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Introduction: Pixantrone is a novel aza-anthracenedione with antineoplastic activity, currently approved for multiply relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), even if real-life data are limited., Methods: We investigated pixantrone efficacy and safety in clinical practice, as 3 rd or 4 th line therapy. We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 37 R/R DLBCL patients managed in 8 Tuscan onco-hematological centers. Pixantrone, 50 mg/m 2 , was administered on days 1, 8, 15 of a 28 days cycle for up to 6 cycles. Response to therapy was evaluated according to the Lugano 2014 classification., Results: Pixantrone was administered as 3 rd or 4 th line in 24/37 (64.9%) and 13/37 (35.1%) cases. Overall response rate and CR rate were 43.2% and 32.4%. After a median follow-up of 6 months, 17/37 patients (46%) were alive, the main cause of death was progressive disease (14/37 cases, 37.9%). Median PFS was 3 months, median DOR was 17.9 months, and median OS was 9.7 months. A significant proportion of patients achieved a long-lasting response >12 months (8/37 cases). IPI>2 showed a trend toward inferior PFS., Conclusion: In this real-life setting, pixantrone demonstrated appreciable efficacy in a population with poor prognosis; in a small proportion of cases, it can be associated with long-term remission., (© 2022 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

T-cell lymphomas (TCLs) represent a group of lymphoid neoplasms characterized by an aggressive clinical course, even after an anthracycline-containing regimen. Novel agents for patients with relapsed/refractory TCL are urgently needed. Lenalidomide is an oral drug with immunomodulatory, antiangiogenic and direct antineoplastic effects. These peculiar mechanisms of action make TCL an attractive target for lenalidomide. We have identified five clinical trials in which lenalidomide monotherapy was investigated to treat TCL, including cutaneous TCL (CTCL) and adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATLL). In the ATLL-002 study, the overall response rate (ORR) was 42% and median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were 3.8 mo and 20.3 mo, respectively. In a phase II trial for CTCL, ORR was 28% and median PFS and overall survival were 8 mo and 43 mo, respectively. For nodal peripheral TCL, ORR was between 10% and 43% in three clinical trials, with a median PFS of about 4 mo, even if some patients had a durable response. Overall toxicity is manageable and grade 3-4 events are mainly hematological and reversible. Combination strategies did not improve PFS. In conclusion, lenalidomide could represent a suitable treatment option for relapsed/refractory TCL, especially for neoplasms with a T-follicular helper origin, such as angioimmunoblastic TCL., Competing Interests: Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare having no conflicts of interest., (©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Relapsed or refractory (R/R) mantle-cell lymphoma (MCL) patients have a poor prognosis and their management is challenging, in absence of a golden standard as salvage treatment. Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor ibrutinib represents an effective treatment for R/R MCL patients. We investigated ibrutinib efficacy and safety in daily clinical practice, together with factors that could predict disease outcome., Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 69 consecutive R/R MCL patients managed in 10 Tuscan onco-hematological centers. The treatment regimen consisted of oral, continuous, single-agent ibrutinib, maximum dosage of 560 mg once per day, until disease progression., Results: Overall response rate was 62.3%, with a CR rate of 39.1%. After a median follow-up of 15.6 months, 40/69 patients (58%) were alive, the main cause of death was progressive disease (PD, 22/69 cases, 31.9%). Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 17 and 34.8 months. Inferior PFS was associated with >1 prior line of therapy and B symptoms. Ibrutinib refractoriness was associated with inferior OS, median OS after ibrutinib failure was only 5 months., Discussion and Conclusion: In this real-life setting ibrutinib treatment prolonged survival in R/R MCL patients, without unexpected adverse events. Patients receiving ibrutinib as 2 nd line regimen had the most favorable outcome., Competing Interests: None., (AJBR Copyright © 2021.)

Multiple myeloma survival has significantly improved in recent years, due to novel agents that are available for treatment. The anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody Daratumumab is particularly efficient for patients with relapse/refractory disease, and many studies have shown its unprecedented efficacy also as a first treatment. However, to avoid the incidence of infusion reactions, long infusion schedules of 8 h at first dose and 4 h in the following doses are required, which can reduce the compliance of patients and health care professionals. A reduced infusion time of 90 min has been reported previously, but data are missing on the prolonged safety of this over time as well as the efficacy of this approach. In this work, we investigate the safety of 484 rapid Daratumumab infusions given early after the second dose over a 22 months period in 39 myeloma patients., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The handling Editor declared a past co-authorship with one of the authors AG., (Copyright © 2020 Gozzetti, Bacchiarri, Sammartano, Defina, Sicuranza, Mecacci, Zappone, Cencini, Fabbri, Raspadori and Bocchia.)

Introduction: Early-stage follicular lymphoma (FL) is characterized by good prognosis and can be cured with involved-field radiotherapy (IF-RT) in most cases. PET scan is a milestone of diagnostic work-up, with the aim of identifying a truly localized disease; however, staging in most of the studies was without PET., Areas Covered: We have searched in MEDLINE (inclusive dates 1994-2020) data about localized FL management. While high-quality evidence is lacking, current guidelines recommend IFRT or involved-site RT as first-line treatment in limited stages FL. Since a significant proportion of disease relapse occurred in non-irradiated areas, it has been hypothesized that occult disease could be present at diagnosis and could persist after RT, contributing to relapse. Available treatment options include watch-and-wait, chemotherapy, RT plus chemo- or chemo-immunotherapy, and RT combined with rituximab (R)., Expert Opinion: RT combined with chemotherapy could increase PFS, but a clear OS benefit is lacking and toxic effects could be unacceptable. A promising strategy is represented by R combined with IF-RT, with low relapse rate outside the radiation fields and without the toxicity reported with chemotherapy. The study of prognostic factors in PET-staged patients, the reduction of RT fields and doses, and a response-adapted strategy represent new perspectives to investigate.

Introduction: Microenvironment has a prognostic influence in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL); among its components, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) play a leading role. TAM can be classified into M1 (anti-tumor) and M2 (pro-tumor). Another prognostic factor could be represented by lymphocyte-to-monocyte and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (LMR and NLR)., Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the prognostic impact of M1 and M2 TAM subtypes, LMR and NLR in DLBCL., Methods: We analyzed 37 consecutive patients between 2009 and 2013. Out of 37 patients, 28/37 (75.6%) received R-CHOP/CHOP-like regimens, 9/37 (24.4%) less intensive therapies. Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against CD68 and CD163. We divided our cohort into 2 categories according to the Steidl score. TAM who coexpressed CD68 and CD163 were considered as M2. For LMR and NLR we used previously published cut-offs of 2.71 and 2.81., Results: CR rate was 70.3%; we did not record a significant correlation between CD68+ TAM, CD163+ TAM, CD68+/CD163+ TAM, LMR, NLR and CR. We observed a reduced PFS in patients with IPI ≥ 2 and high M2 TAM expression and a trend between higher expression of CD68+ TAM and improved PFS., Conclusion: M2 TAM could have a prognostic role for IPI ≥ 2 DLBCL patients receiving R-CHOP, which thus warrants further investigation., Competing Interests: None., (AJBR Copyright © 2020.)

An uncommon association between multiple myeloma and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) was observed in some case reports, while an association with monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS) is exceedingly rare. We have diagnosed 110 HL cases from 2008 to 2018; here we report 4 HL cases associated with MGUS. MGUS was diagnosed before HL (1 case), together with HL (1 case) or after HL (2 cases). M-component was IgG/k (3 cases) and IgG/k and IgG/λ (1 case), MGUS was not influenced by HL treatment (2 cases), raised after therapy (1 case), while in the last case MGUS appeared after ASCT while HL was in complete remission. We suggest to further study a possible link between MGUS and HL and to perform serum immunofixation if protein electrophoresis shows a suspected discrete band. The comprehension of pathophysiology of this association and a possible role of cytokines such as IL-6 and antilymphoma therapies such as nivolumab or ASCT to MGUS development could represent an interesting research field that requires further investigations., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors report no conflict of interests., (© Indian Society of Hematology and Blood Transfusion 2019.)