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This works documents a new silica gel-supported nanocatalyst (Si@NSBPdNPs 3) with low Pd loadings for n-alkylation reactions at room temperature. Post synthesis characterisation using SEM-EDX and ICP techniques provided a quantitative assessment of palladium species. Additionally, TEM analysis unveiled an average palladium nanoparticle size of 5.87 ± 0.2 nm. In-depth X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed its predominant composition as Pd(0) complexed to a Schiff base ligand on low cost silica matrix. The nanocatalyst exhibited high efficacy in the catalysis of n-alkylation (Michael addition) reactions with various α,β-unsaturated Michael acceptors, yielding the corresponding n-alkyl products at room temperature with exceptional yields. Notably, the catalyst exhibited good stability and could be easily separated from the reaction mixture. Moreover, the catalyst displayed recyclability potential, maintaining its original catalytic efficacy for up to seven cycles without any discernible loss.

Copper doped magnesium ferrite, Mg1-xCuxFe2O4(x = 0.0–1.0) nanomaterials were synthesized via. sol-gel method sintered at 600 °C for 2 h. The synthesized materials were characterized using modern sophisticated techniques viz. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy, Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Vibrating sample magnetometer, UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra and Impedance analyzer. XRD analysis revealed that all the samples were single phase cubic spinel structure with Fd3m space group and investigated the change in structural parameters with copper concentration. The average crystallite size in the range of 11–23 nm and lattice parameters decrease with increasing Cu doping, due to the cationic distribution and ionic radius. The SEM images show the agglomeration of the particles with spherical like shape and elemental percentage were obtained from EDX. The saturation magnetization showed an increasing trend with increasing Cu concentration at a certain level and then decreases due to the rearrangement of cations at tetrahedral and octahedral sites. The Coercivity, Retentivity and magnetic crystalline anisotropy increase with changing dopant concentration. The magnetic measurements showed enhanced saturation magnetization at certain level (28.96emu/gm) and increase in coercivity up to 1102 Oe with changing dopant concentration. The estimated band gap energy is found to increase with Cu content. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and impedance show normal behavior of ferrite. The frequency dependent dielectric constant decrease and tan delta shows a relaxation behavior at low frequencies. The synthesized nano Mg–Cu nanoparticles will be applied as humidity sensor, gas sensor, microwave devices and photocatalyst.

Abstract Agroforestry systems have grown significantly in popularity in Bangladesh during recent years due to their favorable effects on the environment and human health. These systems are essential for supporting sustainable agriculture because they increase diversity, improve food security, and provide revenue. This study's main objective is to show how agroforestry is a widely used ecological and climate‐resilient practice in Bangladesh. The research explores investment analysis, adoption‐influencing factors, and a strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of agroforestry practices. A total of 340 respondents were chosen for this extensive study using a multistage random selection technique. The results showed a discrepancy in practice, with farmers exhibiting a high degree of awareness but limited application. Financial analysis employing metrics such as benefit‐cost ratio, net present value, and internal rate of return favored agroforestry, indicating its economic viability and potential benefits for adopters. Additionally, the adoption of agroforestry was found to be significantly influenced by a binary logistic regression model that highlighted several important features, including larger farm sizes, younger age groups, greater education levels, training experiences, frequent extension visits, and enhanced market access. The study also identified barriers to adoption, such as a lack of trained labor, poor technical assistance, and education. This thorough analysis clarifies the opportunities and constraints for agroforestry implementation in Bangladesh. It suggests broad adoption by means of focused training initiatives that empower farmers, provide observable advantages, and promote nationwide acceptance.

In this work, the transformation of waste iron cans to gamma iron oxide (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles following acid leaching precipitation method along with their structural, surface chemistry, and magnetic properties was studied. Highly magnetic iron-based nanomaterials, maghemite with high saturation magnetization have been synthesized through an acid leaching technique by carefully tuning of pH and calcination temperature. The phase composition and crystal structure, surface morphology, surface chemistry, and surface composition of the synthesized γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were explored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The XRD results confirm the cubic spinel structure having crystallite size 26.90–52.15 nm. The XPS study reveals the presence of Fe, O element and the binding energy of Fe (710.31 and 724.48 eV) confirms the formation of γ-Fe2O3 as well. By dynamic light scattering (DLS) method and zeta potential analyzer, the particle size distribution and stability of the systems were investigated. The magnetic behavior of the synthesized γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were studied using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) which confirmed the ferrimagnetic particles with saturation magnetization of 54.94 emu/g. The resultant maghemite nanoparticles will be used in photocatalysts and humidity sensing. The net impact of the work stated here is based on the principle of converting waste into useful nanomaterials. Finally, it was concluded that our results can give insights into the design of the synthesis procedure from the precursor to the high-quality gamma iron oxide nanoparticles with high saturation magnetization for different potential applications which are inexpensive and very simple.

The present work reports on the facile sol–gel synthesis of CoAl2O4 nanoparticles using cobalt nitrate and aluminum nitrate as the metal salts and citric acid and glycerol as chelating agents. The consequence of sintering temperature on the structure, particle size, morphology, composition, zeta potential, color, and reflectance spectra at neutral pH condition were explored with various instrumental techniques. The CoAl2O4 nanoparticles were characterized with Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Nanoparticle size analyzer, Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV–Vis-DRS) and CIE-Lab colorimetric method. From the data of PXRD, the crystallite size and peak profile analysis were investigated by four different models. It was found that the average crystallite size varied in the range of 28.01–320.97 nm and single-phase cubic CoAl2O4 was formed without any impurity. The average particle size of CoAl2O4 nanoparticles was discerned from the FESEM images using ImageJ software and from a nanoparticle size analyzer. The average particle sizes were increased with the increasing sintering temperature. The values of zeta potential found in all of the samples represented high dispersion stability. From the colorimetry of CoAl2O4 nanoparticles, the CIE-La*b* output illustrated high purity and brightness and the spectra.

Agroforestry production systems have shown growing adoption in Bangladesh, offering ecological and economic benefits in the face of climate change. This study investigates the scale of agroforestry adoption, investment returns, factors influencing uptake, and challenges faced by farmers. Using a multistage random sample of 340 respondents, we find that while 75% of farmers are aware of agroforestry, adoption remains limited. Our analysis focuses on specific tree–crop combinations favored by farmers as agroforestry practices. The results demonstrate that, in cropland agroforestry, Eucalyptus tree with rice (69.05% adoption rate) is predominant, while homestead/orchard system agroforestry favors mango tree intercropped with potato (73.33%). Financial and investment analyses using Benefit–Cost Ratio (BCR), Net Present Value (NPV), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) prove that agroforestry is a more favorable alternative for farmers considering adoption, as it provides superior BCR, NPV, and IRR. For example, litchi-based agroforestry systems with vegetables like brinjal (eggplant), potato, and chilies offer higher NPVs (19.00, 19.73, and 18.46, respectively) and IRRs (54.45, 68.00, and 47.19, respectively) compared to monocropping where NPV was 14.38. A binary logistic model reveals that larger farm sizes, younger respondents, higher education levels, training experiences, more frequent extension visits, and improved market access positively influence agroforestry adoption. The study also identifies key challenges for farmers using the Problem Facing Index (PFI). The most significant obstacles include lack of training facilities (PFI-894), shortage of skilled labor (PFI-687), and insufficient technical expertise (PFI-647). Therefore, to promote wider adoption, targeted training programs that address the identified challenges are crucial. It will empower farmers to reap the tangible benefits of agroforestry as a sustainable and climate-smart agricultural practice.

Nanocrystalline zinc ferrite (NZF) were successfully synthesized at different calcination temperature via sol-gel method from the precursor salt solutions using tartaric acid and PVA solution as a chelating agent and binder respectively. The characterization of NZF and their properties had been investigated using sophisticated techniques viz. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–Vis-NIR spectroscopy, Vibrating sample magnetometer and Impedance analyzer. X-ray peak profile analysis through Debye Scherer and Wilson method, Halder-Wagner method has been used to estimate the structural parameters. The crystallite size and particle size of ZnFe2O4 samples were found to increases with increasing annealing temperature while lattice parameters and lattice strain decreases. Dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements were used to evaluate the particle size distribution and stability of these systems. The room temperature magnetic properties measurement showed that the net magnetic moment is observed for NZF due to cation distribution although the bulk ZnFe2O4 is non-magnetic. Direct optical band gaps of the prepared NZF samples has been investigated by UV–Vis NIR spectroscopy using Tauc formula and found that energy band gaps (Eg) values are in a narrow range of 1.19–1.86 eV. The frequency dependent dielectric properties, impedance and modulus spectroscopy measurement has been investigated in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 20 MHz. The synthesized NZF particles will be applied for Gas sensor, humidity sensor and photocatalyst.

The bright blue nano crystallite cobalt aluminate (CoAl2O4) was synthesized by sol–gel method using a mixture of chelating agent of glycerol and citric acid. The effects of changing (0.05, 0.075, 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 mol/L) metal ion concentration on the structural, morphological and color properties of synthesized CoAl2O4 were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nanoparticle size analyzer, Simultaneous Thermal Analyzer (STA), UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, and CIE-LAB colorimetric analysis. From the X-ray peak profile analysis, the crystallite size was measured by Debye-Scherrer (D-S) equation, and three different models presenting average crystallite sizes between 88.3 and 125.4 nm.The average lattice strain, dislocation density, lattice constant, cell volume, and zeta potential were between 0.00021 and 0.0058, (1.73 to 12.8) × 1014 (lines/m2), 8.10658 to 8.11181 Å, 533.60 to 533.81 Å3, −56.4 to − 63.5 mV, respectively. Using UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, the band gap was calculated from Kubelka-Munk method, and the values of band gap increasing from 1.82 to 1.84 eV, respectively. The reflectance spectra and the CIE-L*a*b* values of cobalt aluminate is also measured which confirmed the formation of blue nano crystallite cobalt aluminate.

M-type strontium hexaferrite (SrM) were successfully synthesized from Sr2+ and Fe3+ precursor salt through co-precipitation technique. Different higher sintering temperatures (800–1000 °C) were used to get the desired SrM with variation of Fe3+/Sr2+ mole ratio as well. The characterization of SrM and its properties were investigated using modern instrumental techniques viz. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer, UV–Visible NIR Spectrometer, Impedance Analyzer and Thermal Conductivity Meter. The phase of the synthesized SrM were confirmed by comparing the XRD patterns with the standard ICDD data and Reitvelt Refinement for the SrM having Fe3+/Sr2+ ratio 10 and SrM with distinct annealing temperature were performed. The structural parameters, particle size (75 nm–318 nm) and shape of the as prepared samples were changed with calcination temperature as well as mole ratio. The saturation magnetization (73.77–24.27 emu/g), coercivity (3732.28–642.10 Oe) and remanant magnetization (39.15–8.86 emu/g) were varied with calcination temperature and composition. The dielectric properties, optical properties and thermophysical properties were measured for the SrM keeping Fe3+/Sr2+ ratio 10 calcined at 1000 °C. The synthesized SrM can be applied in magnetic recording media and as photocatalyst due to its low coercivity (2764.48 Oe), high saturation magnetization (73.77 emu/g) and low band gap energy (Eg-2.04 eV) respectively.

The recycling and recovery of important materials from inexpensive feedstock has now become an intriguing area and vital from commercial and environmental viewpoints. In the present work, extraction of different single phases of alumina (α, γ, θ-Al2O3) having high purity (>99.5 %) from locally available waste beverage cans (∼95 % Al) through facile precipitation route calcined at distinct temperatures has been reported. The optimization of process technology was done by a variety of different synthesis parameters, and the production cost was estimated between 84.47-87.45 USD per kg of alumina powder. The as prepared alumina fine particles have been characterized using different sophisticated techniques viz. TG-DTA, WD-XRF, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, DLS-based particle size analysis (PSA) with zeta (ζ) potential measurement and UV–Visible Spectroscopy. X-ray diffractogram confirms the formation of γ-, θ-, and α-alumina at 500–700 °C, 900–1000 °C, and 1200 °C respectively and crystallite size, crystallinity, strain, dislocation density, and specific surface area were measured using major X-ray diffraction peaks which varies with temperature. The SEM studies showed that the as prepared alumina particles were agglomerated, irregular-shaped with particle size (0.23–0.38 µm), pore size, and porosity were calculated from SEM image. ζ-potentials at different pH values as well as isoelectric point (IEP) of α, γ, and θ alumina were calculated in an aqueous medium which changes with temperature. The direct band gap (Eg) energies were found between 4.09 and 5.19 eV of alumina obtained from different calcination temperatures. The synthesized materials can be used in sensors, ceramics, catalysis, and insulation applications.

This study attempted to produce a cheap polyester composite material using an agricultural waste banana peel in the structure. Banana fibre has been used in composites as reinforcements, but banana peel has never been used with polyester before. The possibility of improved thermal and flammability properties of a composite due to increased moisture in the structure, and the char-forming ability of the cellulosic part of banana peel or the production of highly flammable material due to the presence of carbohydrates in the structure were the assumptions. To tackle the second assumption, aluminium trihydrate (ATH) was added. The handmade composites showed a drastic drop in tensile strength from 38.02 MPa to 16.72 MPa due to a lack of chemical bonding between the constituents. The impact and flexural strength showed some improvement with the addition of banana peel, along with ATH, to record results of 10.92 kg/cm and 49 MPa, respectively, after the initial drop that occurred when only ATH was added. However, these results were still inferior to the properties of pure polyester. The results of flammability and thermal resistance matched the second assumption, as flame retardancy was kept under control by the presence of ATH. The absorbency properties remained almost unaffected.

This study explored on the adsorption properties and electronic structure of SCN− via density functional theory analysis on the exterior surfaces of C60 and CNTs using B3LYP functional and 6-31G** standard basis set. Then adsorption of SCN− through nitrogen atom on the C60 fullerene is electrostatic (−48.02 kJ mol−1) in comparison with the C59Al fullerene that shows covalently attached to fullerene surface (−389.10 kJ mol−1). Our calculations demonstrate that the SCN− adsorption on the pristine and Al-doped single-walled CNTs are −173.13 and −334.43 kJ mol−1, indicating that the SCN− can be chemically bonded on the surface of Al-doped CNTs. Moreover, the adsorption of SCN− on the C60 surface is weaker in comparison with C59B, C59Al, and C59Ga systems but its electronic sensitivity improved in comparison with those of C59B, C59Al, and C59Ga fullerenes. The evaluation of adsorption energy, energy gap, and dipole moment demonstrates that the pure fullerene can be exploited in the design practice as an SCN− sensor and C59Al can be used for SCN− removal applications.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) regulates glycogen metabolism and many different cellulars, including apoptosis, signaling, and neural. It is a crucial therapeutic receptor in heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's. In this study, using computational methods, flavonoid compounds were investigated for potential inhibitors against GSK-3β. Virtual screening was utilized to investigate flavonoid compounds obtained from the PubChem database. Structure of human heart mitochondria of GSK-3β receptor constructed by homology modeling. Best binding poses were discovered via in silico molecular docking simulation. We surveyed noncovalent interactions among amino acid residues involved in the active site of the modeled Protein and compounds via molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD).Moreover, ADMET characteristics of best docking conformers have been investigated. The obtained results revealed that compound 1 containing chromenone moiety with binding energy H-bond −11.4 kcal/mol inhibited effectively binding pocket of the GSK-3β receptor. Moreover, MD simulation analysis (RMSD and radius of gyration indicated complex of the compound and GSK-3β receptor remained stable throughout 100 ns MD simulation, and also analysis of ADMET profiles revealed that selected compounds had good drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties. Hence, it was suggested that compounds with chromenone scaffold could potentially inhibit GSK-3β. Structural modification of the chromenone derivatives may result in the discovery of promising candidates for identifying novel drugs as GSK-3β inhibitors.

Nowadays, supercritical fluid technology (SFT) has been an interesting scientific subject in disparate industrial-based activities such as drug delivery, chromatography, and purification. In this technology, solubility plays an incontrovertible role. Therefore, achieving more knowledge about the development of promising numerical/computational methods of solubility prediction to validate the experimental data may be advantageous for increasing the quality of research and therefore, the efficacy of novel drugs. Decitabine with the chemical formula C8H12N4O4 is a chemotherapeutic agent applied for the treatment of disparate bone-marrow-related malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by preventing DNA methyltransferase and activation of silent genes. This study aims to predict the optimum value of decitabine solubility in CO2SCF by employing different machine learning-based mathematical models. In this investigation, we used AdaBoost (Adaptive Boosting) to boost three base models such as Linear Regression (LR), Decision Tree (DT), and GRNN. We used a dataset that has 32 sample points to make solubility models. One of the two input features is P (bar) and the other is T (k). ADA-DT (Adaboost Algorithm-Decision Tree), ADA-LR (Adaboost Algorithm-Linear Regresion), and ADA-GRNN (Generative Regression Neural Network) models showed MAE of 6.54 × 10−5, 4.66 × 10−5, and 8.35 × 10−5, respectively. Also, in terms of R-squared score, these models have 0.986, 0.983, and 0.911 scores, respectively. ADA-LR was selected as the primary model according to numerical and visual analysis. Finally, the optimal values are (P = 400 bar, T = 3.38 K × 102, Y = 1.064 × 10−3 mol fraction) using this model.

Ionic Liquids (ILs) as a novel class of liquid solvent simultaneously carry the positive characteristics of both molten salts and organic liquids. Remarkable positive properties of ILs have such as low vapor pressure and excellent permittivity have encouraged the motivation of researchers to use them in various applications over the last decade. Surface tension is an important physicochemical property of ILs, which its experimental-based measurement has been done by various researchers. Despite great precision, some major shortcomings such as high cost and health-related problems caused the researchers to develop mathematical models based on artificial intelligence (AI) approach to predict surface tension theoretically. In this research, the surface tension of two novel ILs (bis [(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl] imide and 1,3-nonylimidazolium bis [(trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl] imide) were predicted using three predictive models. The available dataset contains 45 input features, which is relatively high in dimension. We decided to use AdaBoost with different base models, including Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), support vector regression (SVR), and decision tree (DT). Also, for feature selection and hyper-parameter tuning, a genetic algorithm (GA) search is used. The final R2-score for boosted DT, boosted GPR, and boosted SVR is 0.849, 0.981, and 0.944, respectively. Also, with the MAPE metric, boosted GPR has an error rate of 1.73E-02, boosted SVR has an error rate of 2.35E-02, and it is 3.36E-02 for boosted DT. So, the ADABOOST-GPR model was considered as the primary model for the research.

In this manuscript, the sequel of agglomeration on the vibration of fiber metal laminated (FML) cylindrical shell in the micro phase using developed couple stress theory (MCST). Hamilton’s principle has been carried out for deriving the non-classical equations of motion of size-dependent thin micro cylindrical shell on the basis of Love’s first approximation theory. Mori-Tanaka and extended rule of mixture are utilized to estimate the mechanical attributes of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and equivalent fiber, respectively. These four phases CNTs/fiber/polymer/metal laminated (CNTFPML) micro cylindrical shell is analyzed applying beam modal function model for several boundary limitations. Then, an investigation is performed to study the impacts of differing input parameters namely material length scale parameter, agglomeration, the distributions of agglomerated CNTs, the mass fraction of equivalent fiber and the volume fraction of CNTs on the frequency response of micro agglomerated CNTFPML cylindrical shell. The main output illustrated that the growth of frequencies is directly dependent to the increase of material length scale parameter for this agglomerated CNTFPML cylindrical shell so that through increasing the values of agglomeration parameters η and μ and material length scale parameter l altogether, the frequencies of this cylindrical shell grow.

A silica-coated magnetically separable Schiff-base palladium nanocatalyst was developed. Amorphous silica was used to encapsulate the magnetic Fe3O4 and an organic amine functionality was added to the silica surface. The amino group was treated with 1, 10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxaldehyde to produce a Schiff-base, which was then treated with palladium to produce the silica coated magnetic Schiff-base palladium nanocatalyst. The palladium nanocatalyst was fully characterized using several spectroscopic techniques. The HR-SEM image of silica coated Fe3O4 revealed a globular shape with a diameter of 145 nm, along with this the average palladium nanoparticle size was 3.5 ± 0.6 nm. The successful functionalization and the appearances of the palladium species as a magnetic catalyst was confirmed by FT-IR and XRD analysis. The palladium nanocatalyst was successfully applied for the construction of CC bonds via Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. With a variety of organoboronic acids, the catalyst displayed great performance for electron-poor and electron-rich aryl halides, resulting in excellent yields of the corresponding cross-coupling products. The magnetic catalyst was retrieved from the reaction vial using an external strong magnet, and it was reused seven times without a significant drop in the production of the corresponding biaryl product.

A magnetically separable palladium nanocatalyst has been synthesized through the immobilization of palladium onto 3-aminopropylphenanthroline Schiff based functionalized silica coated superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The nanocatalyst (Fe3O4@SiNSB-Pd) was fully characterized using several spectroscopic techniques, such as FT-IR, HR-SEM, TEM, XRD, ICP, and XPS. The microscopic image of Fe3O4 showed spherical shape morphology and had an average size of 150 nm. The Pd-nanoparticles exhibited an average size 3.5 ± 0.6 nm. The successful functionalization of Fe3O4@SiNSB-Pd was identified by FT-IR spectroscopy and the appearance of palladium species in Fe3O4@SiNSB-Pd was confirmed by XRD analysis. While XPS has been utilized for the determination of the chemical oxidation state of palladium species in Fe3O4@SiNSB-Pd. Several activated and deactivated arene halides and olefines were employed for Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions in the presence of Fe3O4@SiNSB-Pd, each of which produced the respective cross-coupling products with excellent yields. The Fe3O4@SiNSB-Pd shows good reactivity and reusability for up to seven consecutive cycles.

The paper reports experimental research regarding the mechanical characteristics of concrete reinforced with natural cellulosic fibers like jute, sisal, sugarcane, and coconut. Each type of natural fiber, with an average of 30 mm length, was mixed with a concrete matrix in varying proportions of 0.5% to 3% mass. The tensile and compressive strength of the developed concrete samples with cellulosic fiber reinforcement gradually increased with the increasing proportion of natural cellulosic fibers up to 2%. A further increase in fiber loading fraction results in deterioration of the mechanical properties. By using jute and sisal fiber reinforcement, about 11.6% to 20.2% improvement in tensile and compressive strength, respectively, was observed compared to plain concrete, just by adding 2% of fibers in the concrete mix. Bending strength increased for the natural fiber-based concrete with up to 1.5% fiber loading. However, a decrease in bending strength was observed beyond 1.5% loading due to cracks at fiber−concrete interface. The impact performance showed gradual improvement with natural fiber loading of up to 2%. The water absorption capacity of natural cellulosic fiber reinforced concrete decreased substantially; however, it increased with the loading percent of fibers. The natural fiber reinforced concrete can be commercially used for interior or exterior pavements and flooring slabs as a sustainable construction material for the future.

Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the effect of mastitis on post-partum conception in crossed cows (Local x Friesian or Sahiwal x Friesian) in Chittagong area of Bangladesh. Materials and methods: A total of 100 lactating cows were randomly selected from thirteen small and medium size commercial dairy farms. The cows were reared under traditional feeding and management systems. Age and number of parity of the cows were 2.5 to 6 years and 1-5, respectively. On-farm California Mastitis Test (CMT) and Whit Slide Test (WST) were performed with the milk samples to diagnose mastitis. Besides, productive and reproductive data were recorded by examining the animals and interviewing the farmers. Results: The incidence of mastitis was significantly (P=0.037) higher (76% for CMT and 62% for WST) in 3.5-4.5 years old cows and lower (P=0.037) (47% for CMT) in 2.5-3.5 years old cows. The highest percentage of CMT (72%) and WST (59%) positive cases were found in cows having parity number 2. The CMT (71%) and WST (53%) test results were similar in third parity cows. The first parity cows were less prone to mastitis (47%). Mastitis had significantly (P=0.002) negative effect on days required to first heat after parturition. Mastitis was also negatively correlated with calving interval (CI) (P=0.030). More the incidence of mastitis prolongs the calving interval and the highest percentage (85% for CMT and 71% for WST) of mastitis was found in cows having 380-400 days calving interval. Lowest mastitis (54% for CMT and 48% for WST) incidence detected cows’ lowest calving interval. Significantly, more number of Service per Conception (SPC) was also required in cows having more incidence of mastitis (P=0.03). SPC was 4 for subclinical to clinical cases and 3 for clinical cases. Conclusion: Significant correlation between mastitis and post-partum conception is recorded in this study that may hamper reproductive performances. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2017; 4(2.000): 155-160]

Distinctly active poly(hydroxamic acid) anchored copper (Cu) catalysts were synthesized from chemically modified kenaf cellulose. They were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), UV-vis spectroscopy (UV), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Cu-catalysts were successfully applied to the Michael addition reaction of amines with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl/cyano compounds and to the Click reactions of organoazides with alkynes under mild reaction conditions. The catalysts enabled excellent yields (88% to 95%) in both of the C–N bond formation reactions and showed easy recycling with outstanding reusability for seven cycles without any distinguished decrease in their catalytic activity.

Toxic metals in the industrial wastewaters have been liable for drastic pollution hence a powerful and economical treatment technology is needed for water purification. For this reason, some pure cellulosic materials were derived from waste fiber to obtain an economical adsorbent for wastewater treatment. Conversion of cellulose into grafting materials such as poly(methyl acrylate)-grafted cellulose was performed by free radical grafting process. Consequently, poly(hydroxamic acid) ligand was produced from the grafted cellulose. The intermediate products and poly(hydroxamic acid) ligand were analyzed by FT-IR, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, and XPS spectroscopy. The adsorption capacity (qe) of some toxic metals ions by the polymer ligand was found to be excellent, e.g., copper capacity (qe) was 346.7 mg·g−1 at pH 6. On the other hand, several metal ions such as cobalt chromium and nickel also demonstrated noteworthy sorption capacity at pH 6. The adsorption mechanism obeyed the pseudo second-order rate kinetic model due to the satisfactory correlated experimental sorption values (qe). Langmuir model isotherm study showed the significant correlation coefficient with all metal ions (R2 > 0.99), indicating that the single or monolayer adsorption was the dominant mode on the surface of the adsorbent. This polymer ligand showed good properties on reusability. The result shows that the adsorbent may be recycled for 6 cycles without any dropping of starting sorption capabilities. This polymeric ligand showed outstanding toxic metals removal magnitude, up to 90–99% of toxic metal ions can be removed from industrial wastewater.

An efficient and economical treatment technology for heavy metal removal from the electroplating wastewaters is needed for the water purification. Therefore, pure cellulosic materials were derived from two waste fiber (pandanus fruit and durian rind) and conversion of the cellulose into the poly(acrylonitrile)-grafted material was accomplished by free radical grafting system. Thereafter, poly(amidoxime) ligand was produced from the grafted materials. Sorption capacity (qe) of several toxic metals ions was found to be high, e.g., copper capacity (qe) was 298.4 mg g−1 at pH 6. In fact, other metal ions, such as cobalt chromium and nickel also demonstrated significant sorption capacity at pH 6. Sorption mechanism played acceptable meet with pseudo second-order rate of kinetic pattern due to the satisfactory correlation with the experimental sorption values. A significant correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.99) with Langmuir model isotherm showed the single or monolayer sorption occurred on the surfaces. The reusability study showed that the polymer ligand can be useful up to six cycles with minimum loss (7%) of efficiency and can be used in the extraction of toxic metal ions present in the wastewaters. Therefore, two types of electroplating wastewater were used in this study, one containing high concentration of copper (23 ppm) and iron (32 ppm) with trace level of others heavy metals (IWS 1) and another containing high concentration of copper (85.7 ppm) only with trace level of others heavy metals (IWS 2). This polymeric ligand showed acceptable removal magnitude, up to 98% of toxic metal ions can be removed from electroplating wastewater.

The title indolin-2-one compound, C28H23FN4O·C2H6O, crystallizes as a 1:1 ethanol solvate. The ethanol molecule is disordered over two positions with refined site occupancies of 0.560 (14) and 0.440 (14). The pyrazole ring makes dihedral angles of 84.16 (10) and 85.33 (9)° with the indolin-2-one and indole rings, respectively, whereas the dihedral angle between indolin-2-one and indole rings is 57.30 (7)°. In the crystal, the components are linked by N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming an inversion molecule–solvate 2:2 dimer with R44(12) ring motifs. The crystal structure is consolidated by π–π interaction between pairs of inversion-related indolin-2-one rings [interplanar spacing = 3.599 (2) Å].

The title compound, C16H14N2O3, has an E conformation about the azobenzene [—N=N– = 1.2481 (16) Å] linkage. The benzene rings are almost coplanar [dihedral angle = 1.36 (7)°]. The O atoms of the carboxylic acid group are disordered over two sets of sites and were refined with an occupancy ratio of 0.5:0.5. The two disordered components of the carboxylic acid group make dihedral angles of 1.5 (14) and 3.8 (12)° with the benzene ring to which they are attached. In the crystal, molecules are linked via pairs of O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers. The dimers are connected via C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming ribbons lying parallel to [120]. These ribbons are linked via C—H...π interactions, forming slabs parallel to (001).

The asymmetric unit of the titled compound, C22H20FN5S, comprises two independent molecules (A and B), both of which have a trans conformation with respect to the methene C=C [1.342 (2) and 1.335 (2) Å] and the acyclic N=C [1.283 (2) and 1.281 (2) Å] bonds. In molecule A, the triazole ring makes dihedral angles of 55.01 (12) and 18.17 (9)° with the benzene and indole rings, respectively. The corresponding dihedral angles for molecule B are 54.54 (11) and 14.60 (10)°, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are consolidated into –A–B–A–B– chains along [010] via N—H...N hydrogen bonds. The chains are further linked into layers parallel to the ac plane via π–π interactions involving inversion-related triazole rings [centroid–centroid distances = 3.3436 (11)–3.4792 (13) Å].

The title compound, C23H22FN5S, exists in a trans conformation with respect to the methene C=C and the acyclic N=C bonds. The 1,2,4-triazole-5(4H)-thione ring makes dihedral angles of 88.66 (9) and 84.51 (10)°, respectively, with the indole and benzene rings. In the crystal, molecules are linked by pairs of N—H...S hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R22(8) ring motif. The dimers are linked via C—H...π interactions, forming chains along [1-10]. The chains are linked via π—π interactions involving inversion-related triazole rings [centroid–centroid distance = 3.4340 (13) Å], forming layers parallel to the ab plane.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C17H18O3, comprises three independent molecules with similar geometries. In each molecule, the carbonyl group is twisted away from the napthalene ring system, making dihedral angles of 1.0 (2), 1.05 (19)° and 1.5 (2)°. The butene group in all three molecules are disordered over two sets of sites, with a refined occupancy ratio of 0.664 (6):0.336 (6). In the crystal, molecules are oriented with respect to their carbonyl groups, forming head-to-head dimers via O—H...O hydrogen bonds. Adjacent dimers are further interconnected by C—H...O hydrogen bonds into chains along the a-axis direction. The crystal structure is further stabilized by weak C—H...π interactions.

In the title compound, C24H23NO2, a whole molecule is disordered over two sets of sites with occupancies in a ratio of 0.692 (6):0.308 (6). In the major disorder component, the naphthalene ring system forms a dihedral angle of 68.6 (5)° with the benzene ring. The corresponding angle in the minor component is 81.6 (10)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked into chains propagating along the b-axis direction via weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The crystal packing is further consolidated by weak C—H...π interactions.

In the title compound, C26H24N2O2, the benzimidazole ring system is almost planar [maximum displacement = 0.025 (1) Å] and makes dihedral angles of 80.48 (5) and 41.57 (5)° with the benzene rings, which are inclined to one another by 65.33 (6)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked via C—H...π and weak π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.8070 (7) Å and interplanar distance = 3.6160 (5) Å].

The title compound, C17H16N2O3, has an E conformation about the azobenzene (–N=N–) linkage. The benzene rings are twisted slightly with respect to each other [6.79 (9)°], while the dihedral angle between the plane through the carboxy group and the attached benzene ring is 3.2 (2)°. In the crystal, molecules are oriented with the carboxy groups head-to-head, forming O—H...O hydrogen-bonded inversion dimers. These dimers are connected by C—H...O hydrogen-bonds into layers lying parallel to the (013) plane.