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The nanostructures synthesized using the green chemistry method have recently attracted the attention of scientists due to their significance in many scientific domains. This work provides an overview of the biosynthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanosheets (NSs) using Phyllanthus emblica plant (PEP) extract. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were used to analyze the synthesized ZnO-NSs. Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of biosynthesized ZnO-NSs was performed. ZnO-NSs exhibit effective antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (S. pyogenes and S. aureus) and Gram-negative (S. typhi and E. coli) bacterial strains. S. typhi is the most sensitive microbe towards ZnO-NSs and formed a 21 mm zone of inhibition (ZOI). ZnO-NSs are also tested as a photocatalyst in the degradation of methyl orange (MO) and rhodamine B (RB). The degradation rate of MO was 90%, and RB was 96% after being exposed to UV light for 120 min. The as-synthesized ZnO-NSs exhibited selective dye degradation and showed relatively better photocatalytic activity for positively charged (cationic) dyes. This work could lead to the fabrication of high-yield photocatalysts, which have the potential to degrade textile dyes from aqueous solution.

An experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2014-2015 at the farmers field of Pearpur, Faridpur Sadar, Faridpur under the supervision of On-Farm Research Division (OFRD), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Faridpur to investigate the effective control method of purple blotch of onion during seed production and to develop ecofriendly and cost minimizing approaches for controlling purple blotch. The experiment was conducted using eight treatments viz., T1= Combination of Iprodione and Mencozeb with Metalaxil 4 times spray @ 2 gL-1 water each, T2 = Iprodione + Fenamidon with Mancozeb + Propineb + Mancozeb one time alternative spray each @ 2 gL-1 water for 4 times, T3 = Combination of Iprodione and Mencozeb with Metalaxil 2 times spray @ 2 gL-1 water each + Trichoderma harzianum one time spray @ 50 mlL-1 water + Sanitation (25% removal of infected leaves at 77 DAP), T4 = Trichoderma harzianum two times spray @ 50 mlL-1 water + Combination of Iprodione and Mencozeb with Metalaxil 1 time spray @ 2 gL-1 water each + Sanitation, T5 = Trichoderma harzianum compost used during final land preparation @ 50 g m-2 water+ T3, T6 = Trichoderma harzianum compost used during final land preparation + Trichoderma harzianum 3 times spray @ 50 mlL-1 water + Sanitation, T7 = Difenconazole 2 times 1 mlL-1 water + combination of Iprodione and Mencozeb with Metalaxil 2 times spray @ 2 gL-1 water each and T8 = Control. Successful control of purple blotch of onion was achieved by spraying fungicide (chemical plus bio) in treatment T5 followed by T3 and T4 treatment. The highest seed yield was 580 kg ha-1 obtained from the treatment T5 in onion seed crop. The highest BCR (3.92) was calculated from T5 treatment and the lowest from T8 (2.78). [Fundam Appl Agric 2018; 3(1.000): 390-397]

The study was aimed at phytochemical profiling of Gynura nepalensis DC. as well as assessment of possible antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, and cytotoxic activities of its fractions named hexane (HSF), dichloromethane (DCMSF), ethyl acetate (EASF) and aqueous (AQSF) soluble fractions through in vitro assays. Chromatographic fractionation and purification followed by ¹H NMR spectral analysis afforded two sterols named β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, which appears to be a first-time reporting from the species. In the free radical scavenging assay, both DCMSF and EASF exhibited prominent antioxidant activities which was further reinforced by their comparatively greater phenolic content. In membrane stabilizing test, prominent inhibitions of hemolysis as exerted by EASF, AQSF, and DCMSF, were evident of their significant anti-inflammatory activities, compared to aspirin. With respect to streptokinase, HSF and DCMSF demonstrated moderate thrombolytic properties, whereas in the cytotoxicity study, only HSF illustrated prominent cytotoxic properties. In conclusion, the results are suggestive of the presence of bioactive molecules within the fractions capable of exerting potent pharmacological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background H9N2 avian influenza viruses have been circulating in Bangladesh since 2006, affecting multiple avian species and resulting in economic losses. The recent emergence of tribasic strains, along with co-infections, has increased the risk to poultry health. Therefore, the study aimed to compare the immune responses of Sonali (crossbred) and commercial broiler chickens infected with tribasic H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus. Methods Following H9N2 infection, proinflammatory (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α) and antiviral (IFN-β and IFN-γ) cytokine expressions were observed in the trachea, lungs, intestine, and lymphoid tissues in Sonali and broiler chickens from 1 day post infection (dpi) to 10 dpi by qPCR. Results Sonali chickens exhibited significantly higher proinflammatory and antiviral cytokine expressions in the trachea at 3–7 days post infection (dpi), while broiler chickens showed lower immune responses. Broiler chickens displayed prolonged IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β expression in lungs at 3–10 dpi compared to Sonali chickens. In the intestine, broiler chickens showed higher IL-6 and IL-8 expression that peaks at 1–3 dpi, while in Sonali chickens only IL-1β elevated at 10 dpi. In response to the H9N2 viruses, broiler chickens exhibited a stronger early IFN-β responses and a delayed IFN-γ responses in their lymphoid organs compared to Sonali chickens. Conclusion This suggests distinct immune profiles between the chicken types in response to the H9N2 infection. The information sheds light on the function of innate immunity in the pathophysiology of currently circulating tribasic H9N2 virus and could assist in effective controlling of avian influenza virus spread in poultry and designing vaccines.

Abstract This study uses the rational Sine-Gordon expansion (RSGE) method to investigate the dynamical behavior of traveling wave solutions of the water wave phenomena for the time-fractional phi-four equation and the (2 + 1) dimensional Calogero-Bogoyavlanskil schilf (CBS) equation based on the conformable derivative. The technique uses the sine-Gordon equation as an auxiliary equation to generalize the well-known sine-Gordon expansion. It adopts a more broad strategy, a rational function rather than a polynomial one, of the solutions of the auxiliary equation, in contrast to the traditional sine-Gordon expansion technique. Several explanations for hyperbolic functions may be produced using the previously stated approach. The approach mentioned above is employed to provide diverse solutions of the time-fractional phi-four equation and the (2 + 1) dimensional CBS equations involving hyperbolic functions, such as soliton, single soliton, multiple-soliton, kink, cusp, lump-kink, kink double-soliton, and others. The RSGE approach enhances our comprehension of nonlinear processes, offers precise solutions to nonlinear equations, facilitates the investigation of solitons, propels the development of mathematical tools, and is applicable in many scientific and technical fields. The solutions are graphically shown in three-dimensional (3D) surface and contour plots using MATLAB software. All screens display the absolute wave configurations in the resolutions of the equation with the proper parameters. Furthermore, it can be deduced that the physical properties of the found solutions and their characteristics may help us comprehend how shallow water waves move in nonlinear dynamics.

Abstract To examine the dynamical behavior of travelling wave solutions of the water wave phenomenon for the family of 3D fractional Wazwaz-Benjamin-Bona-Mahony (WBBM) equations, this work employs the rational Sine-Gordon expansion (RSGE) approach based on the conformable fractional derivative. The method generalizes the well-known sine-Gordon expansion using the sine-Gordon equation as an auxiliary equation. In contrast to the conventional sine-Gordon expansion method, it takes a more general approach, a rational function rather than a polynomial one of the solutions of the auxiliary equation. The method described above is used to generate various solutions of the WBBM equations for hyperbolic functions, including soliton, singular soliton, multiple-soliton, kink, cusp, lump-kink, kink double-soliton, etc. The RSGE method contributes to our understanding of nonlinear phenomena, provides exact solutions to nonlinear equations, aids in studying solitons, advances mathematical techniques, and finds applications in various scientific and engineering disciplines. The answers are graphically shown in three-dimensional (3D) surface plots and contour plots using the MATLAB program. The resolutions of the equation, which have appropriate parameters, exhibit the absolute wave configurations in all screens. Furthermore, it can be inferred that the physical characteristics of the discovered solutions and their features may aid in our understanding of the propagation of shallow water waves in nonlinear dynamics.

Objectives Currently 37.8 million peoples are using tobacco in Bangladesh. Current user of electronic cigarettes in Bangladesh is 0.2 %. Overall 66.2 % adults both men and women current use tobacco but thinking about quitting. The objectives of the study were to identify the market, import, distribution, promotion strategy and pricing policy of e-cigarette in Bangladesh. Methods Cross sectional study design, qualitative and quantitative approaches, purposive sampling techniques were used to conduct the study. Semi-structured Questioner was used collect the primary data and Observational methods and in-depth interview were used to collect qualitative information. Results The study found that most of the E-cigarette shops are situated nearby university area. The team found 15 big e-cigarette shops in 4 market area most of the seller started their business within 1-2 years. They sell their product mostly in two ways - one is direct sales and in the other they use online shopping system. Average device was found between 6 to10 types and the price between 550 to 35,000 BDT and the liquid price is 350 to 24,000 BDT. Their market has been rapidly expanding using aggressive marketing tactics. Conclusions Bangladesh is the first signatory country of FCTC but still now e-cigarette is un-regulated product and Tobacco Control Law has no specific definition regarding e-cigarette that’s why the company aggressively marketing their products. So, Government should ban importing and amendment the law for protecting peoples from danger of tobacco.