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Objective: This study aimed to isolate Aliarcobacter cryaerophilus in ready-to-cook poultry meat in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: Thirty drumstick samples were collected from super shops in Dhaka city (n = 10), Mymensingh city (n = 10), and Patuakhali town (n = 10). After sample processing, they were cultured in Blood agar media with Campylobacter base using a microfilter (0.42 nm). Suspected colonies were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR assay targeting 16SrRNA genes. Then, sequencing was performed for confirmation. Results: Of 30 samples, 3 (10%) were positive for A. cryaerophilus. Phylogenetic analysis shows that our isolate has strong similarities with one of the isolates from China. Conclusion: The presence of this organism in ready-to-cook poultry meat is a significant concern for consumers as it bears zoonotic importance. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 113-117]

Objectives: This study was designed to isolate, identify, and determine the prevalence of Aspergilli in commercial chicken in selected areas of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 lung samples from suspected dead chickens, comprising broilers (n = 32) and layers (n = 18), aged between 5 days and 45 weeks, were collected from poultry farms located in the Gazipur district in Bangladesh. Fungi were primarily identified based on the colony morphology using potato dextrose agar (PDA). DNA was extracted from the suspected colonies. Aspegillus spp. was detected by genus-specific ASAP-1 and ASAP-2. Aspergillus spp. were then screened by polymerase chain reaction targeting Aspergillus flavus (FLA-1 and FLA-2), Aspergillus fumigatus (ASPU and Af3r), and Aspergillus niger (ASPU and Nilr). Results: The overall prevalence of Aspergillus spp. was 44% (n = 22/50; p < 0.05). Among the Aspergilli, A. flavus was detected in 10% (n = 5/50) of the samples. Similarly, A. fumigatus and A. niger were detected at 26% (n = 13/50) and 8% (n = 4/50) respectively. Three samples were associated with more than one fungus; two fungi (A. flavus and A. niger) were in two samples, and three fungi (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, and A. niger) were in one sample. Conclusion: Isolation and prevalence of Aspergillus spp. in commercial chicken were studied for the first time in Bangladesh. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(2.000): 184-190]

Objectives: E. coli O157 is considered as one of the important pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in dairy cows. This study was undertaken to isolate E. coli O157 from the milk samples collected from subclinical mastitic cows using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and investigate their antibiotic sensitivity patterns. Materials and Methods: 50 California Mastitis Test (CMT) positive milk samples were collected from apparently healthy crossbreed dairy cows in Baghabari, Sirajganj. For the enrichment and isolation of the organism, nutrient broth, MacConkey agar, and EMB agar were used. Later on, observing the biochemical tests result, all the isolates of E. coli were confirmed by PCR using genus-specific 16SrRNA primers. PCR-positive samples were then screened for the presence of the rfbO157 gene using gene-specific primers. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of E. coli was assessed by the disk diffusion method against seven commonly used antibiotics. Results: Altogether, 8 (16%) isolates of E. coli were obtained, among which 5 (10%) were rfbO157 PCR positive. From the antibiotic sensitivity test, Gentamicin was the highest (75%) sensitive to the isolates, followed by Levofloxacin (62.5%), Cefixime (50%), Tetracycline (50%), and Ceftriaxone (25%). The highest resistance pattern was found against Ampicillin (100%) and Amoxycillin (87.5%). Conclusion: Raw milk containing E. coli O157 does not only reflect the status of the dairy herd. Additionally, it poses a serious threat to human health if it is consumed raw or used to make any type of value-added food product. [Vet. Res. Notes 2021; 1(2.000): 6-11]

Objectives: This study was designed to determine the Shiga-toxin producing genes and investigate antibiotic sensitivity patterns of the Escherichia (E.) coli isolated from ready-to-eat betel leaf from different roadside vendors. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 samples from the Bangladesh Agricultural University surroundings area were collected and screened for the detection of E. coli based on cultural, staining, and biochemical properties, followed by molecular characterization using genus-specific 16SrRNA primers by Polymerase Chain Reaction. stx-1 positive E. colis antimicrobial sensitivity pattern was determined by the disc diffusion method against ten antimicrobial agents. Results: According to this study, 44 out of 100 samples were confirmed to be associated with E. coli. Further, 44 positive E. coli were analyzed for stx-1 and stx-2 genes by duplex-PCR. From the results, two isolates were confirmed to be positive for the presence of the stx-1 gene, but no isolate was found to be positive for the stx-2 gene. The antimicrobial sensitivity test revealed that Ciprofloxacin was the most sensitive antimicrobial agent against the Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), followed by Ceftriaxone and Levofloxacin. On the other hand, Amoxycillin and Cephradine were found to be highly resistant. Conclusion: Shiga-toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) is an important diarrheal pathogen that leads to watery to bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. From the study, Levofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin can be recommended as effective drugs to control STEC infections in humans. [Vet. Res. Notes 2021; 1(2.000): 12-16]

Objectives: The goal of this study was to isolate, molecularly identify, and antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus, as well as to investigate risk factors for subclinical mastitis in the Jhenaidah and Chuadanga districts of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 milk samples were collected from apparently healthy goats at various farms in the Jhenaidah and Chuadanga districts. To detect samples with subclinical mastitis (SCM), the California Mastitis Test (CMT) was done. S. aureus was isolated and identified from milk samples that tested positive for CMT using a combination of standard bacteriological examinations, biochemical tests, and PCR confirmation. The disc diffusion test was used to determine the antibiogram status of the isolates. The risk factors for SCM in goats were analyzed using a semi-structured questionnaire with thirteen variables. Results: Some characteristics were significantly associated with goat mastitis, including farm, breed, shed construction, floor surface condition, and farm adviser. The CMT identified 52 positive samples for SCM, with 73.07% (n = 38/52) suggesting the presence of the nuc gene. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that the isolated S. aureus was totally resistant to the antibiotics Penicillin, Oxacillin, and Vancomycin (21%). On the other hand, Tetracycline, Gentamycin, Norfloxacin, and Levofloxacin were all susceptible to all isolates. Conclusion: SCM is a severe problem in goats in Jhenaidah and Chuadanga districts. To minimize the risk of SCM infection in goats, hygiene precautions can be followed, and education among goat farm owners and farmers can be improved. [Vet. Res. Notes 2021; 1(2.000): 17-22]

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify Candida spp. and Saccharomyces spp. from bakery products (bread and cake) using a range of cultural (e.g., colony shape, size, color, elevation, surface edge, consistency, etc.) and morphological (e.g., cell shape, bud, etc.) features. Materials and Methods: Cake and bread samples (n = 40) were obtained from various retail out¬lets in Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. The samples were collected asep¬tically and transferred to the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene at BAU, Mymensingh, for analysis. Processed samples were inoculated onto Potato Dextrose Agar media and incubated at a humidity of 75% for 5-7 days at 28°C. The fungi were primarily identified based on their colony structures. DNA was extracted from suspected colonies and was used for the detection of Candida spp. and Saccharomyces spp. using genus-specific primers (ITS-1 and ITS-4). Results: Candida spp. and Saccharomyces spp. had a combined prevalence of 50% (n = 20/40; p < 0.05). Candida spp. was identified in 15% (n = 6/40) of the fungi, while Saccharomyces spp. was detected in 35% (n = 14/40). Conclusion: In conclusion, it can be stated that bakery foods have a significant impact on human fungal infection in Bangladesh. [Vet. Res. Notes 2021; 1(1.000): 1-5]

Case Description- Umbilical hernia is occasionally seen with different levels of complexity in animals This emergency condition requires quick diagnosis and is corrected with various surgical approaches. The aim of this paper is to report the surgical correction of an eviscerated umbilical hernia with extensive adhesion in a bovine calf. Twenty days old indigenous male bovine calf was presented for surgical treatment of an umbilical hernia with extensive adhesion and evisceration.Clinical Findings- Physical examination through palpation revealed evisceration of umbilical content with extensive adhesion. Treatment and Outcome- The surgical procedure was carried out aseptically following standard procedure. The bovine calf recovered without any complication two weeks after surgery.Clinical Relevance- It can be concluded that surgical management along with administration of antibiotic, antihistaminic and anti-inflammatory drugs are effective for successful management of eviscerated umbilical hernia with extensive adhesion in the bovine calf

Objectives: The study was designed for isolation and identification of the bacteria present in unhatched leftover eggs of duck in selected mini-hatcheries of Kishoreganj, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A total of 54 unhatched discarded eggs were collected as samples from different mini-hatcheries of Tarail and Itna Upazilas of Kishoreganj and aseptically carried to the laboratory in the icebox. Surface washings (n = 54) and inner contents (n = 54) were collected and enriched in LuriaBertani broth followed by the isolation of pure colonies of different bacte¬ria onto eosin methylene blue agar, mannitol salt agar, SalmonellaShigella agar, and blood agar plates. Identification of the bacterial isolates was done by cultural properties, staining, and bio¬chemical tests followed by molecular detection by Polymerase chain reaction. Results: Of 108 samples, 62 were found positive for Salmonella spp. (76%), 59 for E. coli (54%), 52 for Staphylococcus spp. (48%), and 5 for Clostridium spp. (9%). From the egg surface samples, Staphylococcus spp. were recovered in the highest (67%) followed by Salmonella spp. (59%), E. coli (56%), and Clostridium spp. (9%). From the inner contents of eggs, Salmonella spp. were recovered in the highest (56%), followed by E. coli (53%) and Staphylococcus spp. (30%). Conclusion: The isolated bacteria might be associated with the decreased hatchability and embryo mortality in the mini-hatcheries of duck. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(1.000): 164-169]

Abstract Objectives Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) play critical roles in genetic diversity and disease. Many traits and diseases are linked with exonic SNPs that are significant for gene function, regulation or translation. This study focuses on SNPs that potentially act as the genetic basis for desirable traits in the Black Bengal Goat. This variety of goat is native to South Asia, and is identified as one of the most commercially important meat producing animals in the world. The aim of this study was to sequence the genome of Black Bengal Goats and identify SNPs that might play a significant role in determining meat quality in the organism. The study focuses on exonic SNPs for their greater likelihood of affecting the final translated protein product. Results Approximately 76,000 exonic variants were identified in the study. After filtration using a Wilcoxon test based score, the number came down to 49, 965 which were found to be distributed in 11,568 genes. The functional pathways affected by these variations included fatty acid metabolism and degradation, which are important processes that influence meat quality.

Objectives: The study was undertaken with the objectives to perform seromonitoring of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) antibodies in goats vaccinated with PPR vaccine and molecular character¬ization of PPR virus (PPRV) from field cases in Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: Seromonitoring work was conducted in Char Kalibari, Mymensingh Sadar, Mymensingh. For this, a total of 50 goats were randomly selected and were divided into two groups; vaccinated (Group A; n = 25) and non-vaccinated (Group B; n = 25). The goats of both groups were again sub-divided into four age groups; (i) 06 months (n = 5), (ii) 612 months (n = 5), (iii) 1224 months (n = 10), and (iv) >24 months (n = 5). Blood samples were collected on Day-0 and after 21 days of post-vaccination (DPV), and the sera were prepared. The sera were examined for the presence of antibodies against PPRV by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For molecular characterization, nasal swabs (n = 10) were collected from PPR infected goats in Jessore during PPR outbreak (February 2016). The causative agent, PPRV isolated from field cases were confirmed by N gene based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), followed by sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and multiple sequence alignment analyses. Results: In the case of seromonitoring, the results revealed that before vaccination (at Day-0), overall, 44% (n = 22/50) goats were seropositive for PPRV. In Group A, 48% (n = 12/25) goats were seropositive, but after 21 DPV, 96% (n = 24/25) goats become seropositive. On the other hand, in Group B, 40% (n = 10/25) and 16% (n = 04/25) seropositive goats found at Day-0 and after 21 DPV, respectively, indicating that the antibody titer was increasing after vaccination and decreasing in convalescent goats. Out of 10 nasal swab samples, 40% (n = 4/10) was confirmed by RT-PCR targeting nucleocapsid (N gene). Phylogenetically, our isolate (KY039156/PPRV/BDG/Jes/2016) was similar to the other strains of PPRV under lineage IV. However, there was a unique amino acid substitution, where glycine (G) was recorded in place of arginine (R). The strain is closely related with other Chinese or Indian strains. The nucleotide sequence homology by NCBI BLAST search of the isolated strain ranged from 95% to 99% with other strains circulating in Bangladesh. Conclusion: The PPRV is prevailing in the Mymensingh and Jessore regions of Bangladesh. Effective control of PPR in goats may depend on vaccination with PPR vaccine. Molecular characterization of PPRV in Jessore reveals that the virus is differing from the strain prevalent in other regions of Bangladesh and the world. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 416-424]

Objective: Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is the most important foodborne bacterial pathogen worldwide and the bovine animals are assumed as a reservoir of this pathogen. The present study was conducted to assess the role of bovine animals as the source of STEC. Materials and methods: To assess the role of bovine animals as the source of STEC, we examined 100 samples (50 rectal swab and 50 beef samples) collected from the local beef slaughterhouses by cultural, morphological, biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction. Finally, the drug resistance pattern of isolated organisms has been examined. Result: In the preliminary screening by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), E. coli was more prevalent in rectal swab (n=21/50) than beef samples (n=16/50). Among 39 isolated E. coli, 10 isolates were confirmed as STEC (Rectal swab=7, Beef=3) by PCR, where stx2 gene (n=7/10) was predominant than stx1 gene (n=3/10). Remaining 29 isolates did not react to stx primers in PCR. Presence of STEC in beef samples was significantly associated with the fecal contamination at P≤0.1 (0.074818) in Pearsons correlation coefficient method. In addition, most of the isolated STEC strains were resistant to one or more commonly used antimicrobials in the country. Conclusion: The bovine animals and its products could be an important source of multidrug-resistant STEC in the country. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2018; 5(2.000): 218-225]

Objective: The present research work was undertaken with the objectives to investigate the prevalence and molecular detection of the causal agents of sub-clinical mastitis (SCM) in cows at milk shed areas in Sirajganj and Pabna districts, Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 300 milk samples were randomly collected from Baghabari milk shed areas of Sirajganj and Pabna districts. The milk samples were subjected for California Mastitis Test (CMT) for identifying SCM. Total 81 positive samples were then used for the isolation and identification of associated bacteria and fungi using conventional microbiological examination and biochemical tests, followed by confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. Besides, universal primers were used for amplification and sequencing of PCR products where specific primers were not used. Results: The overall prevalence of SCM was 51% (n=153/300). Based on bacteriological examination and biochemical tests, several bacteria were identified in this study; the orgnaisms included Staphylococcus sp. (45.68%), Streptococcus uberis (14.81%), Escherichia coli (9.88%), Proteus sp. (19.75%), Salmonella sp. (1.23%), Acinetobacter sp. (7.41%), and fungus (1.23%). PCR technique confirmed the bacteria as Staphylococcus aureus (279-bp), Streptococcus uberis (884-bp), E. coli (16SrRNA 585-bp, stx1 606-bp, rfbO157 497-bp) and Salmonella sp. (Inv-A gene796-bp). Conclusion: This study reveals that SCM in dairy cattle is persisting in Sirajganj and Pabna districts of Bangladesh. Hygienic practices should be improved, and providing technical intereventions may reduce the rate of SCM in the study areas. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(4.000): 378-384]

Natural colorants have been used in several ways throughout human history, such as in food, dyes, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and many other products. The study aimed to isolate the natural colorant-producing filamentous fungi Aspergillus niger from soil and extract pigments for its potential use specially for food production. Fourteen soil samples were collected from Madhupur National Park at Madhupur Upazila in the Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. The Aspergillus niger was isolated and identified from the soil samples by following conventional mycological methods (cultural and morphological characteristics), followed by confirmatory identification by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of conserved sequences of ITS1 ribosomal DNA using specific oligonucleotide primers. This was followed by genus- and species-specific primers targeting Aspergillus niger with an amplicon size of 521 and 310 bp, respectively. For pigment production, a mass culture of Aspergillus niger was conducted in Sabouraud dextrose broth in shaking conditions for seven days. The biomass was subjected to extraction of the pigments following an ethanol-based extraction method and concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Aspergillus niger could be isolated from three samples. The yield of extracted brown pigment from Aspergillus niger was 0.75% (w/v). Spectroscopic analysis of the pigments was carried out using a UV–VIS spectrophotometer. An in vivo experiment was conducted with mice to assess the toxicity of the pigments. From the colorimetric and sensory evaluations, pigment-supplemented products (cookies and lemon juice) were found to be more acceptable than the control products. This could be the first attempt to use Aspergillus niger extracted pigment from soil samples in food products in Bangladesh, but for successful food production, the food colorants must be approved by a responsible authority, e.g., the FDA or the BSTI. Moreover, fungal pigments could be used in the emerging fields of the food and textile industries in Bangladesh.

Diseases caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella spp. can negatively impact turkey farming. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli and Salmonella spp. in healthy and diseased turkeys. A total of 30 fecal samples from healthy turkeys and 25 intestinal samples from diseased turkeys that died of enteritis were collected. Bacterial isolation and identification were based on biochemical properties and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiogram profiles were determined by disk diffusion. The tetracycline-resistance gene tetA was detected by PCR. All samples were positive for E. coli. Only 11 samples (11/30; 36.67%) were positive for Salmonella spp. from healthy turkeys, whereas 16 (16/25; 64%) samples were positive for Salmonella spp. from diseased turkeys. E. coli isolated from diseased turkeys showed higher resistance to levofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Salmonella spp. isolated from healthy turkeys exhibited higher resistance to gentamicin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, imipenem, and meropenem. All E. coli and Salmonella spp. from both healthy and diseased turkeys were resistant to erythromycin. Salmonella spp. from both healthy and diseased turkeys were resistant to tetracycline. Multidrug resistance was observed in both E. coli and Salmonella spp. from diseased turkeys. Finally, the tetA gene was detected in 93.1% of the E. coli isolates and in 92.59% of the Salmonella spp. isolates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to isolate and characterize tetA-gene-containing MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. from healthy and diseased turkeys in Bangladesh. Both microorganisms are of zoonotic significance and represent a significant public health challenge.

Black quarter (BQ), caused by Clostridium chauvoei, is an economically important, highly infectious bacterial disease of cattle, goat and sheep. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify the causal agent of BQ from field cases. A total of 32 samples from necropsied areas of cattle presented to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Bangladesh Agricultural University were collected. The samples were subjected for bacteriological culture followed by identification through a series of conventional bacteriological techniques, staining properties and biochemical tests. The bacteria were cultured in anaerobic condition using candle jar. Morphological characters of bacteria were observed after Gram stain. The suspected samples were subjected for several passages in liver infusion broth to get pure culture. On neomycin blood agar, the bacteria showed hemolysis. Based on the cultural and staining characteristics and biochemical tests, 4 (12.5%) out of 32 samples were confirmed as Cl. chauvoei. It is concluded that Cl. chauvoei has been successfully isolated and identified from BQ affected cattle. [Fundam Appl Agric 2019; 4(1.000): 649-654]