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BackgroundMuch of what we know about insulin resistance is based on studies from metabolically active tissues such as liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Emerging evidence suggests that the vascular endothelium plays a crucial role in systemic insulin resistance, however, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. ADP ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a small GTPase that plays a critical role in endothelial cell (EC) function. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the deletion of endothelial Arf6 will result in systemic insulin resistance.MethodsWe used mouse models of constitutive EC-specific Arf6 deletion (Arf6f/-Tie2Cre) and tamoxifen inducible Arf6 knockout (Arf6f/fCdh5Cre). Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was assessed using pressure myography. Metabolic function was assessed using a battery of metabolic assessments including glucose- and insulin-tolerance tests and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. A fluorescence microsphere-based technique was used to measure tissue blood flow. Intravital microscopy was used to assess skeletal muscle capillary density.ResultsEndothelial Arf6 deletion impaired insulin-stimulated vasodilation in white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle feed arteries. The impairment in vasodilation was primarily due to attenuated insulin-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability but independent of altered acetylcholine- or sodium nitroprusside-mediated vasodilation. In vitro Arf6 inhibition resulted in suppressed insulin stimulated phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial NO synthase. Endothelial cell-specific deletion of Arf6 also resulted in systematic insulin resistance in normal chow fed mice and glucose intolerance in high fat diet fed obese mice. The underlying mechanisms of glucose intolerance were reductions in insulin-stimulated blood flow and glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle and were independent of changes in capillary density or vascular permeability.ConclusionResults from this study support the conclusion that endothelial Arf6 signaling is essential for maintaining insulin sensitivity. Reduced expression of endothelial Arf6 impairs insulin-mediated vasodilation and results in systemic insulin resistance. These results have therapeutic implications for diseases that are associated with endothelial cell dysfunction and insulin resistance such as diabetes.

Aging results in an accumulation of cellular damage that activates tumor suppressor pathways leading to permanent cell cycle arrest known as cellular senescence. Damage to DNA is a robust inducer of cellular senescence. Furthermore, repeat DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes known as telomeres are particularly susceptible to damage that leads to senescence. Senescent cells adopt a pro-oxidative, pro-inflammatory phenotype that often adversely impacts the local tissue milieu. Senolytics are drugs that specifically induce cell death in senescent cells. Senolytic drugs have been shown to delay or reduce a multitude of age-related diseases in pre-clinical studies and are currently under investigation for use in clinical trials in humans. Many senolytic drugs were originally discovered based on their ability to induce cell death in senescent endothelial cells in cell culture. However, a key unanswered question is whether this phenomenon occurs in vivo. This is critical to understand because endothelial cell senescence contributes to both cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that chronic administration of a senolytic cocktail will reduce the burden of endothelial cell senescence, as well as other molecular hallmarks of aging, including DNA damage and telomere dysfunction. To test this hypothesis, we treated 21-month-old mice (N = 10 / group) with the senolytic drug cocktail dasatinib (D, 5 mg/kg body mass) and quercetin (Q, 50mg/kg body mass) on three consecutive days every two weeks for three months via oral gavage. Control mice were treated with vehicle control (10% polyethylene glycol 4000 solution). At 24 months of age, carotid artery endothelial cell mRNA was isolated and expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that enforces senescence known as p21 was reduced in D+Q treated compared to vehicle-treated mice (p < 0.05). Additionally, lungs from 10 mice per group were collected and pooled, CD31+ lung endothelial cells were isolated and cultured briefly, and ~267 cells per group were examined. Immunofluorescence for the DNA damage marker 53BP1 demonstrated that treatment with D+Q reduced the percentage of endothelial cells with DNA damage (p < 0.05). We also performed immunofluorescence-fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect the abundance of 53BP1 foci colocalized to telomeres, a measure of telomere-specific damage known as telomere dysfunction-induced foci (TIF). Treatment with D+Q reduced the percentage of endothelial cells containing TIF (p < 0.05). Taken together, these data demonstrate that treating aged mice with D+Q reduces endothelial cell senescence likely in part by clearing cells that have accumulated DNA damage and dysfunctional telomeres. National Institutes of Health Awards R01 AG048366 (LAL), R01 AG060395 (AJD), 5K08AG070281 (ET), 1F31AG076312 (SIB). Veteran's Affairs Merit Review Award I01 BX004492 (LAL) from the United States (U.S.) Department of Veterans Affairs Biomedical Laboratory Research and Development Service. The contents do not represent the views of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, the National Institutes of Health, or the United States Government. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Advanced age is accompanied by arterial dysfunction, as well as a diminished glycocalyx, which may be linked to reduced high molecular weight-hyaluronan (HMW-HA) synthesis. However, the impact of glycocalyx deterioration in age-related arterial dysfunction is unknown. We sought to determine if manipulations in glycocalyx properties would alter arterial function. Tamoxifen-induced hyaluronan synthase 2 (Has2) reduction was used to decrease glycocalyx properties. Three weeks post-tamoxifen treatment, glycocalyx thickness was lower in Has2 knockout compared to wild-type mice (P0.05). Has2 reduction phenocopies age-related arterial dysfunction, while 10 weeks of glycocalyx-targeted therapy that restores the glycocalyx also ameliorates age-related arterial dysfunction. These findings suggest that the glycocalyx may be a viable therapeutic target to ameliorate age-related arterial dysfunction.

Sustainable and resilient cropping intensity is now a global focus to address the food demand and nutrition security of the growing population. For sustainable intensification, maintaining soil fertility is a key concern. The nutrient management for the recently developed four crop-based cropping system in Bangladesh has not yet been studied. Hence, field experiments were conducted on the nutrient management of the four crop-based cropping system [Aus (pre-monsoon rice), Aman (monsoon rice), lentil, and mungbean] in calcareous soil in Bangladesh during the years of 2016/17 and 2017/18 to determine the appropriate fertilizer management package to improve crop productivity and sustain soil fertility. The experiment had six treatments assigned in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included T1 = control (without synthetic fertilizer), T2 = 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), T3 = 75% RDF, T4 = 100% RDF, T5 = 125% RDF, and T6 = farmers’ practice (FP). The results revealed that the 125% RDF significantly contributed to higher yields of all four crops. The rice equivalent yield (REY) was the highest for the fertilizer management of 125% RDF, which was 45.5%, 9.4%, and 12.2% higher than the control (T1), 100% RDF (T4), and FP, respectively. Considering the uptake of nutrients (N, P, K, S, Zn, and B) by the crops in the cropping system, the 125% RDF was superior to the other treatments. The nutrient management practices had a positive influence on the apparent nutrient recovery (ANR) efficiency of the cropping system. The fertilizer management of 125% RDF was also economically more profitable due to the increment in the cost–benefit ratio of 26.8%, 4.4%, and 4.9% over the control, 100% RDF, and FP, respectively. The results indicate that the current fertilizer recommendations and FP for aus, aman, lentil, and mungbean are not adequate for the change from the three crop to the four crop-based pattern, and an increased dose of fertilizer is required to increase the yield of each individual crop as well as the total system’s productivity. The fertilizer use efficiency is also higher for 125% RDF than the 100% RDF and FP indicating that to sustain the soil fertility in the four crop-based system, the current RDF and FP are not sufficient. This finding will help intensive cropping areas in preventing nutrient deficiencies that would lead to a reduction in the crop yield.

Silicon integrated Optical Phased Arrays (OPA) have been widely studied for wide and accurate beam steering applications, taking advantage of the high power handling capability, the stable and precise optical beam control, and the CMOS fabrication compatibility to realize low-cost devices. Both one-dimensional and two-dimensional silicon integrated OPAs have been demonstrated, and beam steering over a large angular range with versatile beam patterns have been achieved. However, existing silicon integrated OPAs are based on single mode operation, tuning the phase delay of the fundamental mode amongst phased array elements and generating a beam from each OPA. Whilst generating more beams for parallel steering are feasible by using multiple OPAs integrated on the same silicon circuit, the device size, complexity as well as power consumption increase substantially. To overcome these limitations, in this research, we propose and demonstrate the feasibility of designing and using multimode OPA to generate more than one beam from the same silicon integrated OPA. The overall architecture, multiple beam parallel steering operation principle, and key individual components are discussed. Results show that with the simplest two modes operation, the proposed multimode OPA design principle can realize parallel beam steering to reduce the number of beam steering required over the target angular range and the power consumption by almost 50%, whilst minimizing the device size by more than 30%. When the multimode OPA operates with a larger number of modes, the improvements on the number of beam steering, the power consumption and the size increase further.

Atherosclerosis is the root cause of major cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as myocardial infarction and stroke. ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6) is a ubiquitously expressed GTPase known to be involved in inflammation, vascular permeability and is sensitive to changes in shear stress. Here, using atheroprone, ApoE-/- mice, with a single allele deletion of Arf6 (HET) or wildtype Arf6 (WT), we demonstrate that reduction in Arf6 attenuates atherosclerotic plaque burden and severity. We found that plaque burden in the descending aorta was lower in HET compared to WT mice (p˂0.001) after the consumption of an atherogenic Paigen diet for 5 weeks. Likewise, luminal occlusion, necrotic core size, plaque grade, elastic lamina breaks, and matrix deposition were lower in the aortic root atheromas of HET compared to WT mice (all p≤0.05). We also induced advanced human-like complex atherosclerotic plaque in the left carotid artery using partial carotid ligation surgery and found that atheroma area, plaque grade, intimal necrosis, intraplaque hemorrhage, thrombosis, and calcification were lower in HET compared to WT mice (all p≤0.04). Our findings suggest that the atheroprotection afforded by Arf6 heterozygosity may result from reduced immune cell migration (all p≤0.005) as well as endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation (both p≤0.001) but independent of changes in circulating lipids (all p≥0.40). These findings demonstrate a critical role for Arf6 in the development and severity of atherosclerosis and suggest that Arf6 inhibition can be explored as a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of atherosclerotic CVD.

Transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is an essential component of optical receivers, and this type of amplifier converts the photocurrent to a voltage signal. The overall performance of the optical receiver greatly depends on the performance of this component. Low-power, low-noise, and compact TIA has been realized in current development in CMOS technology. The high demands of an optical receiver has led to the optimization and development of the TIA designed specifications. However, the conventional CMOS TIA design is limited mainly because of its dependency on input node capacitance. In this article, the advancement of TIAs in data communication and instrumentation based on different design architectures and performances is discussed. This review will serve as a comparative study and reference for designing fully integrated CMOS TIA for future optical receivers.

Arabidopsis histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) demethylases play crucial roles in several developmental processes, but their involvement in seedling establishment remain unexplored. Here, we show that Arabidopsis JUMONJI DOMAIN-CONTAINING PROTEIN17 (JMJ17), an H3K4me3 demethylase, is involved in cotyledon greening during seedling establishment. Dark-grown seedlings of jmj17 accumulated a high concentration of protochlorophyllide, an intermediate metabolite in the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TPB) pathway that generates chlorophyll (Chl) during photomorphogenesis. Upon light irradiation, jmj17 mutants displayed decreased cotyledon greening and reduced Chl level compared with the wild-type; overexpression of JMJ17 completely rescued the jmj17-5 phenotype. Transcriptomics analysis uncovered that several genes encoding key enzymes involved in TPB were upregulated in etiolated jmj17 seedlings. Consistently, chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR revealed elevated H3K4me3 level at the promoters of target genes. Chromatin association of JMJ17 was diminished upon light exposure. Furthermore, JMJ17 interacted with PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR1 in the yeast two-hybrid assay. JMJ17 binds directly to gene promoters to demethylate H3K4me3 to suppress PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE OXIDOREDUCTASE C expression and TPB in the dark. Light results in de-repression of gene expression to modulate seedling greening during de-etiolation. Our study reveals a new role for histone demethylase JMJ17 in controlling cotyledon greening in etiolated seedlings during the dark-to-light transition.

We investigate the magnetization reversal of single-domain magnetic nanoparticle driven by the circularly polarized cosine chirp microwave pulse (CCMP). The numerical findings, based on the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation, reveal that the CCMP is by itself capable of driving fast and energy-efficient magnetization reversal. The microwave field amplitude and initial frequency required by a CCMP are much smaller than that of the linear down-chirp microwave pulse. This is achieved as the frequency change of the CCMP closely matches the frequency change of the magnetization precession which leads to an efficient stimulated microwave energy absorption (emission) by (from) the magnetic particle before (after) it crosses over the energy barrier. We further find that the enhancement of easy-plane shape anisotropy significantly reduces the required microwave amplitude and the initial frequency of CCMP. We also find that there is an optimal Gilbert damping for fast magnetization reversal. These findings may provide a pathway to realize the fast and low-cost memory device.

Introduction: Tragia involucrata L. have been utilized as traditional medicine in Indian subcontinent for the treatment of numerous illnesses such as inflammation, pain and skin infection. In this current study we sought to assess the anxiolytic, sedative and analgesic activity of Tragia involucrata L. leaves extract. Materials and methods: We first performed a phytochemical screening test of the leaves extracts following standard phytochemical screening protocols. We next examined the anxiolytic and sedative activity of crude methanol (TIME), ethyl acetate (TIEAE) and n-Hexane (TIHE) extract of Tragia involucrata L. leaves using mouse behavioral models such as elevated plus-maze test and pentobarbital-induced sleeping time test, respectively. Likewise, we evaluated the analgesic activity using acetic acid induced writhing test and formalin induced paw licking test. Additionally, we performed a quantitative analysis of heavy metals content of Tragia involucrata L. leaves by overnight digestion in concentrated nitric acid (HNO3). Results: Phytochemical screening demonstrated that TIME, TIEAE and TIHE contain flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids and sterols. Administration of these extracts resulted in higher number of open arm entry, lower number of close arm entry and higher time spent in open arm compared to control treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, these treatments decreased the onset of sleep time and increased the duration of sleep compared to control treated mice (all p < 0.05). Likewise, extracts treated mice exhibited decreased number of writhing as well as lower acute phase and late phase duration compared to control treatment (all p < 0.05). The average level of As and Fe in Tragia involucrata L. leaves was 5.16 ± 0.012 ppm and 2.76 ± 0.015 ppm, respectively. Conclusion: Results from this study support that Tragia involucrata L. leaves extracts exhibit an anxiolytic, sedative and analgesic activity in mice.

We investigate the influence of shape anisotropy on the magnetization reversal of a single-domain magnetic nanoparticle driven by a circularly polarized linear down-chirp microwave field pulse (DCMP). Based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, numerical results show that the three controlling parameters of DCMP, namely, microwave amplitude, initial frequency and chirp rate, decrease with the increase of shape anisotropy. For certain shape anisotropy, the reversal time significantly reduces. These findings are related to the competition of shape anisotropy and uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy and thus to the height of energy barrier which separates the two stable states. The result of damping dependence of magnetization reversal indicates that for a certain sample shape, there exists an optimal damping situation at which magnetization is fastest. Moreover, it is also shown that the required microwave field amplitude can be lowered by applying the spin-polarized current simultaneously. The usage of an optimum combination of both microwave field pulse and current is suggested to achieve cost efficiency and faster switching. So these findings may provide the knowledge to fabricate the shape of a single domain nanoparticle for the fast and power-efficient magnetic data storage device.

Both glucose tolerance and adaptive immune function exhibit significant age-related alterations. The influence of the immune system on obesity-associated glucose intolerance is well characterized; however, whether the immune system contributes to age-related glucose intolerance is not as well understood. Here, we report that advancing age results in an increase in T cell infiltration in the epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT), liver, and skeletal muscle. Subtype analyses show that both CD4+, CD8+ T cells are greater with advancing age in each of these tissues and that aging results in a blunted CD4 to CD8 ratio. Anti-CD3 F(ab')2 fragments depleted CD4+ and CD8+ cells in eWAT, CD4+ cells only in the liver, and did not deplete quadriceps T cells. In old mice, T cells producing both interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α are accumulated in the eWAT and liver, and a greater proportion of skeletal muscle T cells produced interferon-γ. Aging resulted in increased proportion and numbers of T regulatory cells in eWAT, but not in the liver or muscle. Aging also resulted in greater numbers of eWAT and quadriceps CD206- macrophages and eWAT, liver and quadriceps B cells; neither cell type was altered by anti-CD3 treatment. Anti-CD3 treatment improved glucose tolerance in old mice and was accompanied by improved signaling related to liver and skeletal muscle insulin utilization and decreased gluconeogenesis-related gene expression in the liver. Our findings indicate a critical role of the adaptive immune system in the age-related metabolic dysfunction.

Introduction Tragia involucrata L. have been utilized as traditional medicine in Indian subcontinent for the treatment of numerous illnesses such as inflammation, pain and skin infection. In this current study we sought to assess the anxiolytic, sedative and analgesic activity of Tragia involucrata L. leaves extract. Materials and methods We first performed a phytochemical screening test of the leaves extracts following standard phytochemical screening protocols. We next examined the anxiolytic and sedative activity of crude methanol (TIME), ethyl acetate (TIEAE) and n-Hexane (TIHE) extract of Tragia involucrata L. leaves using mouse behavioral models such as elevated plus-maze test and pentobarbital-induced sleeping time test, respectively. Likewise, we evaluated the analgesic activity using acetic acid induced writhing test and formalin induced paw licking test. Additionally, we performed a quantitative analysis of heavy metals content of Tragia involucrata L. leaves by overnight digestion in concentrated nitric acid (HNO3). Results Phytochemical screening demonstrated that TIME, TIEAE and TIHE contain flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids and sterols. Administration of these extracts resulted in higher number of open arm entry, lower number of close arm entry and higher time spent in open arm compared to control treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, these treatments decreased the onset of sleep time and increased the duration of sleep compared to control treated mice (all p < 0.05). Likewise, extracts treated mice exhibited decreased number of writhing as well as lower acute phase and late phase duration compared to control treatment (all p < 0.05). The average level of As and Fe in Tragia involucrata L. leaves was 5.16 ± 0.012 ppm and 2.76 ± 0.015 ppm, respectively. Conclusion Results from this study support that Tragia involucrata L. leaves extracts exhibit an anxiolytic, sedative and analgesic activity in mice., Tragia involucrata L.; Phytochemical screening; Anxiolytic; Sedative; Analgesic and heavy metal study

Digital controlled oscillator (DCO) is becoming an attractive replacement over the voltage control oscillator (VCO) with the advances of digital intensive research on all-digital phase locked-loop (ADPLL) in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process technology. This paper presents a review of various CMOS DCO schemes implemented in ADPLL and relationship between the DCO parameters with ADPLL performance. The DCO architecture evaluated through its power consumption, speed, chip area, frequency range, supply voltage, portability and resolution. It can be concluded that even though there are various schemes of DCO that have been implemented for ADPLL, the selection of the DCO is frequently based on the ADPLL applications and the complexity of the scheme. The demand for the low power dissipation and high resolution DCO in CMOS technology shall remain a challenging and active area of research for years to come. Thus, this review shall work as a guideline for the researchers who wish to work on all digital PLL.

A transmit/receive (T/R) switch is essential for radio-frequency (RF) front-end to connect the transmitter or the receiver to a common antenna. This paper proposes a nanoswitch that is designed in the Silterra 130 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process for 2.4GHz ISM-band RF applications. The nanoswitch exhibits a 1dB insertion loss, a 28.6dB isolation, and a 35.8dBm power-handling capacity in the transmit mode; whereas, for the 1.8 V/0V control voltages, a 1.1dB insertion loss and a 19.4dB isolation were demonstrated with an extremely-low power dissipation of 377.14μW in the receive mode. Active inductor-based resonant circuit, body floating, transistor W/L optimization, and isolated CMOS structure were adopted for the compact nanoswitch with a very small die area of 0.02mm2.

Atherogenic remodeling often occurs at arterial locations with disturbed blood flow (i.e., low or oscillatory) and both aging and western diet (WD) increase the likelihood for pro-atherogenic remodeling. However, it is unknown if old age and/or a WD modify the pro-atherogenic response to disturbed blood flow. We induced disturbed blood flow by partial carotid ligation (PCL) of the left carotid artery in young and old, normal chow (NC) or WD fed male B6D2F1 mice. Three weeks post-PCL, ligated carotid arteries had greater intima media thickness, neointima formation, and macrophage content compared with un-ligated arteries. WD led to greater remodeling and macrophage content in the ligated artery compared with NC mice, but these outcomes were similar between young and old mice. In contrast, nitrotyrosine content, a marker of oxidative stress, did not differ between WD and NC fed mice, but was greater in old compared with young mice in both ligated and un-ligated carotid arteries. In primary vascular smooth muscle cells, aging reduced proliferation, whereas conditioned media from fatty acid treated endothelial cells increased proliferation. Taken together, these findings suggest that the remodeling and pro-inflammatory response to disturbed blood flow is increased by WD, but is not increased by aging.

Delay Locked Loops (DLL) adapted in various applications due to its low power characteristics. Aggressive power demand in sensors, medical devices and new communications applications with embedded DLL has affected by Phase Frequency Detector (PFD) design techniques. This paper presents a review of various PFD in DLL design based on their main parameters including dynamic logic PFD topologies, PFD important parameters and issues total power consumption as well as their design trade-offs. This review paper gives a guideline to the future researchers for designing high speed and low power PFD.

A row decoder circuit is required for the successful programming, reading, and erasing voltages of an electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) implementation in low-power applications like radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. The row decoder has been implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS process. The designed row decoder can generate sixteen output signals, which is used in sense amplifier (SA) circuit for read operation. The row decoder required lower power dissipation with 1.39 nW under power supply voltage (VDD) 1.8 V. Moreover, this designed row decoder produced faster access time maximum 0.3 μS for all the sixteen bit signals. Moreover, a faster settling time 0.96 μS is also achieved from all the inputs and outputs under supply voltage 1.8 V.

A cross sectional study was carried out to investigate the effects of mothers’ nutritional knowledge, health and nutritional factors and socio-economic parameters on school performance among class five students of University Laboratory School, Dhaka. All of the eighty students were selected for this study. This study found there is a strong relationship between mother’s knowledge score and school performance. It was found that mothers’ knowledge score was responsible for 91.1 percent change in school performance. The mean BMI of the mothers was 20.44. We found that the school performance measured by class roll number of the students is significantly related with mothers BMI. There was an imperfect negative association between socio-economic parameters and school performance. But the relationship between the school performances with socio-economic parameters was strongly significant. This study also observed the relationship between Individual Dietary Diversity Score (IDDS) of respondent and marks achieved in class 4 final exam. It is alarming that consumption percentage were low for eggs (30) and milk and milk products (37.5), but majority of the students who consumed milk and milk products (63.3%) and eggs (66.7%) got the highest marks.

Malnutrition is a major health problem; especially in developing countries and it is the gravest single threat to global public health. Malnutrition is by far the major contributor of child mortality across the globe. A non experimental, descriptive action research with a multi-methodological approach study was carried out to assess nutritional status, socio-demographic condition and associated factors of the selected street children of Dhaka City. This study was conducted among 120 street children at Shabagh area in Dhaka city. All of the respondents were boys, and aged between 6-18 years. Methods included on site observation, completion of a standard demographic questionnaire, a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. The nutritional status indicated that, 61.7% of the children were underweight and 38.3% of the children were healthy. According to this study about 31.7% were involved with different types of work and also 68.7% were not involved with any kind of work. Majority (87.5%) of the street children ate three times a day followed by another 12.5% having two meals a day.With respect to sources of drinking water, most (63.3%) of the respondents took drinking water from tube wells, while 36.7% of the respondents took drinking water from the WASA/Supply. Most (86.7%) of the respondents washed their hands before eating and 60.8% of them suffered from a disease in the 3 months prior to the study. It is necessary to design interventions that will prevent children from coming to the streets.