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In this thesis, I analyze the explanations and narratives of the decline of Spain in the early modern period as they appear in twelve upper-secondary Norwegian textbooks of history from the beginning of the 20th century until 2021. I examine these textbooks both in relation to general European historiography and the historiography of the decline of Spain as it has developed since the 16th century, and I make use of a range of analytical categories such as “actor-oriented perspective” and “structural-oriented perspective” to make sense of the explanations in the textbooks. I also rely heavily on both Hayden White’s and Jörn Rüsen’s typologies of narration to better understand how the textbooks may orient school children in the relation between past, present and future. One of my findings is that the representation of Spain’s decline in the textbooks has gradually transitioned from an actor-oriented perspective to a structural-oriented perspective. Textbooks in the beginning of the 20th century explains Spain’s decline largely in terms of the politics and ambitions of Philip II. After World War II an actor-oriented perspective is still present, but economic and social explanations are gradually gaining ground, thus reflecting larger trends within general European historiography. From the 70s and 80s a structural- oriented perspective predominates in the textbooks, and this trend has lasted up until today. However, all the textbooks are written from a liberal-protestant point of view, where myths of the so-called “Black Legend” inform the explanations and narratives. Another finding is that the narrative of the decline of Spain has moved like a pendulum between tragedy and satire. The textbooks in the beginning of the 20th century tell a story about “rise and decline”, but this narrative changes gradually after World War II where Spain is regarded as trapped by her own destiny. In the period between 2006 and 2021, the narrative transitions back to a story about “rise and decline”. In a broader story about Europe in early modern period, however, the narrative is consistently romantic and genetical in all the textbooks. Spain’s decline is the onset for Northern-Europe to dominate the scene. Especially interesting is the finding that Spain is almost always contrasted with the Netherlands. This representation also provides an exemplary and critical narrative, where the textbooks facilitate the values of democracy, tolerance and capitalism (with some moderation) in which Norwegian school children should orient their own life praxis. In this sense, Spain is regarded as an obstacle and school children should refrain from following its example. These explanations and narratives may have had consequences regarding the conceptualization of “Spanishness” in Norway, but this has to be studied further. Historie mastergradsoppgave HIS350 MAHF-LÆHR MAHF-HIS

Peptidoglycan (PG) is a highly cross-linked polysaccharide that encases bacteria, resists the effects of turgor and confers cell shape. PG precursors are translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane by the lipid carrier undecaprenyl phosphate (Und-P) where they are incorporated into the PG superstructure. Previously, we found that one of our Escherichia coli laboratory strains (CS109) harbors a missense mutation in uppS, which encodes an enzymatically defective Und-P(P) synthase. Here, we show that CS109 cells lacking the bifunctional aPBP PBP1B (penicillin binding protein 1B) lyse during exponential growth at elevated temperature. PBP1B lysis was reversed by: (i) reintroducing wild type uppS, (ii) increasing the availability of PG precursors, or (iii) overproducing PBP1A, a related bifunctional PG synthase. In addition, inhibiting the catalytic activity of PBP2 or PBP3, two monofunctional bPBPs, caused CS109 cells to lyse. Limiting the precursors required for Und-P synthesis in MG1655, which harbors a wild type allele of uppS, also promoted lysis in mutants lacking PBP1B or bPBP activity. Thus, simultaneous inhibition of Und-P production and PG synthases provokes a synergistic response that leads to cell lysis. These findings suggest a biological connection that could be exploited in combination therapies.

I denne oppgaven har vi med utgangspunkt i teori og innhentede kvalitative data undersøkt temaene endringsledelse og endringsvilje, og hvordan ledere har fremmet endringsvilje hos ansatte under koronakrisen. Utgangspunktet for oppgaven er en kompetansebedrift som har gjennomgått to endringer det siste året: endring knyttet til koronapandemien og en planlagt strukturendring. Pandemien har vesentlig påvirket arbeidshverdagen til de fleste, spesielt pålegget om hjemmekontor og begrenset sosial kontakt. I tillegg til disse endringene har bedriften gjennomført en planlagt omstrukturering av bedriften i konteksten av krisen. Denne sammenhengen synes vi var interessant og ønsket å undersøke nærmere. For å gjøre dette formulerte vi følgende problemstilling: “På hvilke måter bidro ledere til å fremme endringsvilje hos de ansatte under koronakrisen?” Ved hjelp av faktorer som påvirker endringsvilje identifiserte vi at ledere bidro til å fremme endringsvilje hos de ansatte gjennom en rekke tiltak. Konkret la lederne til rette for medvirkning ved at de sørget for lav terskel for å ta kontakt og mange møtepunkter for å kunne si ifra. Lederne kontrollerte eller detaljstyrte ikke, som førte til opplevd autonomi for de ansatte. Det ble gitt god informasjon og de la til rette for at de ansatte hadde mulighet til å medvirke om de ønsket det. Lederne fasiliterte til dels for sosiale arenaer som kunne tilfredsstille sosiale behov, som igjen påvirket motivasjonen og endringsviljen til de ansatte. Vi så også at lederne forhindret motstand gjennom å opprettholde gode relasjoner og tilstedeværelse, selv om ingen møttes fysisk. Ved rettferdige prosesser motvirket de også at motstand oppstod.

Flyten av kraft i det nordiske kraftsystemet er under endring, der det er en økning i produksjon fra fornybare energikilder i tillegg til en elektrifisering av ulike deler av industrisektoren, som forandrer sammensetningen i kraftnettet. Det nåværende kraftsystemet er ikke designet for den økende påkjenningen fra disse endringene, som fører til at systemoperatøren er nødt til å foreta oppgraderinger av nettet. Flytbasert markedskobling gir muligheten for en høyere utnyttelsesgrad av kapasiteten i nettet, og gir således mer fleksibilitet og høyere sosio-økonomisk overskudd. Flyt av kraft mellom soner vil ligge nærmere den faktiske fysiske flyten ved bruk av flytbasert markedskobling enn ved den nåværende metoden ved bruk av ATC [41]. For å takle usikkerhet tilknyttet endring i sammensetning av kraftproduksjon jobber SINTEF Energi med å utvikle en kort-tids fundamental flermarkedsmodell for å kunne prissette alle produkter i kraftmarkedet, for å bedre investeringsbeslutninger for nettoppgraderinger og kraftverk. Masteroppgaven er utført med mål om å bidra til videre utvikling av modellen, PriMod, ved å implementere flytbasert markedskobling, for å øke modellens nøyaktighet i et fremtidig kraftsystem. Videre analyserer masteroppgaven hvordan implementasjonen påvirker modellen gjennom simuleringer, både i form av kraftflyt og endringer i prisene. Resultatene fra simuleringene er lovende i en økonomisk sammenheng. Simuleringene viser at flytbasert markedskobling gir konvergerende priser i høyere grad enn den originale modellen. Videre argumenteres det for at den flytbaserte metodikken gir mindre opphopning av kraft i linjene, med mindre begrensende flaskehalser, ettersom kraften står friere til å følge den fysiske flyten. Utover de positive resultatene blir det diskutert ”ikke-intuitiv” flyt av kraft. Dette konseptet må bli undersøkt av kraftprodusentene, ettersom kraften kan flyte mot en lavere priset sone. Til slutt blir forslag til forbedringer og utvidelser ved modellen presentert, både for økt nøyaktighet, og for å modelere andre interessante aspekter ved markedet. The utilization of the power grid is under transition, where an increase in generation from renewable energy resources combined with electrification of the industry, changes the composition of the grid. The current grid is not designed for the stress that these changes inflict, thus forcing the transmission system operator to upgrade the grid. Flow-based market coupling provides a greater utilization of the physical limits of the grid, thus increasing the flexibility and socio-economic benefits. The cross-zonal trading will be closer to the physical flow with FBMC, than the conventional ATC market coupling [41]. To overcome the uncertainties related to the change in the power system composition, SINTEF Energy Research is developing a short-term fundamental multi-market model to enumerate the products in the electricity market, to better the investment analysis of the upgrading and building of new cables and plants. The master thesis is performed with the goal to contribute to the model, PriMod, by implementing flow-based market coupling, to increase its accuracy of simulations in the future power system. Moreover, the thesis analyses how the implementation is affecting the simulations, both in terms of flow of power and how it is coupled with the prices. The results from the simulation shows promising results in an economic perspective. When compared to the original model, the simulation with flow-based market coupling shows that in addition to lower average and median prices, it also leads to a higher level of converging prices. Further it can be argued that the method may decrease the level of congestion in the grid, as the power follows its physical characteristics to a higher extent. Apart from the solely positive results, the significant amount of occurrences of ”non-intuitive” power flows, is discussed. In a flow-based market, this concept needs to be considered by the producers, as the power may flow to a lower priced area, thus reducing their profits. Last, suggestions of how the model could be expanded and improved are presented and discussed, to increase accuracy and to model interesting aspects of the power market.