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Abstract Food-derived protein hydrolysates or peptides with health benefits may help to treat chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, and hypertension. These components can be converted into bioactive ingredients suitable for use in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals, thereby creating significant value opportunities in food production. Bran, the hard-outer layer of cereal grain, is a by-product of the milling process to produce refined grains. Pigmented rice bran provides 12–16% protein and is an excellent source to produce protein hydrolysates using commercial proteases. In this investigation, the major rice bran proteins, including prolamin, albumin, globulin, and glutelin, were extracted sequentially using the modified Osborne method after raw rice bran (BRRI-Dhan-84) had been defatted. Proteins extracted from rice bran were lyophilized into powder form, and rice bran protein molecular weights were assessed using SDS-PAGE. The rice bran proteins were hydrolyzed under optimal conditions for the three commercial proteases: trypsin, alcalase, and neutrase. Trypsin hydrolyzed glutelin had the highest DPPH (76.445 ± 0.435%) and ABTS+ (99.114 ± 0.491%) radical scavenging activities. Neutrase-digested globulin and albumin exerted the highest α-amylase (77.450 ± 0.550%) and α-glucosidase (65.344 ± 0.736%) inhibitory activities, respectively. Albumin digested by trypsin exhibited the highest ACE (96.227 ± 0.355%) inhibitory activities. Our study suggests that bioactive peptides in the protein hydrolysates, produced through enzymatic hydrolysis, may be responsible for these inhibitory activities. Antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive properties of rice bran protein hydrolysates have explored a new window for using them as nutraceuticals, however, further in vivo investigation is needed before human consumption.

Abstract Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) plays a crucial role in regulating one-carbon metabolism. Polymorphisms within the MTHFR gene have been found to increase the risk of breast cancer in different populations. In this study, we evaluated the association of polymorphisms of the MTHFR gene (rs1801133 and rs1801131) with the risk of breast cancer in the Bangladeshi population. This case‒control study included 202 breast cancer patients and 104 healthy controls. After the organic extraction of DNA, genotyping was performed via the PCR-RFLP method. Sanger sequencing was performed to validate the RFLP data. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the associations of the polymorphisms. Different computational tools were used to predict the structural and functional consequences of the SNPs. Our study revealed that the MTHFR gene polymorphism rs1801131 is associated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer (p 0.05, OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 0.90–2.74 for the CT genotype; p > 0.05, OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 0.36–4.92 for the TT genotype). Computational analyses predicted rs1801131 to be tolerated and rs1801133 to be deleterious. Structural analyses demonstrated no significant changes in protein structure but revealed alterations in neighboring interactions according to both bond distances and angles. In conclusion, rs1801131 but not rs1801133 is significantly associated with breast cancer risk in the Bangladeshi population. Moreover, in silico analyses demonstrated changes in the interaction pattern of polymorphic residues with adjacent amino acids.

The livelihoods of coastal people are at risk as shoreline migration is accelerated by climate change. To safeguard these communities and maintain their economy, it is imperative to strengthen resilience via adaptive strategies. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the rates and impacts of physical shoreline migration over the past 9,000 years using geospatial analysis and focus on understanding the livelihood resilience of coastal at-risk communities using in-depth interviews with environmental experts. The dynamic system of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna is highly complex and causes continuous shoreline migration. Historical data and more recent satellite remote sensing imagery analysis identified that the shrinking of the delta system has resulted from the migration of the shorelines at the mouth of the river system. Since 5,000 BP, it has been expanding towards the Bay of Bengal – meaning land gains at the coast. Land gain provides an opportunity for the extension of coastal communities but also increases their vulnerability to natural hazards. Moreover, by 2050, the salinity isoline with a 5-ppt is expected to shift inland by ⁓8 km in the south-east (Bhola-Patuakhali) and ⁓24 km in the southwest (Khulna-Satkhira) region. The in-depth interviews reveal several adaptive practices to effectively deal with the situation, including community knowledge, stakeholder engagement, local-led adaptation, and most importantly, temporal migration. The findings also highlighted the urgent need for an adaptation plan for the sustainability and resilience of coastal communities, considering indigenous knowledge with local cultural orientation and incorporation of scientific standards.

Electric power generation is crucial for electrical systems, and load frequency control (LFC) ensures system synchronization and reliability. Modern systems use well-designed controllers, with selecting the right type and design approach being essential for a good LFC controller design. This study introduces a cascaded (1+PI)-PI-PID controller optimized using the improved Artificial Bee Colony-Particle Swarm Optimization (IABC-PSO) algorithm for LFC in interconnected power systems, aiming to address complex challenges associated with LFC in modern power systems. The research examines a two-area power system model with hydro and thermal power plants and a capacitive energy storage (CES) device. It proposes a (1+PI)-PI-PID controller structure that integrates traditional PID controllers, enhancing performance and debugging capabilities. The study uses integral absolute error (IAE), integral square error (ISE), integral time absolute error (ITAE), and integral time square error (ITSE) as objective functions. The IABC-PSO algorithm introduces a novel decision block to increase scout bee (SB) occurrences to 10 % for each employed bee (EB), and a new control search phase to optimize SBs' exploration capabilities in a controlled manner, enhancing their efficiency. The algorithm's performance was assessed using four benchmark functions, revealing superior results compared to the Hybrid ABC-PSO algorithm. The study examined six experimental configurations of the controller, varying the sequence of (1 + PI), PI, and PID components. The proposed strategy was tested under 1 % and 5 % step load perturbations in area-1 and area-2 to evaluate dynamic performance. This study conducts a sensitivity analysis by adjusting hydro parameters within a ±25 % range, and considers generation rate constraint (GRC) and boiler dynamics (BD) in a two-area reheat thermal-hydro-power system model for reliability and credibility. The proposed IABC-PSO algorithm outperforms traditional methods (ABC, PSO, and hybrid ABC-PSO, WOAw, GWO, hSFS-LUS, and FA) in optimizing parameters, achieving shortest settling times and minimal ITAE values. Its performance is evaluated under random step load perturbations (SLP) and its internal robustness is demonstrated through stability analysis using the Lyapunov method. In conclusion, the hybrid IABC-PSO algorithm-based cascaded (1 + PI)-PI-PID controller offers a robust and efficient solution for LFC in interconnected power systems. It ensures enhanced performance, stability, and adaptability, making it a valuable contribution to modern power system management.

Objectives: This research aimed to examine how yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) fermented layer moist diet (YFM-D) influencing egg production, its quality, and duck's growth performance during the age range of 23–29 weeks. Materials and Methods: A total of 84 laying Jinding ducks were arbitrarily allotted into one of two dietary groups. Each group had 42 birds in 3 replicates and 14 birds per replication. Each duck was daily offered 140 gm dry matter (DM) from a layer diet (Crude Protein −17.83% and ME-2760 Kcal/kg DM) and a yeast-fermented layer moist diet (50% layer diet + 50% water) and reflected as control diet (CON-D) and yeast-fermented layer moist diet (YFM-D), respectively. The layer diet was fermented using yeast premix at a 1.0% level of feed. Results: Considerably elevated DM intake was obtained in ducks that received YFM-D (120 gm) than CON-D (112 gm). Subsequently, ducks fed YFM-D improved almost 5.24% and 4.26% higher egg mass and hen-day egg production than CON-D, respectively (p < 0.05). Though feed conversion ratio (egg basis) was unaffected (p > 0.05), ducks receiving YFM-D almost revealed 21%–22% higher body weight compared to CON-D (p < 0.05). Moreover, higher yolk weight, color, and Haugh unit were measured in ducks offered YFM-D than CON-D (p < 0.05), while YFM-D showed the propensity for better egg and albumen weight. However, shell weight and yield, albumen, and yolk yield were not varied between the two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It may be concluded that a YFM-D enhanced hen day egg production at the early stage of laying while boosting live weight gain and enhancing egg quality. [Vet. Res. Notes 2024; 4(4.000): 43-47]

Here, we report the selective detection of biotinylated interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) protein using both chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and epitaxial graphene (EG) based electrochemical sensors and their reusability. Detection was based on the principle of avidin-biotin technology, which was widely used in different types of sensor technology. Following the characterization of graphene, the CVD and EG on SiC were fabricated with gold nanoparticles using our recently developed technique. The CVD graphene-based device was made by transferring the CVD graphene onto an interdigitated array electrode (IDA). In contrast, the EG-based device was made by photolithography by fabricating interdigital electrodes on EG on SiC. The detection of IL-6R was monitored by real-time two-terminal current measurements at fixed voltages, while the IL-6R protein was injected into avidin-immobilized graphene-based devices. Drops of the current (Ids) upon injection of as low as 50 pg/ml of IL-6R solution confirm the detection of IL-6R with ultra-high sensitivity. The specificity of the device was confirmed by a chicken egg white solution in PBS, which contains a variety of biomolecules. The EG on a SiC-based device can also be used to detect biomolecules with high sensitivity. The EG on the SiC-based device was found to be reusable after the physical cleaning procedure. The present study is expected to be exploited in the development of reusable ultra-sensitive point-of-care biosensors.

Background: The Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) pathway represents a non-canonical mechanism of telomere maintenance that operates independently of the conventional telomerase activity. The three biologically significant proteins, designated as SMARCAL1 (SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A-like protein 1), DAXX (Death domain-associated protein 6) and ATRX (alpha-thalassemia/mental retardation, X-linked) are associated with ALT in certain cancer types. The purpose of this study was to identify the most high-risk nsSNPs (non-synonymous Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) within these three genes and assess their impacts on the structure and function of the proteins they encode. Methods: The reported genetic polymorphisms of SMARCAL1, DAXX and ATRX genes were retrieved from the Ensembl database. Later, various computational tools like PROVEAN, PolyPhen2, SNPs and GO, SNAP2, Predict-SNP, Panther and PMut were used to predict the most deleterious nsSNPs. MutPred was used to understand the underlying molecular reasons of those nsSNPs being deleterious, followed by prediction of Post Translational Modification Sites (PTMs) using ModPred. I-Mutant and MUpro were used to predict the effect of SNP on energy stability. Later, 3D clustering analysis was done using Mutation 3D server. Moreover, ConSurf was utilized to identify the conservation scores of wild-type amino acids. Additionally, the NCBI conserved domain search tool was employed to pinpoint conserved domains within these three proteins. Project-Hope helped for biophysical validation, followed by prediction of these genes’ interaction and function by using GeneMANIA. Result: Analysis on SMARCAL1 protein revealed that among 665 nsSNPs, four were identified as the most deleterious: L578S, T581S, P582A, and P582S. Similarly, within the DAXX protein, among a pool of 480 nsSNPs, P284S, R230C, and R230S were found out to be the most deleterious variants. In case of ATRX protein, V178D, R246C, and V277G, from the total of 1009 nsSNPs, were predicted to be the most deleterious. All these nsSNPs were found to occur at residue positions that are 100 % conserved within protein domains and were predicted to be most damaging from both structural and functional perspectives and highly destabilizing to their corresponding proteins. Conclusion: Computational investigation on the 3 proteins-SMARCAL1, DAXX and ATRX through different bioinformatics analysis tools concludes that the identified high risk nsSNPs of these proteins are pathogenic SNPs. These variants potentially exert functional and structural influences, thus making them valuable candidates for future genetic studies.

Abstract Objective Interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) is a multifunctional cytokine that exerts both pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory effects on the immune system as well as in the pathogenesis of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). We investigated whether the three common polymorphisms ‐1082 G/A(rs1800896), ‐819 C/T(rs1800871), and ‐592 C/A(rs1800872) in the promoter region of IL‐10 have any influence on the susceptibility, severity, and clinical outcome of GBS. Methods IL‐10 promoter polymorphisms were investigated in 152 patients with GBS and 152 healthy controls from Bangladesh using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP), and allele‐specific oligonucleotide‐PCR (ASO‐PCR). Haplotype patterns and frequencies were analyzed using Heatmaply R‐package, chi‐square, and Fisher's exact test. The serum level of IL‐10 was measured through enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. p‐values

This study aims to examine the loss and damage experienced by coastal regions from the perspective of adaptation. It also seeks to evaluate the adaptation techniques employed when migration is utilized as a significant approach to mitigate the effects of loss and damage on coastal communities. This study evaluates the extent of loss and damage caused by constraints on adaptation. Two districts, Khulna and Satkhira, in the Khulna division of Bangladesh, were chosen for the study. In these districts, a total of twenty-four detailed interviews and one focus group discussion (FGD) were conducted with individuals living in rural areas whom climate-related effects and disasters have impacted. Additionally, seven interviews were conducted with climate migrants residing in informal settlements within the words of Khulna City Corporation. The process of identifying appropriate interview candidates involves utilizing a combination of specific criteria and snowball sampling techniques. The study employed NVivo 14 software to conduct theme analysis on textual data obtained from interviews. In the coding procedure, we sequentially employed semantic coding, latent coding, categorization, pattern exploration, and theme creation, all of which were in line with the research aim. The study indicates that most affected persons utilize seasonal and temporary movement as an adaptive strategy to deal with the slow effects of climate change, such as increasing temperatures and salinity in rural regions, and when they encounter limitations in their ability to adapt. Conversely, they opted for permanent migration in response to stringent constraints imposed by severe climate events like cyclones and river erosion, leaving them with no alternative but to move to urban regions. Social networks are crucial in influencing migration choices, as several families depend on information provided by urban relatives and rural neighbors to inform their relocation decisions. Nevertheless, not all individuals impacted by the situation express a desire to relocate; others opt to remain in rural areas due to their sentimental attachment to their birthplaces and a sense of dedication to their ancestral territory. Due to the exorbitant cost of urban life, they believe that opting not to migrate is a more practical option for addressing the repercussions of climate-induced loss and damage. The study’s findings aid policymakers in determining migration strategies and policies to address the adverse effects of coastal population displacement in Bangladesh. Additionally, it aids in determining strategies to address the challenges faced by climate migrants in both urban and rural environments.

BackgroundUnderstanding the characteristics of the humoral immune responses following COVID-19 vaccinations is crucial for refining vaccination strategies and predicting immune responses to emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.MethodsA longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain (RBD) specific IgG antibody responses, encompassing IgG subclasses IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 was performed. Participants received four mRNA vaccine doses (group 1; n=10) or two ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and two mRNA booster doses (group 2; n=19) in Bangladesh over two years.ResultsFindings demonstrate robust IgG responses after primary Covishield or mRNA doses; declining to baseline within six months. First mRNA booster restored and surpassed primary IgG responses but waned after six months. Surprisingly, a second mRNA booster did not increase IgG levels further. Comprehensive IgG subclass analysis showed primary Covishield/mRNA vaccination generated predominantly IgG1 responses with limited IgG2/IgG3, Remarkably, IgG4 responses exhibited a distinct pattern. IgG4 remained undetectable initially but increased extensively six months after the second mRNA dose, eventually replacing IgG1 after the 3rd/4th mRNA doses. Conversely, initial Covishield recipients lack IgG4, surged post-second mRNA booster. Notably, mRNA-vaccinated individuals displayed earlier, robust IgG4 levels post first mRNA booster versus Covishield counterparts. IgG1 to IgG4 ratios decreased with increasing doses, most pronounced with four mRNA doses. This study highlights IgG response kinetics, influenced by vaccine type and doses, impacting immunological tolerance and IgG4 induction, shaping future vaccination strategies.ConclusionsThis study highlights the dynamics of IgG responses dependent on vaccine type and number of doses, leading to immunological tolerance and IgG4 induction, and shaping future vaccination strategies.

This research explores the nexus between COVID-19 and the livelihoods of easy-bike (three-wheeler human hauliers) drivers using a case study of Rangpur City, Bangladesh. Although easy-bike has become a prevalent form of paratransit among city-dwellers in medium-sized cities in Bangladesh, many passengers are now avoiding such paratransit to maintain health and safety guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has negatively affected easy-bike drivers’ income in many medium-sized cities. To conduct this study, we collected primary data from the field, with the health and safety guidelines recommended by the government of Bangladesh in consideration. The results demonstrate a decreasing number of trips due to government policy changes under the COVID-19 pandemic, influencing people’s earnings associated with this transit system. We summarized the data to capture the attention of policymakers, who may need to introduce any foreseeable action to assist workers of different professions in need of economic assistance in cities outside of the capital city in Bangladesh. Moreover, we suggest the need to consider these urban transport workers as a vulnerable group for livelihood assistance within the country.

This article explores how the asset-based community development approach has improved the living conditions of the urban slum communities and have also addressed the house level poverty through direct asset transfer that can have positive co-benefits for community resilience to climate change. A broader and less restrictive design, which is qualitative in nature, has been adopted to produce arguments using the experiences of the members of Community Development Committees (CDCs) of slums of Khulna city. Considering the great flexibility nature of open-ended interview data, thematic analysis has been applied to identify and interpret the patterns (themes) related to the activities of CDCs. The findings of the aggregated thematic data show that while community-driven actions might not be taken with climate change adaptation specifically in mind, local community-based actions initiated by the CDCs of slums such as community-driven slum upgrading and collective savings schemes to reduce asset erosion directly contribute to broader resilience to climate change, by reducing exposure to climatic risk and also addressing internal drivers of vulnerability. The findings of capacity-decision-making matrix show that the CDC members do not possess equal capacity while managing the vulnerability through transferring the asset both at household and community level.

Generating textual descriptions of images has been an important topic in computer vision and natural language processing. A number of techniques based on deep learning have been proposed on this topic. These techniques use human-annotated images for training and testing the models. These models require a large number of training data to perform at their full potential. Collecting human generated images with associative captions is expensive and time-consuming. In this paper, we propose an image captioning method that uses both real and synthetic data for training and testing the model. We use a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) based text to image generator to generate synthetic images. We use an attention-based image captioning method trained on both real and synthetic images to generate the captions. We demonstrate the results of our models using both qualitative and quantitative analysis on popularly used evaluation metrics. We show that our experimental results achieve two fold benefits of our proposed work: i) it demonstrates the effectiveness of image captioning for synthetic images, and ii) it further improves the quality of the generated captions for real images, understandably because we use additional images for training.

Background: The COVID-19 outbreak spillovers mental health burden where suicide is a common psychological public health issue that affects people all over the world. This study aimed to explore the factors associated with suicidal behavior among university students in Bangladesh after one year of the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2100 Bangladeshi university students aged ≥18 years from April 29 to May 15, 2021. The survey questionnaire contained socio-demographic information, COVID-19 related physical and psychosocial factors (CRPPF), preventive response to psychological stress, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R) scale. Descriptive statistics along with logistic regression were performed for statistical analysis. Results: About 47.90% of the students were at risk of suicidal behavior, and female students were very likely to be at risk of suicidal behavior than their male counterparts (AOR = 2.28; 95% CI: 1.86 to 2.81). Keeping distance from friends or family (AOR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.34 to 2.04), having relationship problems (AOR = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.79 to 2.70), feeling own selves as burden to families (AOR = 2.50; 95% CI: 2.02 to 3.11), and being stressed of lockdown (AOR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.19 to 2.03) were highlighted as some of the significant factors associated with increased risk of suicidal behavior. Conclusion: University students were exposed to several factors that impose the risk of developing suicidal behavior. Concerned authorities should design & implement appropriate strategies for ensuring suicidal prevention besides their mental well-being.

Background: The news media play a critical role in disseminating accurate and reliable information during an outbreak like COVID-19, especially in LMICs. Studying how people react and reflect on the information provided and how it affects their trust in health systems is essential for effective risk communication. This study was undertaken to explore and analyse newspaper readers’ reactions to the unfolding news of the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh and how this affected and shaped their compliance with the mitigation measures advised by the Government. Methods: We collected readers’ comments on relevant news and features on the COVID-19 outbreak (n = 1,055) which were posted in the online versions of the four top circulating Bangla newspapers and one online news portal published during Jan.–Apr. 2020. A search protocol was developed and a team of three researchers searched and extracted data for content analysis according to some pre-determined study themes. Results: Data analysis revealed several characteristics with implications for risk-communication: a faith-based and fatalistic attitude to the unfolding pandemic, a “denial” syndrome in the initial stage, a returning expatriate-bashing for specific countries, and a concern about the safety of the frontline health workers. The readers were resentful of the all-pervasive corruption in the health sector even in times of a pandemic and the Government's poorly coordinated, fragmented, and delayed COVID-19 response. The pandemic severely shook their trust in the already weak health system and perceived it to be incompetent, corrupt, and non-responsive. They had deplorable personal and family experiences while seeking treatment for COVID-19 patients. Expert committees were formed to advise the Government, but few recommendations were implemented on the ground. This helpless scenario made people sharply critical of the political leadership, especially for the failure of providing stewardship at the moment of crisis. Conclusions: The COVID-19 related information reaching the people, including misinformation, disinformation, and rumours was equivocal in the early months of the pandemic and failed to build the trust and transparency that is necessary for an inclusive response across constituencies. The Government should pay attention and weightage to people's perceptions about its COVID-19 response and take appropriate measures to re-build trust for implementing pandemic control measures.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine pro-poor urban asset adaptation to climate variability and change. It constructs a conceptual framework that explores the appropriate asset adaptation strategies for extreme poor households as well as the process of supporting these households and groups in accumulating these assets. Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative data are obtained from life histories, key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus-group discussions (FGDs). These data are collected, coded and themed. Findings – This research identifies that households among the urban extreme poor do their best to adapt to perceived climate changes; however, in the absence of savings, and access to credit and insurance, they are forced to adopt adverse coping strategies. Individual adaptation practices yield minimal results and are short lived and even harmful because the urban extreme poor are excluded from formal policies and institutions as they lack formal rights and entitlements. For the poorest, the process of facilitating and maintaining patron–client relationships is a central coping strategy. Social policy approaches are found to be effective in facilitating asset adaptation for the urban extreme poor because they contribute to greater resilience to climate change. Originality/value – This study analyses the empirical evidence through the lens of a pro-poor asset-adaptation framework. It shows that the asset-transfer approach is an effective in building household-adaptation strategies. Equally important is the capacity to participate in and influence the institutions from which these people have previously been excluded.

Background. Schwannoma is a benign nerve sheath tumor. It was first identified by Virchow in 1908. These tumors can emerge from any nerve covered with a Schwann cell sheath, including the cranial nerves (with the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves), the spinal nerves, and the autonomous nervous system (Harada H, Omura K and Maeda A, 2001). Case Presentation. A 28-year-old male farmer presented with a swelling at the right side of the base of tongue extending into the oral tongue. It was identified incidentally by his newly married wife while he was yawning. It was asymptomatic. The patient had no difficulty in chewing, swallowing, or phonation and also no sensory or taste abnormalities. The tongue movements were normal. Conclusions. Diagnosis of schwannoma should be considered for a smooth, painless, firm swelling in the tongue. A schwannoma of the tongue may grow large enough before producing any symptom. Around 25–40% of schwannoma happen within the head and neck region, and among these, 1-12% occurs in the oral cavity, most regularly the tongue or mouth floor. Schwannoma of the tongue does not show any age or sex predisposition. It usually presents as a painless lump in the tongue, but when it grows larger than 3.0 cm, it may produce dysphagia, pain, or discomfort and change in the quality of voice. Here, we report a case of large (4 cm×3 cm) asymptomatic schwannoma of the tongue in a 28-year-old male patient and review the literature available during the last 61 years.

In Bangladesh, there are very few studies about biopsy proven adult Nephrotic syndrome (NS) with histological types and their clinical findings. To determine the histological types of glomerulonephritis (GN) in adult NS and correlate them with the clinical presentations and biochemical parameters, we studied 100 biopsies in 87 patients who underwent ultrasonography- guided renal biopsy in Rangpur Medical College and Hospital from July 2010 to June 2012. The mean age of the patients was 32.8 ± 13.2 years; male was preponderance (72.4%) and most of the patients (67.8%) came from rural areas. Membranoproliferative GN (MPGN) was the most common underlying cause that was found in 32 (36.8%) patients followed by mesangial prolife- rative GN in 27 (31%) patients, membranous GN in 16 (18.4%) cases, minimal change disease in four (4.6%) patients, diffuse proliferative GN in four (4.6%) patients, focal segmental GN, and focal proliferative GN in two (2.4%) patients each. High proteinuria level was found in minimal change disease, which was 7.59 ± 0.24 g/24 h (mean ± standard deviation). The most common symptoms were oliguria (92%) and edema (86.2%) followed by hematuria (dark urine) (72.4%) and hypertension (35.6%). MPGN was the most common histological type of adult NS in Rangpur.