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Introduction:An unexplained pleural effusion is a difficult diagnostic dilemma that needs further histological study for a definitive etiological diagnosis. Video assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) pleural biopsy is a minimally invasive procedure that could resolve this problem. The study is conducted to determine the efficacy of VATS pleural biopsy in the diagnosis of unexplained pleural effusion. Methods: This cross-sectional study was to investigate our experience of VATS pleural biopsy for unexplained pleural effusion which was conducted at our center. All patients who underwent VATS pleural biopsy for unexplained pleural effusion during the period of January 2019 to December 2019 were included in the study. Epidemiological, clinical, radiological & histopathological data of the patients were collected and analyzed Results: The overall diagnostic yield of VATS pleural biopsy in our study was 95%. Malignancy was the most common histological diagnosis for unexplained pleural effusion followed by tuberculosis. In patients with malignant effusion, metastatic adenocarcinoma was commonly observed finding followed by metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Minor complications related to the procedure were noticed with no mortality. Conclusion: VATS pleural biopsy has high definitive diagnostic accuracy in the evaluation of unexplained pleural effusions. J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2023; 41: 141-149

Red amaranth is a perishable, colored leafy vegetable that can be preserved through a variety of methods, including dehydration. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of pre-treatments (blanching, sulphitation, and blanching plus sulphitation) and drying methods (cabinet and solar) on drying rate and color intensity of red amaranth (leaves and stems) and the development of red amaranth enriched noodles. Drying rate and color intensity were varied in different degrees based on applied pre-treatment and drying method. For drying of red amaranth leaves, blanching plus sulphitation followed by cabinet drying showed highest drying rate (0.67 h-1), whereas blanching followed by cabinet drying showed fastest drying rate (0.69 h-1) for red amaranth stems. Color absorbance study revealed that sulphitation pre-treatment and cabinet drying leads highest color absorbance (0.261) in red amaranth leaves, while blanching and cabinet drying provides highest color intensity (0.121) in stems. The use of red amaranth leaves powder in noodles preparation at 5% and 10% wheat flour substitutions gave significantly different (p

Introduction: As per updated epidemiology of cancer stomach it ranks fourth after lung, breast and colorectal cancer. The overall prognosis is not very encouraging. The aim of the study was to evaluate the descriptive epidemiological study of gastric cancer patients. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at department of Surgical Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka during July, 2019 to March, 2021. A total of 53 patients were included for the study. Sampling method was purposive non- randomized sampling. Preoperative evaluation included basic laboratory tests such as CBC, RBS, S. creatinine, S. electrolyte, S. albumin, liver function test, ECG, chest x-ray , USG of whole abdomen, contrast CT scan of abdomen and serum CEA. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) version 28. Prior to the commencement of this study, the research protocol was approved by the Research Review Committee of Department of Surgical Oncology and the Ethical Committee of National Institute of Cancer Research & Hospital, Dhaka. Results: There was no association among postoperative complications of modified D2 gastrectomy with patient’s age, gender and smoking status. The highest 49(92.45%) were experiencing anorexia, 43(81.13%) patients having vomiting and approximately 38(71.69%) patients had dyspepsia. 28(52.83%) were suffering from DM and 24(45.28%) patients were suffering from HTN. Out of 53 patients the highest number of patients 16 (30.19%) suffer from postoperative infection/sepsis. Total number of 7(13.20%), 15(28.30%), 21(39.62%), 3(5.66%) patients had N1, N2, N3a, N3b metastatic lymph nodes respectively. Conclusion: After analyzing the results of present study, it can be concluded that D2 gastrectomy with avoiding pancreatic splenectomy improves postoperative outcomes significantly.

Introduction: Stomach cancer is the leading cause of cancer related death worldwide hence known as Captain of Men's Death. The survival of patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer in East Asia was reported to be higher than in Western countries even when patients were matched for post-resection stage. The aim of the study wasto evaluates the association of tumour profile and post-operative complications of GC patients. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at department of Surgical Oncology, National Institute of Cancer Research and Hospital, Mohakhali, Dhaka during July, 2019 to March, 2021. A total of 53 patients were included for the study. . Sampling method was purposive non-randomized sampling. Preoperative evaluation included basic laboratory tests such as CBC, RBS, S. creatinine, S. electrolyte, S. albumin, liver function test, ECG, chest x-ray , USG of whole abdomen, contrast CT scan of abdomen and serum CEA. After proper staging evaluation patients were selected for operation. The surgery was carried out as per standard guideline. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) version 28. Prior to the commencement of this study, the research protocol was approved by the Research Review Committee of Department of Surgical Oncology and the Ethical Committee of National Institute of Cancer Research & Hospital, Dhaka. Results: There was no association among postoperative complications of modified D2 gastrectomy with patient’s age, gender and smoking status. The highest number of patients 16 (30.19%) suffer from postoperative infection/sepsis. Subsequently, 8 (15.09%) patients had paralytic ileus for> 4 days. High Grade of tumor involved in 21 (39.62%) and Intermediate grade of tumor involved in 32(60.38%) study subjects. 10(18.87%), 19(35.85%), 12 (24, 64%) & 12 (24.64%) were pathological stage of IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB respectively. There was no association among postoperative ...........

An entrepreneur is a man or woman who starts or organizes, operates, shifts economic resources, coordinating, controlling of instituting significant changes and assumes the risk of his or her venture as well as receives the financial profits and nonmonetary rewards from the market value of his or her product. In Bangladesh, the entrepreneurs’ rate is increasing with the assistance of different loans. Consequently, it is a burning quest for entrepreneurs to get loans in easy ways and conditions. To meet this demand, they need to be supported SME loans by Government and central banks. Moreover, the new entrepreneurs are taking loans from several sources like family members, relatives and different financial and non-financial institutions. This study aims to find out the role of Sonali Bank Limited in creating entrepreneurs: A survey on Kotbari Branch. From in-depth interviews, it was found that getting SME loans with previous business experience, especially for new entrepreneurs, is one of the significant problems. In other interviews, 14 entrepreneurs among 39 entrepreneurs (44% among 100%) who took SME loans from SBL found that entrepreneurs don’t get enough SMEs according to their demands and expectations. Findings show that the need for SME loans in developing countries like Bangladesh is increasing with the increasing number of new entrepreneurs. It is advised that the government and central bank improve SME loans by appropriate actions, such as abolishing past company experience criteria for new entrepreneurs, in addition to lowering superfluous formalities and increasing transparency. SME loans can change an economic image of a country cooperating with honest and bona fide entrepreneurs’ necessities. In the present economy of our country, the sector is shaking the face of our independent country Bangladesh.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is defined as an assault to the brain caused by an external physical force that may produce a state of diminished or altered consciousness and consequently, affecting cognitive abilities or physical function. According to the GCS, traumatic brain injuries are classified as mild, moderate or severe. Currently the imaging method of choice for the diagnosis and prognosis of TBI is CT scan. According to the disease profile in SBMCH about 30% patient is admitted in surgery ward in every admission due to traumatic injury. Out of them about 10% have traumatic head injury. The aim of the study was to evaluate an association among the GCS score, CT scan findings and clinical outcome of head injury. It is a prospective observational study at Sher-E-Bangla Medical college Hospital, Barisal. In this study 72% patients were with no CT scan findings (haemorrhagic / nonhaemorghagic). Rest of the patients had CT scan findings (intracerebral haemorrhage, extradural haematoma, subdural hematoma etc.). In severe TBI there was a significant increase in the incidence of CT findings, with a rate of 100% of abnormalities. In this study it was observed that, on admission patients with low GCS (severe TBI) deteriorate more in comparison to moderate and mild TBI on admission. This association is significant (p = .049). Patients in the severe TBI group (according to GCS) showed the highest mortality (2 out of 5). This association is also statistically significant (p = .002).

The production of biscuits utilizing ripe banana peel flour (BPF) as a wheat flour (WF) alternative is presented in this study. Locally available Sabri banana peel was dried into a cabinet dryer at 65⁰C for 8 hours. The dried peel then turned into powder and sieved. The flours used in the preparation of the biscuits were analyzed for proximate composition. BPF contained a higher amount of fat compared to WF. Five samples of biscuits S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5 substituting WF with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30% BPF in the standard biscuits were prepared S1 denoted the control sample adding no BPF. The proximate composition and sensory quality of the produced biscuits were tested. All of the biscuit samples had greater weights than the control biscuit. In comparison to the control biscuit, BPF enriched biscuits had reduced diameter. Biscuits made with 10% BPF had a greater spread ratio than those made with other ingredients. The moisture, protein, fat, and total sugar content of biscuit samples were found in the range of 4.05-5.32%, 6.60-9.00%, 10.00-10.32%, and 17.00-25.00%, respectively. A sharp decrease in protein content was observed with the increase of BPF in the biscuits. A slight increase of fat was observed in the BPF substituted biscuits. The ash content in the control sample was 1.5%, and that in the banana peel substituted samples ranged from 1.80% to 2.0%. BPF substitution showed a downward trend in terms of color, flavor, texture, and general acceptability. The panelists rated sample S1 as having the highest overall acceptability. Among the BPF-containing biscuits, sample S2 had the best overall acceptance, followed by samples S3, S4, and S5. In terms of general acceptability, however, there are no notable variations between samples S2 and S3. According to sensory analysis, quality BPF biscuits may be prepared by replacing up to 10% of the WF with BPF.

In modern CNC (Computer Numerical Controlled) manufacturing, MRR (Material Removal Rate) is a major perturbation in the age of mound production. Additionally, the product's strength and surface finish are also important in judging quality. A high-quality surface finish guarantees the product's quality. By using the Taguchi approach, it is examined how machining factors influence the rate of MRR during the turning process and Ra. In this study, the Rotational Speed, Feed Rate, Number of Passes, and Depth of Cut are the four parameters for which the Taguchi method of L9 (34) Orthogonal Array has been used. On AA 7XXX, the turning parameters for maximizing of MRR and minimization of Ra have been performed at three distinct levels for each of these parameters. Carbide insert has been used for this experiment. In order to ascertain the fusion of ideal cutting parameters, the Ra and MRR are observed. The results of this investigation support the orthogonal array-based optimization strategy proposed in this paper for the lowest Ra and maximized MRR. A predictive equation for calculating Ra and MRR in CNC turning with a given set of parameters was also established by this study. Thus, in an automated manufacturing environment, it is possible to improve the effectiveness of the cutting process and reduce production costs by using the suggested optimal settings., {"references":["Mukherjee, S., Kamal, A., Kumar, K. (2014), Optimization of Material Removal Rate During Turning of SAE 1020 Material in CNC Lathe using Taguchi Technique, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 97, pp. 29 – 35.","Sahithi, V. V. D., Malayadri, T., Srilatha, N. (2019), Optimization of Turning Parameters on Surface Roughness Based on Taguchi Technique, Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 18, pp. 3657–3666.","Verma, Kumar, N., Sikarwar, A. S. (2015), Optimizing Turning Process by Taguchi Method Under Various Machining Parameters, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 6, pp. 307-312.","Meng, Q. (2000), Calculation of optimum cutting condition for turning operation using a machining theory, Int. J. Mach. Tool Manuf. Vol. 40, pp. 1709–1733.","Alagarsamy, S. V., Raveendran, P., Arockia, V. S., Tamil, V. (2016), Optimization of Machining Parameters for Turning of Aluminium Alloy Using Taguchi Method, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp. 316-322.","Negrete, C. C., Nájera, J. C., Valenzuela, J. C. M. (2013), Optimization of Cutting Parameters in Turning of AISI 1018 Steel With Constant Material Removal Rate Using Robust Design for Minimizing Cutting Power, IMECE2013.","Cayda U. (2010), Machinability evaluation in hard turning of AISI 4340 steel with different cutting tools using statistical techniques, PROC INST MECH ENG B-J ENG MA, Vol. 224, Issue 7, pp. 1043-1055.","Chen, M., Su, C. (1998), Optimization of machining conditions for turning cylindrical stocks into continuous finished profiles. Int. J. Prod. Res. Vol. 36, Issue 8, pp. 2115–2130.","Krishankant, Taneja, J., Bector, M., Kumar, R. (2012), Application of Taguchi method for optimizing turning process by the effects of machining parameters, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Vol.2, Issue 1, pp. 263-274.","Patel, Mihir T., Vivek A. D. (2014), Experimental Investigation of Effect of Process Parameters on MRR and Surface Roughness In Turning Operation on Conventional Lathe Machine For Aluminum 6082 Grade Material Using Taguchi Method, Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 177-185."]}

The estimation of stature is very important in forensic investigation, as it provides useful data that can narrow the pool of potentially matching identities. The purpose of this study was to develop formulae for the estimation of stature from footprint measurements in Bangladeshi adults. This study included 118 randomly selected men and 130 randomly selected women, all aged 18–50 years. From each participant, stature and six footprint measurements were taken by means of standard measurement techniques. Footprint measurements were found to be positively correlated with stature. Stature was estimated by using linear regression equations. The right T1 length in men (R: +0.587, R2: 0.345) and the right T2 length in women (R: +0.506, R2: 0.256) were the most reliable individual estimators of stature. However, when data were combined for both sexes, the right T2 length was identified as the most reliable estimator of stature, with higher values of R (+0.792) and R2 (0.627). In conclusion, human stature can be successfully estimated by using footprint measurements; this finding can be applied in forensic research and investigation.

Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening is the most economically devastating disease of citrus in the world. HLB is a vector-borne disease and transmitted by Asian Citrus psyllid (ACP). HLB is now a serious threat to the cultivation and expansion of Sweet orange and Mandarin in Bangladesh. As no suitable cure is available against the disease, inducing plant immunity by chemical inducers or nutrient management and intercropping could be an effective way to combat this challenge. In this study, two inducers viz., Bion (Acibenzolar S-methyl) and Bactroban (Bismerthizol), nutrients formulations SICOGREEN® (soil application) and foliar spray, intercropping with guava, spraying guava leaf extract (10%), foliar spray with insect growth regulators (IGR) such as Heron (Lufenuron), insecticides such as Neonicotinoids/Imidachloropid + Thiomethoxam and foliar spray of Beauveria bassiana (Commercial formulation) showed comparatively better performance as compared to untreated control considering both HLB incidence and severity in both locations (Haluaghat and Bhaluka) of Sweet orange orchards. All these treatments reduced HLB incidence by 57.5 to 89.44% and HLB severity by 54.16 to 80.35% in Sweet orange considering both Haluaghat and Bhaluka orchards. The results revealed that Bion (Acibenzolar S-methyl), nutrients formulations SICOGREEN® (soil and foliar application), intercropping with guava, spraying guava leaf extract, foliar spray of insecticides can be integrated to reduce HLB incidence and severity in Sweet orange. Some of these treatments have also some positive effects on plant growth and yield parameters of Sweet orange as compared to control. These results comprehensively suggest that chemical inducers and nutrient management seem a better alternative to control HLB aimed to increase tree lifespan and productivity.

PurposeSolid waste (SW) is the result of rapid urbanization and industrialization, and is increasing day by day by the increasing number of population. This thesis paper emphasizes on the prediction of SW generation in the city of Dhaka and finding sustainable pathways for minimizing the gaps in the existing system.Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, the survey of different questionnaires of the Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) was conducted. The data of SW generation, for few years of each month, in the city of Dhaka were collected to develop a model named Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The ANN model was used for the accurate prediction of SW generation.FindingsAt first, by using the ANN model with the one hidden layer and changing the number of neurons of the layer different models were created and tested. Finally, according to R values (training, test, all) the structure with six neurons in the hidden layer was selected as the suitable model. Finally, six gaps were found in the existing system of solid waste management (SWM) in the DSCC. These gaps are the main barrier for the better SWM.Originality/valueThe authors propose that the best model for prediction is 12-6-3, and its training and testing results are given as 0.9972 and 0.80380, respectively. So the resulting prediction is so much close in comparison with actual data. In this paper, the opportunities of those gaps are provided for working properly and the DSCC will find the better result in the aspect of SW problem.

Ralstonia solanacearum, a soil-borne and seed-borne plant pathogenic bacterium, causes bacterial wilt to several important crop plants causing substantial economic losses. To provide population information on this pathogen for developing effective control strategies, Rep-PCR was used to analyze the genetic variation of 18 representative isolates of R. solanacearum collected in Bangladesh. Phenotypic analyses revealed that all eighteen isolates belong to biotype 3 with wide diversity in aggressiveness on eggplant, tomato, and chili. Rep-PCR studies utilizing the REP, ERIC, and BOXIR primers showed a wide variation at the genetic level among the R. solanacearum isolates used in this study. Dendrogram constructed using REP, ERIC, and BOXIR primers based on banding patterns implied that R. solanacearum isolates were genetically diversified and distributed in four clusters at 83%, 80%, and 63% similarity index, respectively. The genetic relationship assayed by rep-PCR highlighted a wide range of genetic variation but no relation among geographical origin, aggressiveness, and phylogenetic groups of R. solanacearum isolates. These results conceded that other molecular markers related to virulence gene(s) might reveal the complex relationship among geographical origin, aggressiveness, and phylogenetic groups.

Lithe Group inaugurated its operation in 1993. Keeping its corporate mission in view, the group has over the years diversified its activities. Today this group is one of the largest Garments in Bangladesh. Lithe Group have total 7000 employees. Their Turnover $ 60 Million and 40 Million Pcs per Months. Their main product is T-shirt, Polo shirt, Tang tops, Sweat shirt, Trousers, Jump sweats, Rompers, Sleep wear and so on. It is well admitted that people form an integral part of the organization. The efficiency and quality of its people determines the fate of the organization. Hence choosing the right people, placing them at right place and selecting those at the right time have been essentially essential. Hiring comes at this point of time in the picture. Hiring is a strategic function for HR department. Recruitment and selection form the process of hiring the employees. Recruitment is the systematic process of generating a pool of qualified applicant for organization job. The process includes the step like HR planning attracting applicant and screening them. This step is affected by various factors, which can be internal as well as external. The organization makes use of various methods and sources for this purpose. Different organizations adopt different approaches and techniques for their employees. To know the practical application of the employees’ hiring process, the analysis of Lithe Group has been undertaken. In the later part of the study, we will have a little touch about the Lithe Group.

The present study is to develop an interactive possibilistic environment-based genetic algorithm for multi-product and multi-period aggregate production planning (APP). APP is the prerequisite in order to make material requirement planning and/or capacity requirement planning accurately. The present study attempts to minimise the production cost and the rate of changing in labour level where production costs, backordering cost, labour level changing cost, demand are considered as imprecise parameters. It is noted that all these imprecise parameters are defined by the triangular possibility distribution. As the overtime production capacity is the fraction of available regular time production capacity, it is defined separately to make the result more acceptable. The proposed methodology is finally applied to demonstrate an industrial case in order to justify the feasibility. The solution obtained by the proposed methodology is compared with other solutions in context with computation efficiency and solution practicability.

In this paper fuzzy linear regression method have been used to reduce the forecasting error. Traditional methods of forecasting (e.g. simple moving average, single exponential smoothing, regression analysis etc.) consider only past historical data. On the other hand this method takes into consideration the parameters impacting the demand along with past data. Two parameters-temperature and number of annual consumer has been considered in this paper. The method finds a minimum forecasting range (lower and upper bound) for each year based on past data and parameters. The parameters (temperature & number of annual consumer) has been forecasted using the autoregressive model. Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) criteria has been used to measure the forecast accuracy.

Occupational stress becomes an important agenda for managers and management scholars nowadays and it will remain in the future. Occupational stress is receiving increasing attention in the academic literature and has become a salient issue for the organisations. Occupational stress is the harmful physical and emotional responses. Job life is one of the important parts of our daily lives which cause a great deal of stress. This study is an initiative to explore how does stress stressors influences on work life of workers in contemporary jute mills in Bangladesh. Study reveals that working conditions, environmental conditions, role ambiguity, organisational structure, home–work–interface, etc. are the greatest source of stress and workers perceived that working environment and home work interface have perceived as top most stressors of jute mills in Bangladesh. It is statistically significant that there is no perceived difference in stress level of two stressors, i.e., environmental conditions and home–work–interface of jute mills in Bangladesh. After assessment of occupational stress, a module of stress management technique is given for stress reduction.