP-PA field plans than single posterior field plans (p < 0.001). Maximum doses for medulla spinalis were higher than 120% of the prescribed dose in 22 of 45 (49%) IBMCrp single field plans. Mean esophagus and intestinal doses were higher (p < 0.001) in AP-PA field plans than single field plans, however, less than 95% of the prescribed dose. Conclusion In palliative spinal bone irradiation, 2D conventional single posterior field radiotherapy did not accomplish the ICRU Report 50 recommendations for PTV dose distribution, while the AP-PA field plans did achieve the intended dose ranges with a homogenous distribution and reasonable doses to the medulla spinalis, esophagus and intestines.

Albrecht, U., Lametschwandtner, A., Adam, H. 1980. The vascularization of the anuran brain. Rhombencephalon and medulla spinalis. A scanning electron microscopical study of vascular corrosion casts. (Department of Zoology, University of Salzburg, Austria.) — Acta zool. (Stockh.) 61 (4): 239–246. The vascularization of the rhombencephalon and the medulla spinalis of Bufo bufo (L.) is demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. The arterial supply of the rhombencephalon is performed by central arteries. The same is shown in the medulla spinalis. The venous pathways are represented by venae craniales occipitales and by a posterior and bulbar group of the encephaloposthypophysial portal vein, by veins draining into the venae craniales occipitales, by venae spinales ventrales (for the rostral regions of the medulla) and by venae spinales laterales (in the caudal medulla). In the regions examined so far a centrifugal course of the arterial vessels is reported.

The higher departments of every science are doubtless its general principles and its laws. These have a claim to our consideration beyond that of insulated facts or mere details. Impressed with this truth, I have hitherto devoted my attention chiefly to the laws and principles of physiology. In a former memoir, I gave the outline of one of the most general of the laws of this science, —that memoir, I propose to give an account of a principle of action in the animal economy, which has not hitherto, I think, been distinguished with sufficient precision from the other vital and animal functions. The principle to which I have adverted is connected, in a peculiar manner, with the medulla oblongata and the medulla spinalis. There is still much dis­crepancy of opinion amongst physiologists, in regard to the properties and functions of these parts of the nervous system. Legallois concluded, from his interesting series of experiments, that the spinal marrow, as a whole, and in distinct portions, is the exclusive source of sensation and voluntary motion. He observes, “La vie du tronc dépend de la moëlle épinière, et celle de chaque partie dépend spécialement de la portion de cette moëlle dont elle reçoit ses nerfs. De plus, il est facile de démontrer que cette prérogative de la moëlle épinière, d’être la source du sentiment et de tous les mouvemens volontaires du tronc, lui appartient exclusivement à tout autre organe.” The Reporters of the Institute adopt the conclusions of Legallois: "M. Legal lois,” they observe,“ a démontré que la section de la moëlle épinière sur les premières ou sur les dernières vertèbres cervicales, n’arrête que les mouvemens inspiratoires, et qu’elle laisse subsister dans tout le corps le sentiment et les mouvemens volontaires. Cette distinction est capitate: personne ne l’avait faite avant lui.” M. Cruveilhier, on the other hand, denounces this view of the functions of the spinal marrow as one of the errors of modern physiology. He observes, “L’indepéndence des diverses parties de la moëlle les unes des autres, l’indepéndence de la moëlle du cerveau, assez généralement admise dans ces derniers temps, me parait une grave erreur physiologique fondée sur d’ingénieuses expériences. L’opinion des anciens, qui regardaient la moëlle comme un gros cordon nerveux destiné à repondre lui seul à tous les nerfs de l’économie, pour transmettre en définitive au cerveau les impressions, ou pour en recevoir les impulsions volontaires ou organiques, cette opinion est bien plus en harmonie avec les faits, avec la grande loi anatomique de la continuité du système nerveux.”

Mice which were infected with Beverley strain of Toxoplasma were examined for distribution and growth of the cysts in central nervous system as well as in eyes.1) The cysts were distributed throughout the central nervous system. Among four parts of central nervous system, the cysts were found most abundant-ly in telencephalon and cysts in medulla spinalis were the smallest in number. The largest number of cysts found in telencephalon was 134.52 per mg of the tissue.2) Number of cysts in central nervous system increased 1 to 2 weeks after the inoculation and it maintained the same level for several weeks. After 9th week of the infection the cysts began to decrease in number.3) Cysts in central nervous system continued to increase in diameter until 15th week of the infection. Cysts in cellebellum were the largest in size among those in 4 parts of the organ. The largest cyst in cellebellum was 107.9μ in diameter.4) Presence of the organism in eyes were examined in 34 mice. Cysts were detected directly from eyes in 25 cases and the organism was demonstrated from 5 cases only after subinoculation with the emulsified eyes into clean mice.5) The cysts in eyes were found only in the inner surface of retina. Cysts were also found in oculomotor muscles.6) Cysts in eyes were generally smaller in number as well as in size compared to those in central nervous system.7) No pathological findings were recognized in the tissue of eyes and central nervous system around the cysts.