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Resumen: Introducción: Las fracturas de tercio distal femoral son una causa importante de morbimortalidad, siendo su tratamiento actualmente controvertido. Objetivos: Comparar los resultados entre técnicas mínimamente invasivas frente a exposición del foco de fractura. Secundariamente, evaluar la relación entre factores demográficos, mecanismo lesional y demora quirúrgica con el pronóstico de los pacientes. Método: Estudio tipo cohortes retrospectivas realizado entre 2015 y 2021 en un hospital de tercer nivel. La recogida de datos se realizó mediante la revisión de historias clínicas, midiendo parámetros demográficos, hospitalarios y estrategia de tratamiento definitivo. Se completó un año de seguimiento en todos los pacientes, evaluando la aparición de complicaciones quirúrgicas y mortalidad. Se realizó un análisis estratificado de las variables de interés entre pacientes mayores de 65 años. Resultados: Se registraron 128 fracturas, realizándose osteosíntesis definitiva en 117. Los pacientes intervenidos mediante técnicas mínimamente invasivas requirieron una menor estancia hospitalaria (9 [7-12] vs. 12 [8,75-16] días) (p = 0,007), sin diferencias en mortalidad o complicaciones durante el seguimiento. En mayores de 65 años, la apertura del foco de fractura asoció un aumento del riesgo de infección frente a las técnicas mínimamente invasivas (33,3% vs. 2%) (p = 0,507). Todos los fallecidos fueron pacientes mayores de 65 años (33,7% al año). La demora quirúrgica superior a 48 horas aumentó la mortalidad un 10% entre los mayores de 65 años (p = 0,3). Los traumatismos de alta energía presentaron mayor proporción de pseudoartrosis (27,6% vs. 6,1%) (p = 0,011). Conclusiones: Las técnicas mínimamente invasivas disminuyeron la estancia hospitalaria pero no las complicaciones ni la mortalidad a largo plazo.Nivel de evidencia: IIb. Abstract: Introduction: Fractures of the distal femoral third are an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and their treatment is currently controversial. Objectives: To compare the results between minimally invasive techniques versus exposure of the fracture site. Secondly, to evaluate the relationship between demographic factors, mechanism of injury and surgical delay with patient prognosis. Method: Retrospective cohort study carried out between 2015 and 2021 in a tertiary hospital. Data collection was performed by reviewing medical histories, measuring demographic and hospital parameters and definitive treatment strategy. One year of follow-up was completed in all patients, assessing the occurrence of surgical complications and mortality. A stratified analysis of the variables of interest was performed among patients over 65 years of age. Results: 128 fractures were recorded, with definitive osteosynthesis being performed in 117. Patients who underwent minimally invasive techniques required a shorter hospital stay (9 [7-12] vs. 12 [8.75-16] days) (p = 0.007), with no differences in mortality or complications during follow-up. In those over 65 years of age, opening the fracture site was associated with an increased risk of infection compared to minimally invasive techniques (33.3% vs. 2%) (p = 0.507). All the deceased were patients over 65 years of age (33.7% at one year). Surgical delay longer than 48 hours increased mortality by 10% among those older than 65 years (p = 0.3). High-energy trauma had a higher proportion of pseudarthrosis (27.6% vs. 6.1%) (p = 0.011). Conclusions: Minimally invasive techniques decreased hospital stay but not complications or long-term mortality.Level of evidence: IIb.

ObjectiveTo ascertain the changes of serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (sGFAP) values in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients treated with ocrelizumab and their association with treatment response.MethodsMulticenter prospective study including 115 RRMS patients initiating ocrelizumab treatment between February 2020 and March 2022 followed during a year. Serum samples were collected at baseline and every 3 months to measure sNfL and sGFAP levels using single-molecule array (SIMOA) technology. Based on age and body mass index, sNfL values were standardized using z-score. NEDA (non-evidence of disease activity)-3 status was defined for patients free of disease activity after a year of follow-up. Inflammation (INFL) was considered when new relapses occurred during follow-up or new MRI lesions were found at 1-year exploration. PIRA (progression independent of relapse activity) was defined as disability progression occurring in the absence of relapses or new MRI activity.ResultsAfter a year on ocrelizumab, 85 patients (73.9%) achieved NEDA-3. Thirty patients did not achieve NEDA: 20 (17.4%) because of INFL and 10 (8.7%) because of PIRA. Of INFL patients, 6 (30.0%) had relapses, and 17 (85.0%) had at least one new MRI lesion at the 12-month examination. At baseline, INFL patients had higher sNfL (p = 0.0003) and sGFAP (p = 0.03) than the NEDA-3 group. PIRA patients mostly exhibited low sNfL and heterogeneous sGFAP levels. After a year, NEDA-3 and INFL patients showed similar decreases in sNfL (p < 0.0001) and sGFAP (p < 0.0001 for NEDA-3 and p = 0.001 for INFL ones). However, the decrease occurred earlier in NEDA-3 patients. Accordingly, sNfL > 1.5 z-score 3 months after ocrelizumab initiation indicated a higher risk of inflammation (OR = 13.6; p < 0.0001). Decrease in sGFAP values occurred later in both groups, with significant reductions observed at 12 months for INFL and 6 and 12 months for NEDA-3. No significant changes in sNfL or sGFAP were observed in PIRA patients.ConclusionOcrelizumab induced normalization of sNfL and sGFAP in the majority of NEDA-3 and inflammatory patients but did not cause changes in the PIRA group. Our data suggest that normalization of sNfL and sGFAP is associated with the lack of inflammatory-associated disease progression but it may not affect non-inflammatory PIRA.

Recent advances in multiple sclerosis (MS) management have shifted perspectives on treatment strategies, advocating for the early initiation of high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies (heDMTs). This perspective review discusses the rationale, benefits, and challenges associated with early heDMT initiation, reflecting on the obsolescence of the traditional “first-line” and “second-line” treatment classifications. The article emerges from the last update of the consensus document of the Spanish Society of Neurology on the treatment of MS. During its development, there was a recognized need to further discuss the concept of treatment lines and the early use of heDMTs. Evidence from randomized controlled trials and real-world studies suggests that early heDMT initiation leads to improved clinical outcomes, including reduced relapse rates, slowed disease progression, and decreased radiological activity, especially in younger patients or those in early disease stages. Despite the historical belief that heDMTs involve more risks and adverse events compared to moderate-efficacy DMTs (meDMTs), some studies have reported comparable safety profiles between early heDMTs and meDMTs, though long-term safety data are still lacking. The review also addresses the need for a personalized approach based on patient characteristics, prognostic factors, and preferences, explores the importance of therapeutic inertia, and highlights the evolving landscape of international and national guidelines that increasingly advocate for early intensive treatment approaches. The article also addresses the challenges of ensuring access to these therapies and the importance of further research to establish long-term safety and effectiveness of DMTs in MS.

In the current challenging context, dominated by multiple crises, social policy is a strategic element on which the EU has focused in regulatory, institutional and financial terms, with the objectives of ensuring social well-being for all European citizens, creating an institutional and economic climate of social security, ensuring equal opportunities and social inclusion. In this context, we aim to develop a study of the dynamics of social policy components at the European level and to develop the impact model on the effect of social welfare on sustainable economic development based on the evolution of the main economic and social indicators at the European level. The econometric methodology used is based on the application of linear regressions on panels of fixed effects data in order to highlight the vulnerability aspects in economic development and poverty reduction from the perspective of social policies at the European level. The analysis will make it possible to highlight the main social policy guidelines at European level and to situate these approaches in the current uncertain context.

Semaglutide (SEM), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has garnered increasing interest for its potential therapeutic effects in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). This review provides a comprehensive description of SEM’s mechanism of action and its effects in preclinical studies of these debilitating conditions. In animal models of AD, SEM has proved beneficial effects on multiple pathological hallmarks of the disease. SEM administration has been associated with reductions in amyloid-beta plaque deposition and mitigation of neuroinflammation. Moreover, SEM treatment has been shown to ameliorate behavioral deficits related to anxiety and social interaction. SEM-treated animals exhibit improvements in spatial learning and memory retention tasks, as evidenced by enhanced performance in maze navigation tests and novel object recognition assays. Similarly, in animal models of PD, SEM has demonstrated promising neuroprotective effects through various mechanisms. These include modulation of neuroinflammation, enhancement of mitochondrial function, and promotion of neurogenesis. Additionally, SEM has been shown to improve motor function and ameliorate dopaminergic neuronal loss, offering the potential for disease-modifying treatment strategies. Overall, the accumulating evidence from preclinical studies suggests that SEM holds promise as a novel therapeutic approach for AD and PD. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of SEM’s neuroprotective effects and to translate these findings into clinical applications for the treatment of these devastating neurodegenerative disorders.

In this work, the diversity of the genus Orbiniella in the Nordic Seas and the North Atlantic waters south of Iceland is studied based on the analyses of molecular markers (mitochondrial COI, 16S rDNA and nuclear ITS2) and morphological characters. Our results showed the presence of at least five genetic lineages in the studied material which could also be morphologically identified by their segmental annulation patterns, the number and the shape of acicular spines, and the length and the shape of pygidial lobes. The species name Orbiniella petersenae is assigned to one of the lineages restricting its geographical and vertical distribution to the deep-sea areas north of Iceland and Jan Mayen, and three lineages are described as new species (i.e., Orbiniella griegi Meca & Budaeva, sp. nov., Orbiniella mayhemi Meca & Budaeva, sp. nov., and Orbiniella parapari Meca & Budaeva, sp. nov.) elevating the number of known species in the genus to 25. Three deep-sea species of Orbiniella in our study are reported only north of the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland Ridge, one deep-sea species found south of the ridge. A single shallow-water species is distributed along the ridge and on the Norwegian shelf.

Background: COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) has emerged as a relatively common complication. Multiple studies described this relationship in critical patients, however its incidence and outcome in other risk groups such as immunosuppressed patients remains unknown. In this sense, we aimed to evaluate the rates and outcomes of CAPA in hematological patients and according to the different hematological malignances, comparing to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in non-COVID-19 ones. Methods: Nationwide, population-based and retrospective observational cohort study including all adult patients with hematological malignancies admitted in Spain since March 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021. The main outcome variable was the diagnosis of IPA during hospitalization in hematological patients with or without COVID-19 at admission. The rate of CAPA compared to IPA in non-COVID-19 patients in each hematological malignancy was also performed, as well as survival curve analysis. Findings: COVID-19 was diagnosed in 3.85 % (4367 out of 113,525) of the hematological adult inpatients. COVID-19 group developed more fungal infections (5.1 % vs. 3 %; p

The last consensus statement of the Spanish Society of Neurology’s Demyelinating Diseases Study Group on the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) was issued in 2016. Although many of the positions taken remain valid, there have been significant changes in the management and treatment of MS, both due to the approval of new drugs with different action mechanisms and due to the evolution of previously fixed concepts. This has enabled new approaches to specific situations such as pregnancy and vaccination, and the inclusion of new variables in clinical decision-making, such as the early use of high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies (DMT), consideration of the patient’s perspective, and the use of such novel technologies as remote monitoring.In the light of these changes, this updated consensus statement, developed according to the Delphi method, seeks to reflect the new paradigm in the management of patients with MS, based on the available scientific evidence and the clinical expertise of the participants.The most significant recommendations are that immunomodulatory DMT be started in patients with radiologically isolated syndrome with persistent radiological activity, that patient perspectives be considered, and that the term “lines of therapy” no longer be used in the classification of DMTs (> 90% consensus). Following diagnosis of MS, the first DMT should be selected according to the presence/absence of factors of poor prognosis (whether epidemiological, clinical, radiological, or biomarkers) for the occurrence of new relapses or progression of disability; high-efficacy DMTs may be considered from disease onset. Resumen: El último documento de consenso del Grupo de Estudio de Enfermedades Desmielinizantes de la Sociedad Española de Neurología sobre el tratamiento de la esclerosis múltiple (EM) data del año 2016. Aunque muchas consideraciones continúan todavía vigentes, desde entonces se han producido significativos cambios en el manejo y tratamiento de esta enfermedad motivados no sólo por la aprobación de nuevos fármacos con diferentes mecanismos de acción, sino también por la evolución de conceptos otrora consolidados. Esto ha permitido abordar situaciones especiales como el embarazo y la vacunación desde otra perspectiva e incluir nuevas variables en la toma de decisiones en práctica clínica, como plantear tratamiento modificador de la enfermedad (TME) de alta eficacia en fases tempranas, considerar la perspectiva del paciente y utilizar nuevas tecnologías como monitorización remota.Estos cambios han motivado la presente actualización del consenso mediante metodología Delphi, con el objetivo de reflejar el nuevo paradigma de manejo del paciente con EM basándose en la evidencia científica y experiencia clínica de los participantes.Entre las principales conclusiones destacan como recomendaciones: iniciar TME inmunomodulador en el síndrome radiológico aislado con actividad radiológica persistente, evaluar la perspectiva del paciente y abandonar la terminología “líneas de tratamiento” en la clasificación de los TME (consenso mayor del 90%). Tras el diagnóstico de EM, la elección del primer TME debería considerar la presencia/ausencia de factores de mal pronóstico (epidemiológicos, clínicos, radiológicos y biomarcadores) para la aparición de nuevos brotes o progresión de discapacidad, pudiendo plantear desde el inicio TME de alta eficacia.

Resumen: El último documento de consenso del Grupo de Estudio de Enfermedades Desmielinizantes de la Sociedad Española de Neurología sobre el tratamiento de la esclerosis múltiple (EM) data del año 2016. Aunque muchas consideraciones continúan todavía vigentes, desde entonces se han producido cambios significativos en el manejo y tratamiento de esta enfermedad, motivados no solo por la aprobación de nuevos fármacos con diferentes mecanismos de acción, sino también por la evolución de conceptos otrora consolidados. Esto ha permitido abordar situaciones especiales como el embarazo y la vacunación desde otra perspectiva, e incluir nuevas variables en la toma de decisiones en práctica clínica, como plantear tratamiento modificador de la enfermedad (TME) de alta eficacia en fases tempranas, considerar la perspectiva del paciente y utilizar nuevas tecnologías como monitorización remota.Estos cambios han motivado la presente actualización del consenso mediante metodología Delphi, con el objetivo de reflejar el nuevo paradigma de manejo del paciente con EM basándose en la evidencia científica y la experiencia clínica de los participantes.Entre las principales conclusiones destacan como recomendaciones: iniciar TME inmunomodulador en el síndrome radiológico aislado con actividad radiológica persistente, evaluar la perspectiva del paciente y abandonar la terminología «líneas de tratamiento» en la clasificación de los TME (consenso mayor del 90%). Tras el diagnóstico de EM la elección del primer TME debería considerar la presencia/ausencia de factores de mal pronóstico (epidemiológicos, clínicos, radiológicos y biomarcadores) para la aparición de nuevos brotes o progresión de discapacidad, pudiendo plantear desde el inicio TME de alta eficacia. Abstract: The last consensus statement of the Spanish Society of Neurology's Demyelinating Diseases Study Group on the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) was issued in 2016. Although many of the positions taken remain valid, there have been significant changes in the management and treatment of MS, both due to the approval of new drugs with different action mechanisms and due to the evolution of previously fixed concepts. This has enabled new approaches to specific situations such as pregnancy and vaccination, and the inclusion of new variables in clinical decision-making, such as the early use of high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies (DMT), consideration of the patient's perspective, and the use of such novel technologies as remote monitoring.In the light of these changes, this updated consensus statement, developed according to the Delphi method, seeks to reflect the new paradigm in the management of patients with MS, based on the available scientific evidence and the clinical expertise of the participants.The most significant recommendations are that immunomodulatory DMT be started in patients with radiologically isolated syndrome with persistent radiological activity, that patient perspectives be considered, and that the term “lines of therapy” no longer be used in the classification of DMTs (> 90% consensus). Following diagnosis of MS, the first DMT should be selected according to the presence/absence of factors of poor prognosis (whether epidemiological, clinical, radiological, or biomarkers) for the occurrence of new relapses or progression of disability; high-efficacy DMTs may be considered from disease onset.

Objetivo: Executar e analisar uma campanha de doação de sangue em sistema de mutirão no seu potencial em angariar novos doadores de sangue. Material e métodos: O projeto Sangue da UFRJ, em parceria com a Liga de Hematologia e Oncologia da UFRJ, promoveu a ação de coleta de sangue em sistema de mutirão realizado no Núcleo de Hemoterapia do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho por um período de 8 dias em maio de 2024. Houve a divulgação da ação nas redes sociais de ambos os projetos e a aplicação de formulário durante o ato da coleta de sangue para aquisição de informações sobre os doadores. O formulário, preenchido de forma opcional, contava com as perguntas: sexo e idade do doador, status dentro do hospital (médico, aluno, paciente, outro), se a doação estava ocorrendo após o conhecimento da ação do mutirão, se era a primeira vez realizando uma doação de sangue, se havia interesse em doar sangue novamente no futuro e se a experiência atual ajudou de alguma forma a desmistificar a doação de sangue. Resultados: No total, foram feitas 82 doações durante o período do mutirão. Entre os 82 formulários preenchidos, a maioria eram alunos da instituição (66 respostas - 80,4%), entre 18-25 anos (55 respostas - 67,1%) e do sexo feminino (50 respostas - 60,9%). A maior parte dos doadores responderam que decidiram doar após receberem informação sobre o mutirão (66 respostas - 80,4%), e 34,1% (28 respostas) estavam doando pela primeira vez. Por fim, a experiência ajudou a desmistificar a doação de sangue para a maior parte dos doadores (62 respostas - 75,6%), e todos os 82 (100%) declararam que pretendem doar sangue novamente. Discussão: O conjunto dos resultados corrobora a importância das campanhas de mutirão para a captação de novos voluntários e fidelização de doadores, já que um terço doou pela primeira vez e 100% dos participantes declararam interesse em doar novamente. Outro aspecto a ser salientado é o papel do projeto na desmistificação do processo de doação. Em estudo de Zito et al. com participação de 3050 jovens - grupo etário correspondente a dois terços dos participantes da campanha -, grande parcela referiu o medo como principal impeditivo para a doação de sangue; e, em estudo conduzido por Zucoloto et al.², evidenciou-se que o conhecimento sobre o processo de doação é determinante na decisão de doar. Assim, é possível afirmar que o mutirão de doação de sangue constitui estratégia vantajosa para o aumento do número de doadores, sua reincidência, além de atuar na redução de obstáculos ao processo de doação, como o medo e o desconhecimento. Conclusão: Constatou-se que a campanha foi responsável diretamente pela mobilização de 66 pessoas em prol da doação de sangue em 8 dias, 28 delas pela primeira vez. Observamos, portanto, que campanhas em sistema de mutirão, além de favorecerem a reposição do estoque de hemocomponentes, constituem uma relevante estratégia para captação e fidelização de doadores, sendo notável também a totalidade dos envolvidos mostrarem-se dispostos a doar sangue novamente. Logo, o estímulo à aplicação de mutirões similares com maior frequência será uma forma significativa de contribuição à doação sanguínea, favorecendo a saúde de inúmeros pacientes e trazendo um impacto social positivo na vida de todos os envolvidos.

Introduction: Fractures of the distal femoral third are an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and their treatment is currently controversial. Objectives: To compare the results between minimally invasive techniques versus exposure of the fracture site. Secondly, to evaluate the relationship between demographic factors, mechanism of injury and surgical delay with patient prognosis. Method: Retrospective cohort study carried out between 2015 and 2021 in a tertiary hospital. Data collection was performed by reviewing medical histories, measuring demographic and hospital parameters and definitive treatment strategy. One year of follow-up was completed in all patients, assessing the occurrence of surgical complications and mortality. A stratified analysis of the variables of interest was performed among patients over 65 years of age. Results: 128 fractures were recorded, with definitive osteosynthesis being performed in 117. Patients who underwent minimally invasive techniques required a shorter hospital stay (9 [7–12] vs. 12 [8.75–16] days) (p = 0.007), with no differences in mortality or complications during follow-up. In those over 65 years of age, opening the fracture site was associated with an increased risk of infection compared to minimally invasive techniques (33.3% vs. 2%) (p = 0.507). All the deceased were patients over 65 years of age (33.7% at one year). Surgical delay longer than 48 h increased mortality by 10% among those older than 65 years (p = 0.3). High-energy trauma had a higher proportion of pseudarthrosis (27.6% vs. 6.1%) (p = 0.011). Conclusions: Minimally invasive techniques decreased hospital stay but not complications or long-term mortality.Level of evidence: IIb. Resumen: Introducción: Las fracturas de tercio distal femoral son una causa importante de morbimortalidad, siendo su tratamiento actualmente controvertido. Objetivos: Comparar los resultados entre las técnicas mínimamente invasivas frente a la exposición del foco de fractura. Secundariamente, evaluar la relación entre los factores demográficos, el mecanismo lesional y la demora quirúrgica con el pronóstico de los pacientes. Método: Estudio tipo cohortes retrospectivas realizado entre 2015 y 2021 en un hospital de tercer nivel. La recogida de datos se realizó mediante la revisión de historias clínicas, midiendo los parámetros demográficos, hospitalarios y la estrategia de tratamiento definitivo. Se completó un año de seguimiento en todos los pacientes, evaluando la aparición de complicaciones quirúrgicas y mortalidad. Se realizó un análisis estratificado de las variables de interés entre pacientes mayores de 65 años. Resultados: Se registraron 128 fracturas, realizándose la osteosíntesis definitiva en 117. Los pacientes intervenidos mediante técnicas mínimamente invasivas requirieron una menor estancia hospitalaria (9 [7-12] vs. 12 [8,75-16] días) (p = 0,007), sin diferencias en la mortalidad o complicaciones durante el seguimiento. En mayores de 65 años, la apertura del foco de fractura asoció un aumento del riesgo de infección frente a las técnicas mínimamente invasivas (33,3% vs. 2%) (p = 0,507). Todos los fallecidos fueron pacientes mayores de 65 años (33,7% al año). La demora quirúrgica superior a 48 horas aumentó la mortalidad un 10% entre los mayores de 65 años (p = 0,3). Los traumatismos de alta energía presentaron una mayor proporción de pseudoartrosis (27,6% vs. 6,1%) (p = 0,011). Conclusiones: Las técnicas mínimamente invasivas disminuyeron la estancia hospitalaria pero no las complicaciones ni la mortalidad a largo plazo.Nivel de evidencia: IIb.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), which enclose Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic, relapsing inflammatory ailments. Their specific pathogenesis is not completely clarified, the worldwide incidence and prevalence of IBD has been steadily growing, and there is still not a definitive cure. The management of IBD has become more and more targeted, with specific immune mediators identified to be involved in its pathogenesis. Vedolizumab, a humanised monoclonal antibody binding specifically to the α4β7 integrin, is a gut-selective immunosuppressive biologic drug administered for both CD and UC. With the same indications as vedolizumab, ustekinumab is a fully human IgG1κ monoclonal antibody binding with specificity to the shared p40 protein subunit of human cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23. Several selective IL-23p19 monoclonal antibodies (risankizumab, mirikizumab, and guselkumab) have also revealed admirable efficacy and safety in IBD patients. Nutrition is a very important environmental factor associated with the onset and progression of IBD, and the Western diet is considered to contribute to the development of IBD. In this narrative review, our aim is to present an overview of the main results from recent clinical studies on IBD regarding diet, new drug treatments, and also vaccination.

Identity shifting represents a common but complex social, behavioral, and cognitive phenomenon. However, some forms of identity shifting originate in response to structural, institutional, and interpersonal marginalization enacted on lower status groups, such as people of color in the United States. The current study investigated ways young adults from diverse ethnic/racial groups discussed shifting to fit in with White Americans (a dominant group) in the United States and their own ethnic/racial group (a minoritized group) and elucidated self-reported motivations for shifting. Participants consisted of 764 young adults (ages = 18-23) recruited from two large public universities in the Southeast and Southwest regions of the United States. The majority of participants identified as Black/African American (41%), Asian/Asian American (27%), or Hispanic/Latinx (22%). Analysis of participants' qualitative responses identified six types of shifts and two motivations for shifting. The shifts included: behavioral, linguistic, cognitive, physical, food, and affect. Motivations for shifting focused on avoiding risks and obtaining rewards. The discussion offers interpretation of the results and recommendations for future research on identity shifting.

Abstract Understanding the bacteria associated with nitrification and denitrification is crucial for comprehending the processes that lead to nitrous oxide emissions in agricultural greenhouse soils. Therefore, it is important to determine their abundance and expression to gain insight into these processes. The aim of this study was to explore the bacterial communities associated with denitrification in a greenhouse agricultural soil amended with crop residues and manure for six years. For this purpose, we proceeded to detect and quantify the genes nirK and nirS and the gene nosZ through clone library construction, sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Sequence analysis based on the clone library revealed that many of the nirS or nirK genes detected were not closely related to known denitrifier bacteria, but some of the nosZ sequences were related to the genera such as Pseudomonas, Halomonas, and Marinobacter. Furthermore, the qPCR revealed a high abundance of DNA copies in nirK, 6.08 × 109 ± 1.16 × 109, while nirS and nosZ showed lower values, 9.05 × 106 ± 1.65 × 106 and 8.71 × 106 ± 1.44 × 106, respectively. However, the highest expression rate was observed for nirS (mRNA/DNA ratio = 3.10 × 10− 3), while nirK and nosZ showed 10-fold lower expression rates (4.4 × 10− 4 and 3.5 × 10− 4, respectively). The results of this work provide a preliminary overview of the diversity, abundance and expression of key genes associated with the denitrification process in this type of soil and are a starting point for further studies to understand how this type of soil management can influence the denitrification process.