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Background: Bangladesh is a country with a high burden of pulmonary as well as extrapulmonary tuberculosis. TBM is a particularly important public health issue in our country. Identifying prognostic predictors would improve the quality of management and ultimately will prevent long-term mortality and morbidity. The aim of the study was to observe and identify the most common clinical presentations among patients with tuberculous meningitis. Methods: This hospital-based prospective cohort study was carried out at the in-patient Department of Clinical Neurology at the National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (NINS and H), Dhaka, Bangladesh from October 2016 to September 2017, 1 year. A total of 54 patients admitted to the hospital with features of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) were selected for the study following inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Over 70% of patients were adolescents or young adults with a mean age of 28.2±12.3 years. The majority (48.2%) of the participants were from TBM stage II, while 37% were from stage III of TBM. Fever, headache, and systematic symptoms were the most frequent clinical presentations. The median delay in treatment was 30 days. Interruption in anti-TB treatment was reported in 3 (9.3%) cases. Conclusions: The study found that among possible TBM cases, the most frequent clinical features were fever, headache, and systematic symptoms. Focal neurological deficit and cerebral nerve palsy also had a high prevalence among the participants. The majority of the participants were young adults and female prevalence was high in the present study. The majority were from stage II TB among the study participants.

Background: Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH) is a potentially life-threatening complication after delivery by both vaginal and caesarean section (CS). Different types of management options have been available in clinical settings including the use of oxytocin, prostaglandin analogues, ergometrine, surgical exploration of genital tract, ligation or angiographic embolization of uterine or internal iliac arteries and hysterectomy. Another simple and effective measure to manage PPH is to control the bleeding with intrauterine packing by mop during CS. This intrauterine packing during CS is very easy & quick method to perform and it has pivotal role to save the patient need of major surgical procedures. Objective: To determine effectiveness of uterine packing by mop in control of post-partum hemorrhage, its safety and complications associated with it. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in Obstetrics & Gynaecology department of Eastern Medical College & Hospital, Cumilla, Bangladesh from January 2020 to July 2020. It was a prospective interventional study. the patients presenting with postpartum haemorhage during CS due to atonic uterus. Patients who had PPH due to genital tract trauma were excluded from this study. Frequencies and proportions of complications were calculated along with rate of successful cessation of bleeding by the use of intrauterine mop. Data was analyzed by SPSS. Results: 100 patients included in the study. Among them 63% were 25-34 years, 26% were 15-24 years, 11% were 35-45 years. 73% patients were p >3 and 27% were p 1-3. 77% patients belong to poor class family, 18% belong to middle class and 5% belong to high class family. These patients went through LUCS and had atonic uterus. Mop was used in those patients and successes rate were 87%. In 13% cases we needed others management. These were 11% case uterotonic drugs, 1% B-Lynch suture, 1% internal iliac artery ligation but none out of 100 patients underwent hysterectomy. Conclusion: Uterine packing by mop effectively controls PPH with fewer complications and its role in emergency obstetric scan not be denied. EMCJ. July 2022; 7(2): 1-5

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been suggested to be the most common metabolic disorder associated with several macrovascular and microvascular complications. Hypomagnesemia has been reported to occur at an increased frequency among patients with type-2 DM. Those who have poor glycemic control and longtime DM are more likely to decrease the blood magnesium (Mg) level. Mg deficit may also coexist with deficiencies of other dietary elements, such as vitamins, calcium (Ca++) and potassium (K+). Despite numerous reports linking hypomagnesemia to chronic diabetic complications, attention to this issue is poor among clinicians. This article reviews the literature on physiology & biochemistry of Mg++ diagnosis and incidence, features, causes, complications and management of hypomagnesemia in patients with type-2 DM. EMCJ. January 2022; 7(1): 26-31

Background- Cigarette smoking is one of the common addictions. The effects of cigarette smoking on health are serious and, in many cases, deadly. Objectives: The present study was carried to observe the effect of smoking on Red Blood Cells (RBC) count, Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, Hematocrit (HCT) and Red cell indices in adult male smokers and compare it with non-smokers to create awareness. Materials and Methods: In this study 50 adult male smokers and 50 adult male non-smokers aged from 20-45 years were taken. The smokers were regularly smoking for at least one year. Fresh peripheral blood sample from subjects were collected and analyzed for Red blood cell count, Hemoglobin concentration, Hematocrit and Red cell indices by using Mythmic-22 automated 5-part Hematology Analyzer. Result: In this study the values of RBCs count, Hb concentration and Hematocrit showed significant increase (p

This study aimed to assess the relationship between milk components and amino acid (AA) profiles among different buffalo crossbreds in Bangladesh. A total of thirty-six (36) lactating buffaloes were selected from Murrah, Nili-Ravi, and Mehsana crossbreds, and they were assigned to 03 groups, each with 12 buffaloes. The total experimental period was 10 weeks, including the initial 10 days of diet adjustment. The results from the experiment revealed that milk protein, fat, and total solids contents of Murrah crossbred was significantly (p0.05). In the case of milk amino acid contents, all the milk samples entailed a higher concentration of Glutamic acid (0.9-1.00 g/100 g of milk), whereas Cysteine had the lowest concentration (0.02-0.05 g/100 g). The most prevalent essential amino acids were Leucine, Lysine, and Phenylalanine, whereas the most prevalent non-essential amino acids were Glutamic acid, Proline, Asparagine, and Serine. Lysine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Phenylalanine, Cysteine, and Histidine concentrations differed significantly (p0.05). The highest Lysine: Methionine ratio observed in Murrah buffalo was about 3.20%, while in Mehsana and Nili-Ravi buffalo was about 2.80 and 2.50%, respectively. Thus, it was evident from the study that the raw milk components and amino acid composition vary considerably in the different lactating buffalo crossbreds. Finally, the compositional data of raw milk may create the way of sustainable use of milk from dairy buffalo crossbreds and improve food and nutrition security, particularly in developing countries.

The study was designed to envisage the changes in growth measurements and blood metabolites of crossbred dairy calves in response to calf starters feeding with different protein sources. All calves up to three days of age were kept on colostrum feeding. Then, calves were given 2.5 L of fresh whole milk for up to 10 days and 3 L of fresh whole milk for up to 56 days. Calves were fed a farm starter (control), other dietary groups starter containing mustard oil cake (MOC), soybean meal (SM), and a mixture of MOC and SM as MOCSM protein sources. Starting on day 21, all of the calves received starter feeds. On day 56, they were weaned, and the study included calves until day 70. Data were recorded on dry matter intake, growth measurements and blood nutrients profile. Calves consumed greater DM when MOC in the starter was supplied, which was 22.5% more than that of the control-fed group. Calves feeding with SM and MOCSM consumed almost similar quantities of DM at 220.87 and 224.87 g/head/day, respectively. The BWG of calves increased significantly by 5.04 and 4.06% more in the MOC-fed group than in the SM and MOCSM groups. MOC, SM, and MOCSM-fed calves had similar (p > 0.05) BLG; however, the control diet had significantly lower BLG. Blood glucose levels did not vary among the calves fed the control, MOC, SM, and MOCSM diets. Significantly higher serum albumin, urea, and BUN concentrations were found in MOC diet-fed calves than in others. Calcium and phosphorus concentration varied significantly among dietary groups and was noticeably lower in the control group compared to the other dietary groups. The results revealed that calf starters endowed with MOC as a protein source and in combination with SM were found advantageous in improving body growth and development.

In this study, newly isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were screened for the potential bioremediation capacity against toxic lead (Pb, II) and cadmium (Cd, II) with their bioaccessibility and survivability. Five strains were selected from eighteen previously isolated probiotic LAB strains based on heavy metal-resistant potentiality through in vitro disc-diffusion assay. These five strains were evaluated in vitro to explore the Pb and Cd binding and removal efficiencies using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. At the same time, their bioaccessibility and survivability were assessed in a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model. The results revealed that all the tested strains were shown to have a high magnitude of minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 500 to 2000 mg/L with 5 to 25 mm growth inhibition zones. The results also demonstrated a significant (P 0.05) removal of Pb and Cd among five tested LAB strains. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus LDMB02 showed the highest removal rates of Pb and Cd. It was also revealed that these strains significantly reduced Pb and Cd bioaccessibility from 42 to 50% and 40 to 58%, respectively. Moreover, these strains were shown to have significant survivability against Pb and Cd, ranging from 80.1 to 85.4% and 81.5 to 87.5%, respectively. This study recommends the immense potential exploit of LAB as a probiotic to protect human health from the adverse effects of Pb and Cd toxicity.

The objective of this study was to figure out the prevalence and probable causes of repeat breeding (RB) in dairy cows. Hence, a cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly selected 265 dairy farms in Sirajganj, Bogura, Rangpur, Satkhira, and Munshiganj districts of Bangladesh from December 2018 to February 2019. Data were collected through a direct interview method using a survey questionnaire. The reproductive organs of repeat breeder cows were examined for anatomical defects, pathological, infectious, functional reasons, and genital tract abnormalities. Additionally, the influence of nutrition, season, and age on the frequency of RB was recorded. Of the 3824 cows examined, the prevalence of RB was 28%. In this study, 98% of RB cases were exhibited in crossbred cows (Holstein-Friesian, 73%) than the indigenous (2%) cows. The prevalence of RB was significantly highest (P P P P

This study aimed to assess the relationship between milk components and amino acid (AA) profiles among different crossbred buffaloes in Bangladesh. A total of thirty-six (36) lactating buffaloes were selected from Murrah, Nili-Ravi, and Mehsana crossbreds, and 03 groups were made, each with 12 buffaloes. The total experimental period was 10 weeks, including 10 days of diet adjustment. The results revealed that milk protein and total solids contents of Murrah, Mehsana, and Nili-Ravi crossbred buffaloes showed a higher to lower trend (p 0.05). The highest Lysine: Methionine ratio observed in Murrah buffalo is about 3.20%, while in Mehsana and Nili-Ravi buffalo is about 2.80 and 2.50%, respectively. Thus, it is evident from the study that the raw milk components and amino acid composition vary considerably in the different crossbred lactating buffaloes. Finally, the compositional data of raw milk may create the way of sustainable use of milk from crossbred dairy buffaloes and improve food and nutrition security, particularly in developing countries.

The study was investigated to develop the lactose-free probiotic acidophilus milk (PAM) enriched with novel probiotic strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus LDMB01, Lactococcus lactis LDMB10, and Streptococcus thermophilus LDMB09), as well as fortified with cocoa powder. The physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory analyses were performed to see how the formulations worked. Two probiotic acidophilus milk formulations were made with β-galactosidase lactose hydrolysis, one with cocoa (5% m/v). A constant sugar level of 5% was used. The lactose-free acidophilus milk did not differ in acid content and showed values below 0.1% for lactose. The incorporation of cocoa in the PAM provided higher initial pH values reduced with the storage period and higher syneresis values throughout 28 days of storage. In addition, the probiotic bacteria showed high viability during storage, with counts above 7 log CFU/mL. In terms of sensory evaluation, most judges assigned both products an overall acceptability score of 8 for the characteristics (appearance, aroma, taste, texture, and overall acceptance). On the other hand, the sample containing cocoa achieved higher mean scores for appearance and texture. As a result, these products have much potential for industrial use, especially for lactose-intolerant people.

The research was conducted to examine the day-to-day variation in colostrum composition at the udder quarter level. For this purpose, a total of 3 Holstein Frisian crossbred cows were selected from Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm. Colostrum samples were collected both as mixed and separately from different teats. The concentration of major colostrum constituents (fat, protein, lactose, total solids, solids-not-fat, ash, pH, specific gravity) changed significantly (p≤0.05), the levels on day 4 were found similar to those of normal milk. The highest mean value of fat, protein, total solid, SNF, ash and specific gravity in colostrum was observed on 1st post-partum day as 6.02±0.70, 14.20±0.18, 23.88±1.25, 17.94±0.42, 1.03±0.05% and 1.05±0.00, respectively and later on, decreased as postpartum days advanced. Minimum average fat, protein, total solid, SNF, and ash content in colostrum was observed on 5th postpartum days as 3.75±0.11, 3.24±0.08, 12.00±0.20, 8.27±0.16% and 0.695±0.01, respectively. But lactose percent and pH showed an increasing trend from 1 to 5 postpartum days. Minimum average lactose and pH was observed on 1st and 5th postpartum days as 2.42±0.06%; 6.03±0.04% and 4.26±0.15; 6.30±0.04, respectively. The quality of colostrum produced by udder quarters was found significantly different (p

Stress is an external event or condition that places a strain on a biological system. The animal response to stress involves the expenditure of energy to remove or reduce the impact of stress. This increases the maintenance requirements of the animal and results in loss of production. The biological response to stress is divided into acute and chronic phases, with the acute phase lasting hours to a few days, and the chronic phase lasting several days to weeks. The acute response is driven by homeostatic regulators of the nervous and endocrine systems and the chronic phase by homeorhetic regulators of the endocrine system. Both responses involve alterations in energy balance and metabolism. The thermal environment affects all animals and therefore represents the largest single stressor in animal production. Other types of stressors include housing conditions, overcrowding, social rank, disease, and toxic compounds. "Acclimation" to stress is a phenotypic response developed by the animal to an individual stressor within the environment. Acclimation is a homeorhetic process that takes several weeks to occur and occurs via homeorhetic, not homeostatic, mechanisms. It is a phenotypic change that disappears when the stress is removed. Milk yield and reproduction are extremely sensitive to stress because of the high energy and protein demands of lactation and the complexity of the reproductive process and multiple organs that are involved. Improvements in the protection of animals against stress require improved education of producers to recognize stress and methods for estimating the degree of stress on animals.

This study aimed to analyze the hemato profile of crossbred lactating cows reared at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) Dairy Farm. Thirty-two (32) healthy crossbred lactating cows of Holstein-Frisian (HF), Jersey (J), Sindhi Sahiwal (SS) and Red Chittagong (RCC) were selected for the study and divided into four (04) groups. The cows were allowed to feed and manage according to dairy farm own scheduled-ration. The collected blood samples were analyzed for hematological and biochemical parameters viz. Hemoglobin (Hb), Packed cell volume (PCV), Total leukocyte count (TLC), and Total erythrocyte count (TEC) and Serum urea, Glucose, Albumin, Calcium, and Phosphorus, respectively by using an automated chemistry analyzer. The results revealed that the hematological and biochemical parameters non-significantly (p>0.05) differed between the crossbred groups. From the experiment, the higher amount of Hb (11 g/dL) and PCV (40%) was found in HF and RCC cows, respectively. The TLC was higher in SS and RCC but the TEC was recorded stable along with a slight increment in RCC. As far as the biochemical parameters are concerned, the blood urea concentration was found higher (28 mg/dL) in HF and RCC lactating cows. The same pattern was observed in the case of albumin concentration. On the contrary, the lowest value of Calcium was found in RCC but the Phosphorus concentration showed a little higher in RCC. It can be concluded that the overall herd health was satisfactory based on the blood profile parameters. Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2019. 48 (2): 139-144

Milk chocolate can be formulated with the addition of probiotics. This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties, sensory attributes, and probiotic viability in milk chocolates during storage and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Probiotic milk chocolate was prepared by adding the potential probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus LDMB-01 and stored at 4 and 25 °C for up to 90 days. Control milk chocolate was prepared without probiotics. The stored chocolate samples were analysed for viscosity, pH, water activity, sensory properties, and probiotic viability. The viscosity of probiotic chocolate declined steadily as the storage time progressed, with water activity being slightly increased and pH was unaffected during refrigerated storage up to 90 days. The probiotic cell was found to be viable up to 90 days of storage at 4 °C (>6 log CFU g−1) which is sufficient in number to provide potential health benefits to the consumer. As a carrier, chocolate matrix showed a protective effect to the novel probiotics in the gastrointestinal environments compared to free cells. The overall sensory results suggested that the probiotic supplementation had no significant effect on sensory attributes. This study concludes that milk chocolate matrix can potentially be used as a carrier of novel probiotics L. acidophilus LDMB-01 with optimum probiotic viability and unaltered physicochemical properties.

The study was aimed at assessing the productive performance of dairy buffalo and milk marketing approaches in different agro-climatic districts of Bangladesh. Three (03) districts of Bangladesh viz. Bhola, Mymensingh, and Dinajpur were chosen from the coastal, river basin and semi-arid region, respectively. A triangulation method of survey was used to collect the data and the components of the triangle were buffalo farms, buffalo farmers and buffalo herdsmen. The investigation duration was twelve (12) months. The study revealed that the highest milk yield (5 L/h/d; p=0.010) was found in the river basin and semi-arid region. Lactation yield was also recorded double in the river basin and semi-arid districts compared to coastal districts (p=0.000). In the case of lactation length, the river basin buffaloes possessed 33 and 36% longer than coastal and semi-arid districts, respectively. All the chemical components were found significantly different (p≤0.050) but fat. Among different agro-climatic districts, about 92% of milk was traded in the coastal region after meeting the household's need but it was noted that the farmers from the semi-arid region kept more than 21% of milk for family consumption (p=0.000). The highest unit price (BDT 72/L) of milk was observed in the river basin district (p=0.011). In conclusion, the current situations of buffalo farming and milk marketing approaches in Bangladesh, varies considerably.

This study presents the design of a robust five-phase ferrite (Fe) permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMaSynRM) to mitigate two major design challenges: irreversible demagnetization and mechanical deformation. Recently, rare-earth magnet-based five-phase PMaSynRMs have been proposed for vehicular applications due to their better fault tolerance, higher torque density, and low torque ripple compared to their three-phase counterparts. However, rare-earth magnets are expensive and, their supplies were disrupted multiple times in past few years. Therefore, to avoid rare-earth magnets in traction motors, this study proposes a five-phase PMaSynRM with Fe magnet. Special attention is paid to avoid irreversible demagnetization and deformation as these are two major concerns in any Fe-based machine. The rotor structure is uniquely optimized with additional geometrical parameters to reduce the risk of irreversible demagnetization. To increase the structural stability of the rotor, optimal center post and weight reduction notches are adopted. The proposed Fe-based five-phase PMaSynRM has been comparatively studied over a rare-earth magnet-based PMaSynRM. The lumped parameter model and finite element model have been utilized for design optimization and performance analysis. Finally, A 3 kW prototype of the proposed five-phase Fe PMaSynRM has been fabricated, experimentally tested, and compared with the benchmark rare-earth PMaSynRM to validate the proposed design and simulations results.

Introduction: Alternate nostril breathing (ANB) is an effective breathing exercise with therapeutic benefits on cardiorespiratory functions for healthy and diseased individuals. This study was conducted to assess the effects of ANB exercise on cardiorespiratory tasks in healthy adults. Materials and Methods: This randomized experimental study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, from July 2017 to June 2018. A total of 100 1st-year students, aged between 18 and 20 years, were included by a random sampling method. Fifty participants (25 males and 25 females) were enrolled in the experimental group, while age- and body mass index-matched another 50 participants (25 males and 25 females) served as the control group. Experimental group participants performed ANB exercise for 4 weeks. Cardiorespiratory parameters (pulse rate, blood pressure, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1st s [FEV1], and peak expiratory flow rate [PEFR] were measured. Data were taken at the start and after 4 weeks in both groups. Results: Independent t-test showed no significant differences in the cardiorespiratory functions between the experimental and control groups among the male and female participants, except for the females’ PEFR which showed small differences. On the other hand, repeated measure ANOVA shows significant improvement in the experimental groups among males (P < 0.001–0.028) and females (P < 0.001–0.001) in all the cardiorespiratory functions measured, except for the FEV1 and PEFR among males. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that cardiorespiratory functions were improved after breathing exercise, and therefore, ANB can be recommended for increasing cardiorespiratory efficiency.

Background: Reducing the sugar content of processed products has been claimed to be one of the most efficient strategies for decreasing sugar intake. To investigate what level of sugar reduction is accepted in set-type yogurt, we conducted a hedonic test focusing on the sensory attributes and assessed the nutritional quality of the yogurt. Methods: We prepared a total of 12 set-type yogurt samples using four sugar concentrations (viz. 0, 4, 5 and 12%). The starter culture was used as a 1:1 ratio mixture of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. The sensorial, chemical and microbiological analyses were performed. Result: From the investigation, yogurt containing at least 4 and 5% added sugar was found acceptable based on overall sensory score. On the hedonic scale, yogurt containing 12% sugar was more often described as too sweet compared with yogurt containing 4 and/or 5% sugar. On the other hand, the sweetness and aroma intensity for yogurt containing 0% sugar was judged as too low. The 4 and 5% added sugar yogurt was recorded highest with protein content 4.35 and 4.53%, respectively. The initial total viable count (TVC) of the yogurt made was found highest in 4 and 5% sugar yogurt each with » 5 log10 cfu/mL. These results indicate that consumers would accept set-type yogurts with 4 to 5% added sugar instead of 12 to 15%, but 0 to 3% sugar would be too low.

This experiment was aimed to investigate the production characteristics and nutritive quality of Ruzi grass by varying levels of organic and inorganic fertilizer viz. cow dung (CD) and urea fertilizer (UF), respectively. The treatments were arranged into a factorial design and grouped according to a completely randomized design with three replications. Three doses of CD (0; 5; and 10 t/ha) were applied at sowing and four UF doses were applied as top dressing (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg/ha). The application of CD and UF have a positive effect on the length of leaves (p=0.00 and p=0.02) but their interactions are not significantly different (p=0.12). The effect of CD, UF and their interaction significantly increased the number of leaves (p=0.00), the number of tillers (p=0.00) and dry matter yield (p=0.00). There were no significant effect of CD and interaction on the leaf/stem ratio (p=0.17 and p=0.23, respectively) but UF slightly increased the ratio (p=0.00), CP% (p£0.00), NDF% (p£0.00) and ADF% (p£0.00). The best combination of fertilizer could be noted at 50 kg/ha UF and 10 t/ha CD to obtain better results. It might recommend that better fertilizer management can improve productivity as well as the nutritional quality of Ruzi grass.

In South Asia, Theileria annulata is known to be less pathogenic to local breeds of Bos indicus cattle comparing to Bos taurus cattle and some of mix breeds between them. Seroepidemiological surveys have revealed high sero-prevalence of T. annulata in asymptomatic local breeds of cattle in Bangladesh. Therefore, these asymptomatic infection in local breeds can be infectious sources to more sensitive breeds. In this study, 59 bloods of cattle showing no symptom were screened by species specific PCRs for hemoto-protozoan parasites, to prove the existence of T. annulata parasite in asymptomatic cattle in Bangladesh. The T. annulata infection was confirmed along with other parasitic species, and this is the first report of T. annulata DNA detection in Bangladesh.

The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) from raw goat milk, and to evaluate their probiotic attributes, technological properties and safety profiles. A total of 50 LAB strains were isolated and identified from 18 goat milk samples based on their morphological, physiological, biochemical, and genotypic characteristics. We found the existence of 6 genera where Lactobacillus was found as dominant (50 %). The in-vitro experiment showed that more than 80 % of the representative LAB strains inhibited the growth of tested pathogenic microorganisms. Out of 11 tested LAB strains, most of them exhibited moderate to high survivability (80–100 %) under intestinal juice, pancreatic juice and bile salt, and which was 70–80 % at low pH conditions. All tested LAB strains produced diacetyl, and 73 % of the tested strains showed proteolytic activity whereas only 27 % strains exhibited weak lipolysis. In case of antibiotic susceptibility, most of the LAB strains exhibited resistance against the tested antibiotics. All LAB strains produced exopolysaccharide to a variable extent ranging from 20 to 93 mg/L where the Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus being the greatest producer. The in-vitro experiments regarding safety profile showed that all the isolated LAB strains were found as non-virulence. Furthermore, our lab-scale fermentation study demonstrated that most isolated LAB strains possess the starter culture properties for producing firm milk curd. In conclusion, this study revealed that the isolated LAB strains from raw goat milk retain the potential to be used in fermented foods because of their safety aspects, probiotic attributes, and technological characteristics.

The study was aimed to develop a probiotic beverage using Chhana whey and watermelon juice. The blends of whey and watermelon juice were optimized based on physicochemical and sensory evaluation. The bacterial culture was used as per 1% Lactobacillus acidophilus NIAI L-54 as a probiotic culture. The 75:25 blend of whey and watermelon fermented for 5 h at 37 oC obtained the highest sensory scores for overall acceptability. The shelf-life of the selected blend was examined using titratable acidity, pH, microbiological analysis as well as sensory evaluation. The results suggested that probiotic beverages can be preserved for 21 days in refrigerated conditions (4 oC) with higher acceptability along with probiotic bacterial count 4.00 Log10CFU /mL. It could be concluded that the whey-based watermelon beverage enabled by-product utilization with excellent nutritional and functional value.

A performance comparison between a rareearth and a rare-earth-free five-phase PMa-SynRMs operating at maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) control is present in this paper under different open phase faults. The five-phase machines show inherent higher fault tolerance advantageous over the conventional three-phase machine under different number of open-phase conditions. Ferrite (Fe) magnets are cost effective replacement of the rare-earth material e.g. neodymium (Nd) magnets. Both magnets in PMa-SynRMs show degraded electromagnetic torque characteristics under different open phase faults. Traditional MTPA control method is not able to improve performance under faulty conditions. Advanced fault-tolerant MTPA control method is required to achieve satisfactory performance both under healthy and faulty conditions. In this paper, the fault tolerant control method is modified with MTPA technique to achieve higher performance. The proposed technique is applied on both machines under open phase faults to compare their performances. Detail theoretical analysis is carried out through MATLAB and finite element analysis (FEA). Experimental test results are provided for the Nd-based PMa-SynRM.

This paper proposes the design of a five-phase bearingless permanent magnet assisted synchronous machine (PMaSynRM) for high speed applications. The bearingless machines are suitable for various industrial and medical applications as they offer wear-free operation, longer lifetime, and higher efficiency by eliminating mechanical bearings. However, the levitation of the rotor is critical aspect in these machines which needs very smooth and sustainable force to hold the rotor and shaft at proper position. In that regard, multiphase PMaSynRM, which offers very low torque ripple and high fault-tolerance, is a suitable candidate for bearingless machine applications. Therefore, this study proposes a five-phase bearingless PMaSynRM that generates desired torque using main five-phase winding and generates the rotor-levitating force using an additional winding. The design procedure of the main motor and the suspension winding has been described in details. A thorough FEA analysis has been provided to show the performance characteristics under various operating conditions. The simulation results show that the motor generate required levitation force at cost of very low suspension winding current. The motor performance with and without the suspension has been compared to ensure desired output of the motor.

This paper presents a detailed performance review of permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motors (PMa-SynRMs) designed for traction applications. As the machine design innovations favor towards reduced and elimination of permanent magnets, PMa-SynRMs are the most trending traction motors in the industry recently. However, extensive designs have been proposed for reduced permanent magnet motor designs such as PMa-SynRMs. In addition, to solve their design challenges such as requirement to generate higher torque density with lower torque pulsations, several multi-objective optimization techniques have been implemented. This study presents a generalized design procedure for the optimal choice of PMa-SynRM specifications apposite to the traction motor designs. A series of two internal and two external rotor multi-phase PMa-SynRMs are optimally designed to use reduced permanent magnets and generate higher average torque with minimum torque ripple. In addition, advantages of adapting five-phases over conventional three-phase PMa-SynRM designs are highlighted. Experiments have been carried out on the prototypes to present comparisons between the 4 traction motor designs considered.

This paper presents a comparative study of the transient stability between a five-phase and three-phase permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM). In automotive industries, the reliability of the motor drive system has become a critical concern to ensure optimal safety. Five-phase PMa-SynRMs are suggested in the critical applications for their fault-tolerant capability. However, their transient performance over the conventional three-phase system has not been discussed in detail. Additionally, PMa-SynRMs show higher cross-coupling effects which cause strong dynamic outcomes. This paper presents the stability comparison between an optimally designed three-phase and five-phase PMa-SynRM. Detail theoretical analysis is carried out through the MATLAB and finite element analysis (FEA).

This paper presents the performance comparisons between rare-earth and rare-earth free external rotor permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motors (PMa-SynRMs) under static eccentricity (SE), dynamic eccentricity (DE), and mixed eccentricity (ME) conditions. Recently, external rotor motors are proposed as high power density motors for traction applications in electric vehicles and more electric aircraft. However, these in-wheel external rotor motors are usually under continuous stress of rotational forces due to the tire-road friction which can result in eccentricity faults due to stator and rotor misalignment. Therefore, it is critical to assess the external rotor motors performance under eccentricity faults in traction motors. In this study, various failure modes due to eccentricity faults such as SE, DE, and ME conditions are analyzed on optimal 3.8kW rare-earth based and 3.7kW rare-earth free external rotor PMa-SynRMs. Effects of these eccentricity conditions are translated to performance loss in terms of increased torque ripple and unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) in the electric motor designs. Also, 3rd harmonics of back-electromotive force (back-EMF) have been analyzed for both motors in all eccentricity conditions to compare their performance in fault detection. Experimental setup is developed to test the motors under load conditions and finite element simulation results are presented to validate the proposed theory.

This paper presents a detailed comparison between fault-tolerant five-phase external and internal rotor permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motors (PMa-SynRMs). Critical applications such as electric vehicles and more electric aircraft demand high power density and fault-tolerant capability in their traction motor designs. Five-phase external rotor motors are proposed to generate higher torque density compared to conventional internal rotor motors of same size. However, under fault conditions such as single-phase, two-phase adjacent, and two-phase non-adjacent faults, the fault-tolerant capability of such high torque density motors needs to be investigated. Furthermore, severe torque pulsations under such faults have to be restrained in traction motors. In this study, five-phase external rotor PMa-SynRMs are optimally designed to generate higher torque density with lower torque ripple and better fault tolerant capability when compared to a same size five-phase internal rotor PMa-SynRM. Finite element simulations are carried out to compare the performance of external rotor PMa-SynRMs under single-phase, two-phase adjacent and two-phase non-adjacent faults. Experiments under no-load conditions and load are carried out to validate the simulations.

This paper presents the process of determining demagnetization-free operating region of multi-phase permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM) under fault tolerant operating condition using finite element analysis (FEA) tool. The five-phase PMa-SynRM has been considered as a suitable candidate for many critical service applications such as aircraft, electric vehicles, and electric ships due to low cost and high fault-tolerance capability. These machines can generate required torque under single or two-phase fault using only the unaffected phases. However, under the fault condition, the air-gap magnetomotive force (MMF) will be distorted and cause additional harmonics loss and torque ripple. Although the adoption of fault tolerant control (FTC) scheme can improve the performance, there will be large rise and fall in the air-gap MMF which can be threatening to the permanent magnet (PM) for irreversible demagnetization. Therefore, multiphase PMa-SynRM should be carefully operated under FTC to avoid the irreversible demagnetization of its PMs. This study determines the demagnetization-free operating region of a 3 kW five-phase rare-earth (NdFeB35) PM based PMa-SynRM under single and two-phase open fault conditions. Finite element analysis (FEA) has been performed for different thermal levels of the PMs to evaluate the operating range of the motor without demagnetization.

This paper presents a five-phase external rotor permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM) with low torque ripple and cogging torque for in-wheel applications. Multi-phase internal rotor electric motors have been proposed for vehicular applications as they possess low torque ripple and low back-EMF harmonics. However, increase in the power density while maintaining the same size and amount of PMs has been a challenging issue. In comparison to the internal rotor motors, external rotor motors can be optimally designed to produce higher torque density with low torque ripple. In this study, the design technique to develop an optimal five-phase external rotor PMa-SynRM model is discussed in detail. Detailed finite element simulations are conducted on the optimally designed 3.8kW five-phase external rotor PMa-SynRM and the results are compared with five-phase internal rotor PMa-SynRM. With the same size, volume, and lower PM composition, the 3.8kW five-phase external rotor PMa-SynRM is capable of generating higher torque density with lower torque pulsation and almost negligible cogging torque in comparison to the 3kW five-phase internal rotor PMa-SynRM. Experimental results are compared between five-phase internal and external rotor PMa-SynRMs to validate the simulation results.

This paper provides a performance comparison between three-phase and five-phase ferrite-based permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMa-SynRM). Recently, research on PMa-SynRM has got significant attention, especially in vehicular applications. They can meet the performance requirements of electric vehicles with reduced or no use of rare-earth-based permanent magnets (PMs). However, these motors face the challenges of lower torque density, irreversible demagnetization tendency, and intolerance to the augmented stress due to the relatively higher amount of PM. These challenges can be mitigated by employing five-phase winding which can develop higher power density with lower torque pulsation compared to the conventional three-phase motor. This paper compares the electromagnetic performance of a three-phase and five-phase Ferrite magnet based PMa-SynRM. A thorough finite element analysis (FEA) has been presented to validate the superior demagnetization preventing capability, and stress tolerance capability of the five-phase PMa-SynRM over the three-phase PMa-SynRM. Experimental results of the induced voltage for fabricated three-phase and five-phase PMa-SynRMs will be provided to validate the FEA results.

This paper presents the design optimization of rare-earth-free permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor (PMSynRM) with an objective to improve the demagnetization prevention capability. Ferrite magnet is a common rare-earth-free permanent magnet (PM) which is attracting the manufacturers with its lower price and abundant supply compared to rare-earth materials such as Neodymium, Samarium, and Cerium based PMs. However, due to lower coercive force, Ferrite magnets have a higher risk of getting demagnetized than rare-earth magnets. Therefore, Ferrite based motor should be carefully designed so that the magnets do not get demagnetized at any desired operating condition. This study proposes a Ferrite magnet based PMSynRM (F-PMSynRM) with non-conventional flux-barrier structures to improve its demagnetization prevention capability while maintaining the same output power as a conventional F-PMSynRM. The equivalent magnetic circuit (EMC) has been used to obtain and justify the proposed motor of improved demagnetization prevention capability. Besides, finite element analysis (FEA) results have been presented to compare the proposed motor and conventional motor in terms of their electromagnetic torque, back-emf, stress and demagnetization preventive capability. Experimental results of the no-load induced voltage have been provided to validate the analytical and simulation results.