160 results on '"Md. K. Nazeeruddin"'
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2. Impact of strength and size of donors on the optoelectronic properties of D–π–A sensitizers
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Jagadeeswari Sivanadanam, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Detlef W. Bahnemann, Alexei V. Emeline, Paramaguru Ganesan, Peng Gao, and Renganathan Rajalingam
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business.industry ,Carbazole ,General Chemical Engineering ,Aryl ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Photochemistry ,Anisole ,01 natural sciences ,Acceptor ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Rhodanine ,chemistry ,Phenyl group ,Optoelectronics ,Moiety ,Amine gas treating ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
A series of carbazole based sensitizers with either phenyl based donors (TBC, TMC, OMC, PC, TBR, TMR, OMR and PR) or aryl amine based donors (OMNC, CNC and HNC) as well as one without a donor group (CC) have been synthesized to understand the influence of the strength of the donor moiety on the optical, electrochemical and photovoltaic properties. Two different acceptor moieties such as cyano acrylic acid and rhodanine acetic acid were introduced and evaluated. Different substituents on the phenyl group have a significant impact on the light harvesting ability of the sensitizers. Among phenyl based donors, anisole based carbazole (OMC) shows the highest short circuit current (JSC) of 4.96 mA cm−2 with overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.69%. In the case of the sensitizers with aryl amine based donors, the increasing bulkiness of the donor group lead to increasing open circuit potential. Transient photocurrent and photovoltage measurements signify the importance of a bulky donor fragment in determining the open circuit potential of the dyes. Sensitizers with hexyloxy substituted phenyl amine as the donor group shows a JSC of 6.84 mA cm−2 with PCE of 3.33%. The overall investigation provides vital information about the influence of donor groups on the optoelectronic properties of the sensitizers for its photovoltaic applications. more...
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- 2016
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Catalog
3. OXYGEN OXYGEN-SELECTIVE OPTICAL SENSOR BASED ON A NOVEL SELECTIVE OPTICAL SENSOR BASED ON A NOVEL NANOSTRUCTURED MATRIX NANOSTRUCTURED MATRIX WHICH WHICH CAN BE STERILIZED CAN BE STERILIZED
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J F Fernández Sánchez, S Spichiger, Md K Nazeeruddin, R Steiger, M Gratzel, and U E Spichiger-Keller
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- 2018
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4. Low-temperature, solution-deposited metal chalcogenide films as highly efficient counter electrodes for sensitized solar cells
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Michael Grätzel, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Songyuan Dai, Jianxi Yao, Jun Zhu, Feng Liu, Bing Zhang, and Linhua Hu
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Materials science ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Chalcogenide ,Photovoltaic system ,Nanotechnology ,General Chemistry ,Substrate (electronics) ,Thermal treatment ,Catalysis ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Transition metal ,chemistry ,law ,Electrode ,Solar cell ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,business - Abstract
Transition metal chalcogenide crystalline films FeSe2, Cu1.8S, and CuSe have been deposited from solution by drop casting their dissolved inks onto a conductive substrate, followed by a mild thermal treatment. We demonstrate that the resulting chalcogenide films exhibit an excellent catalytic activity and function as highly efficient counter electrodes (CEs) for dye- and quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (DSCs and QDSCs). In particular, the FeSe2 and CuSe films produced herein with novel morphologies show better catalytic activity than that of the conventional Pt coated CE used in DSCs and Cu2S in QDSCs, respectively. Ensuing devices present an improved photovoltaic performance with maximum values of 9.10% for DSCs and 4.94% for QDSCs, comparable to those based on Pt and Cu2S CEs. The efficient CE materials developed here from such a facile and scalable route offer strong potential for a broader solar cell application that requires low-cost and large-scale production. more...
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- 2015
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5. Correlating the Lifetime and Fluorine Content of Iridium(III) Emitters in Green Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells
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Daniel Tordera, Henk J. Bolink, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Etienne Baranoff, Antonio Pertegás, Enrique Ortí, Juan José Serrano-Pérez, and Julien Frey
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Materials science ,business.industry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Ionic bonding ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Chemistry ,stability ,Electroluminescence ,Green-light ,iridium emitters ,Electrochemical cell ,chemistry ,Materials Chemistry ,Fluorine ,Physics::Accelerator Physics ,Optoelectronics ,Iridium ,business ,Phosphorescence ,electroluminescent devices ,Common emitter - Abstract
In light-emitting electrochemical cells, the lifetime of the device is intrinsically linked to the stability of the phosphorescent emitter. In this study, we present a series of ionic iridium(III) emitters based on cyclometalating phenylpyridine ligands whose fluorine substituents are varied in terms of position and number. Importantly, despite these structural modifications, the emitters exhibit virtually identical electrochemical and spectroscopic properties, which allows for proper comparison in functional devices. Quantum chemical calculations support the properties measured in solution and suggest great similarities regarding the electronic structures of the emitters. In electroluminescent devices the initial luminance efficiency, and efficacy are also relatively unaffected throughout the series. However, a shorter device lifetime is obtained upon increasing the fluorine content of the emitter, which suggests drawbacks of such electron withdrawing substituents for the design of ionic iridium(III) emitters. more...
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- 2013
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6. Evaluating the Critical Thickness of TiO2Layer on Insulating Mesoporous Templates for Efficient Current Collection in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
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Florian Kessler, Michael Grätzel, Chenyi Yi, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Pascal Comte, Aravind Kumar Chandiran, and Robin Humphry-Baker
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Materials science ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Substrate (electronics) ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Overlayer ,Biomaterials ,Atomic layer deposition ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Electrochemistry ,Photocurrent ,business.industry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,0104 chemical sciences ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,chemistry ,Titanium dioxide ,Optoelectronics ,0210 nano-technology ,business ,Mesoporous material ,Layer (electronics) - Abstract
In this paper, we present a way of utilizing thin and conformal overlayer of titanium dioxide on insulating mesoporous template as a photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC). Different thicknesses of TiO2 ranging from 1 nm to 15 nm are deposited on the surface of the template by atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. This systematic study helps unravelling the minimum critical thickness of the TiO2 overlayer required to transport the photogenerated electrons efficiently. A merely 6 nm thick TiO2 film on a 3 μm mesoporous insulating substrate is shown to transport 8 mA/cm2 of photocurrent density along with 900 mV of open-circuit potential when using our standard donor-π-acceptor sensitizer and Co(bipyridine) redox mediator. more...
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- 2013
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7. Anatase TiO2 Hollow Microspheres Fabricated by Continuous Spray Pyrolysis as a Scattering Layer in Dye-Sensitised Solar Cells
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Viresh Dutta, Michael Grätzel, Aravind Kumar Chandiran, Charu Dwivedi, and Md. K. Nazeeruddin
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Anatase ,scattering layer ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Scattering ,Energy conversion efficiency ,Light scattering ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,Optics ,spray ,Energy(all) ,Chemical engineering ,Screen printing ,TiO2 ,DSSC ,Particle size ,business ,Layer (electronics) - Abstract
TiO 2 hollow spheres, synthesised using Continuous Spray Pyrolysis (CoSP) reactor, were utilised as a scattering layer in dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSC) and the device performance was investigated. The size of the TiO 2 hollow spheres was about 170-300 nm and the thickness of the shell was about 55-60 nm. D SSC fabrication involved screen printing the TiO 2 hollow spheres (HSs) as a scattering layer on top of TiO 2 transparent layer (10 μm thick; 20 nm particle size) making a total thickness of 15 μm. The results suggested that the DSSC containing TiO 2 HSs layer showed power conversion efficiency of 7.46% which is better than that containing single layer TiO 2 transparent film (7.1%). This might be attributed to TiO 2 HSs layer acting as light scattering layer. Hence the cell exhibits an enhanced light-harvesting performance, therefore leading to an increment of photovoltaic performance compared to that for pure TiO 2 transparent film. more...
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- 2013
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8. Unravelling the Potential for Dithienopyrrole Sensitizers in Dye- Sensitized Solar Cells
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Michael Grätzel, Basile F. E. Curchod, Robin Humphry-Baker, Aswani Yella, Ursula Rothlisberger, Julien Frey, Ivano Tavernelli, Joël Teuscher, Lauren E. Polander, Jacques-E. Moser, Negar Ashari Astani, Peng Gao, and Md. K. Nazeeruddin more...
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Quantum chemical ,Absorption spectroscopy ,D−π−A ,Chemistry ,General Chemical Engineering ,Kinetics ,Energy conversion efficiency ,dithienopyrrole ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Photochemistry ,Electrochemistry ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,0104 chemical sciences ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Materials Chemistry ,dye-sensitized solar cells ,0210 nano-technology ,HOMO/LUMO ,Pyrrole - Abstract
Two D−π−A dyes based on the dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]pyrrole π-bridge (DTP) were synthesized, characterized using UV−vis absorption spectroscopy and electrochemistry, modeled using quantum chemical calculations, and used as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The photoelectrochemical properties and DSC performance are thoroughly compared with their cyclopenta[1,2-b:5,4-b′]dithiophene (CPDT) analogues. The use of DTP results in a small increase in the zero−zero transition energy reflecting the higher lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital that is commonly reported for DTP relative to CPDT systems. This increased optical gap manifests in slightly blue-shifted incident photon-to-collected electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) responses; however, increased open- circuit photovoltage values and improved charge-transfer kinetics relative to the CPDT systems result in comparable power conversion efficiencies. The present report highlights the potential of DTP for the development of tailored sensitizers employing stronger acceptors. more...
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- 2013
9. Mesoscopic CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 Heterojunction Solar Cells
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Bin Liu, Qin Peng, Zhaosheng Xue, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Peng Gao, Michael Grätzel, Lioz Etgar, and Aravind Kumar Chandiran
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Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,7. Clean energy ,Biochemistry ,Catalysis ,Polymer solar cell ,law.invention ,Colloid and Surface Chemistry ,law ,Solar cell ,Plasmonic solar cell ,Photocurrent ,methyl ammonium iodide ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,lead perovskite ,Heterojunction ,General Chemistry ,Hybrid solar cell ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,solar cell ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,Light intensity ,Optoelectronics ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
We report for the first time on a hole conductor-free mesoscopic methylammonium lead iodide (CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3)) perovskite/TiO(2) heterojunction solar cell, produced by deposition of perovskite nanoparticles from a solution of CH(3)NH(3)I and PbI(2) in γ-butyrolactone on a 400 nm thick film of TiO(2) (anatase) nanosheets exposing (001) facets. A gold film was evaporated on top of the CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3) as a back contact. Importantly, the CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3) nanoparticles assume here simultaneously the roles of both light harvester and hole conductor, rendering superfluous the use of an additional hole transporting material. The simple mesoscopic CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3)/TiO(2) heterojunction solar cell shows impressive photovoltaic performance, with short-circuit photocurrent J(sc)= 16.1 mA/cm(2), open-circuit photovoltage V(oc) = 0.631 V, and a fill factor FF = 0.57, corresponding to a light to electric power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.5% under standard AM 1.5 solar light of 1000 W/m(2) intensity. At a lower light intensity of 100W/m(2), a PCE of 7.3% was measured. The advent of such simple solution-processed mesoscopic heterojunction solar cells paves the way to realize low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells. more...
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- 2012
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10. Effect of Interfacial Engineering in Solid-State Nanostructured Sb2S3Heterojunction Solar Cells
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Michael Grätzel, Lioz Etgar, Yusuke Niwa, Thomas Moehl, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, and Takafumi Fukumoto
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Materials science ,Web of science ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Solid-state ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,Heterojunction ,business ,Engineering physics ,Interfacial engineering - Abstract
Keywords: inorganic-organic heterojunction ; Sb2S3 ; DPA treatment ; recombination Reference EPFL-ARTICLE-185563doi:10.1002/aenm.201200540View record in Web of Science Record created on 2013-03-28, modified on 2016-08-09 more...
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- 2012
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11. A Simple Approach to Room Temperature Phosphorescent Allenylidene Complexes
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Basile F. E. Curchod, Florian Kessler, Ursula Rothlisberger, Etienne Baranoff, Ivano Tavernelli, Davide Di Censo, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Rosario Scopelliti, and Michael Grätzel
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cumulenes ,Web of science ,phosphorescent iridium complexes ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Cumulene ,General Medicine ,General Chemistry ,Photochemistry ,Combinatorial chemistry ,Catalysis ,carbenes ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,alkynyl complexes ,chemistry ,allenylidene complexes ,Iridium ,Phosphorescence ,Carbene - Abstract
Keywords: alkynyl complexes ; allenylidene complexes ; carbenes ; cumulenes ; phosphorescent iridium complexes Reference EPFL-ARTICLE-179446doi:10.1002/anie.201203329View record in Web of Science Record created on 2012-07-02, modified on 2017-12-03 more...
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- 2012
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12. Heteroleptic ruthenium complex containing substituted triphenylamine hole-transport unit as sensitizer for stable dye-sensitized solar cell
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Jun-Ho Yum, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Mukundan Thelakkat, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, Chedarampet S. Karthikeyan, Helga Wietasch, Michael Grätzel, and Soo-Jin Moon
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Materials science ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Ligand ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Ether ,Photochemistry ,Triphenylamine ,Polymer solar cell ,Ruthenium ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bipyridine ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,chemistry ,General Materials Science ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Triethylene glycol - Abstract
A new heteroleptic ruthenium(II) complex cis-di(thiocyanato)(4,4 0 -dicarboxylic acid-2,2 0 bipyridine)(4,4 0 -bis[(triethylene glycol methyl ether)(ditolylamine phenyl)ethenyl]-2,2 0 -bipyridine) ruthenium(II) (Ru-TPA-EO-NCS) was synthesized and characterized as a sensitizer for dyesensitized solar cell application. The ligand contributes to enhance the light harvesting yield rendering a high short-circuit current density of 18.3 mA/cm 2 at full sun condition (1000 W/m 2 ) more...
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- 2012
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13. Hole-conducting mediator for stable Sb2S3-sensitized photoelectrochemical solar cells
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Hi-jung Kim, Choong-Sun Lim, Yongku Kang, Michael Grätzel, Yong Hui Lee, Jae Hui Rhee, Nilkamal Maiti, Jeong Ah Chang, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Sang Il Seok, and Sang Hyuk Im
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Inorganic chemistry ,Iodide ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Chemistry ,Electrolyte ,Redox ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Nickel ,chemistry ,Ferrocene ,Materials Chemistry ,Imide ,Cobalt ,Polysulfide - Abstract
Iodide redox (3I−/I3−), polysulfide redox (S2−/Sx2−), organic redox [TMTU/TMFDS2+: tetramethylthiourea/tetramethylformaminium-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide], ferrocene redox (Fc/Fc+), nickel redox [Ni(II)/Ni(III)], and cobalt redox [Co(II)/Co(III)] hole conducting electrolytes were systematically investigated to determine their suitability for use in Sb2S3-sensitized photoelectrochemical solar cells. A long-term stability test and UV-visible spectral analyses revealed that Sb2S3-sensitized photoelectrochemical solar cells worked stably with Co(II)(o-phen)3(TFSI)2/Co(III)(o-phen)3(TFSI)3 [TFSI: bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide] as the redox mediator. more...
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- 2012
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14. Porphyrin-Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt (II/III)–Based Redox Electrolyte Exceed 12 Percent Efficiency
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Eric Wei-Guang Diau, Chen-Yu Yeh, Chenyi Yi, Hoi Nok Tsao, Aravind Kumar Chandiran, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Hsuan-Wei Lee, Michael Grätzel, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, and Aswani Yella
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Charge-Transport ,Photovoltaic Cells ,Iodide ,Inorganic chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,Electrolyte ,010402 general chemistry ,Photochemistry ,Tio2 Electrode ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Redox ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Electron transfer ,Complexes ,Couple ,Conversion Efficiencies ,Triiodide ,Arrays ,Films ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Multidisciplinary ,Transfer Mediators ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Porphyrin ,Recombination ,0104 chemical sciences ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,chemistry ,0210 nano-technology ,Cobalt - Abstract
The iodide/triiodide redox shuttle has limited the efficiencies accessible in dye-sensitized solar cells. Here, we report mesoscopic solar cells that incorporate a Co((II/III))tris(bipyridyl)-based redox electrolyte in conjunction with a custom synthesized donor-pi-bridge-acceptor zinc porphyrin dye as sensitizer (designated YD2-o-C8). The specific molecular design of YD2-o-C8 greatly retards the rate of interfacial back electron transfer from the conduction band of the nanocrystalline titanium dioxide film to the oxidized cobalt mediator, which enables attainment of strikingly high photovoltages approaching 1 volt. Because the YD2-o-C8 porphyrin harvests sunlight across the visible spectrum, large photocurrents are generated. Cosensitization of YD2-o-C8 with another organic dye further enhances the performance of the device, leading to a measured power conversion efficiency of 12.3% under simulated air mass 1.5 global sunlight. more...
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- 2011
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15. Design and Development of Novel Linker for PbS Quantum Dots/TiO2 Mesoscopic Solar cell
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Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Jinhyung Park, Lioz Etgar, Michael Graetzel, Guido Viscardi, and Claudia Barolo
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Materials science ,quantum dots ,Nanotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,heterojunction solar cells ,law ,Solar cell ,Molecule ,General Materials Science ,Bifunctional ,mesoporous TiO2 ,Photovoltaic system ,Heterojunction ,phosphinic acid ,bifunctional molecular linker ,PbS ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,chemistry ,Quantum dot ,0210 nano-technology ,Mesoporous material ,Linker - Abstract
A novel bifunctional linker molecule, bis(4-mercaptophenyl)phosphinic acid, is designed to be used in a QDs solar cells. The linker anchors to TiO2 mesoporous film through the phosphinic acid functional group and to the PbS QDs through the two thiol groups. The way of attachment of this new linker molecule in a photovoltaic PbS QDs/TiO2 mesoporous device was studied by FTIR measurements. The photovoltaic performance of this new linker in a heterojunction PbS QDs solar cell show high Voc relative to QDs based solar cells, which will allow to receive high power conversion efficiency using this novel designed linker. This novel bifunctional linker molecule should pave the way for enhancing binding strength, and efficiency of QDs solar cells compared to the state-of-the-art linkers. more...
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- 2011
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16. RETRACTED: Advances in colloidal quantum dot solar cells: The depleted-heterojunction device
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Gerasimos Konstantatos, Ines Raabe, Larissa Levina, Andras G. Pattantyus-Abraham, Michael Grätzel, Ratan Debnath, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Illan J. Kramer, Aaron R. Barkhouse, Edward H. Sargent, and Xihua Wang more...
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Materials science ,business.industry ,Photovoltaic system ,Metals and Alloys ,Nanotechnology ,Heterojunction ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Hybrid solar cell ,Quantum dot solar cell ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,law.invention ,law ,Quantum dot ,Photovoltaics ,Solar cell ,Materials Chemistry ,Optoelectronics ,business ,Solar power - Abstract
Colloidal quantum dot (CQD) photovoltaics combine low-cost solution processibility with quantum size-effect tunability to match absorption with the solar spectrum. Recent advances in CQD photovoltaics have led to 3.6% AM1.5 solar power conversion efficiencies. Here we report CQD photovoltaic devices on transparent conductive oxides and show that our devices rely on the establishment of a depletion region for field-driven charge transport and separation. The resultant depleted-heterojunction solar cells provide a 5.1% AM1.5 power conversion efficiency. The devices employ infrared-bandgap size-effect-tuned PbS colloidal quantum dots, enabling broadband harvesting of the solar spectrum. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. more...
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- 2011
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17. Design of Dye Acceptors for Photovoltaics from First-Principles Calculations
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Michael Grätzel, Efthimios Kaxiras, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, and Sheng Meng
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Generalized-Gradient-Approximation ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Electronic structure ,Electron ,Molecules ,Photochemistry ,Acceptor ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,General Energy ,Sensitized Solar-Cells ,Density-Functional Theory ,Photovoltaics ,Group (periodic table) ,Tio2 ,Molecule ,Density functional theory ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,business ,Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) ,Organic-Dyes - Abstract
We investigate a set of donor-pi-acceptor (D-pi-A) dyes with new acceptor groups for dye-sensitized solar cells, using time-dependent density-functional-theory calculations of the electronic structure and optical absorption. We considered three types of modifications on existing dye structures: (i) replacement of the side cyano group (CN) on the molecular anchor, (ii) insertion and alteration of the intermediate spacer groups, and (iii) modification of the number and positions of cyano CN groups on a phenyl-ring spacer. We find that with these modifications, the dye electronic levels and corresponding optical absorption properties can be gradually tuned, rendering possible the identification of dyes with desirable structural, electronic, and optical properties. For example, dyes with phenyl and CN-substituted phenyl groups are promising candidates for red light absorption and high molar extinction coefficients. more...
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- 2011
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18. Convenient synthesis of tridentate 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-4-carboxypyridine and tetradentate 6,6′-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-4,4′-dicarboxy-2,2′-bipyridine ligands
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Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Michael Grätzel, Etienne Baranoff, and Cedric Klein
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Reaction conditions ,Ligand ,Stereochemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,Pyrazole ,Biochemistry ,Medicinal chemistry ,2,2'-Bipyridine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Citrazinic acid ,Bipyridine ,chemistry ,Drug Discovery ,Pyridine - Abstract
Citrazinic acid is used as a convenient starting material for both tridentate 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-pyridine and tetradentate 6,6'-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-2,2'-bipyridine ligands containing carboxylic groups useful for further anchoring of sensitizer on TiO2 for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Using 2,6-dichloro-4-carboxypyridine, the synthesis of the terdentate ligands was improved compared to previously used 2,6-dibromo-4-carboxypyridine or 2,6-dichloro-4-ethylcarboxylate pyridine. Controlling the reaction conditions, it is possible to efficiently obtain the monosubstituted 2-chloro-6-pyrazol-1-yl-4-carboxypyridine, a key intermediate for the preparation of tetradentate 6,6'-di(pyrazol-1-yl)-4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine ligand. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. more...
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- 2011
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19. Convenient synthesis of functionalized 4,4′-disubstituted-2,2′-bipyridine with extended π-system for dye-sensitized solar cell applications
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Cedric Klein, Michael Grätzel, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, and Etienne Baranoff
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Organic Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,Chromophore ,Photochemistry ,Biochemistry ,Combinatorial chemistry ,2,2'-Bipyridine ,law.invention ,Ruthenium ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bipyridine ,chemistry ,law ,Drug Discovery ,Solar cell - Abstract
Exploration of new ruthenium-based sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) applications requires an easy access to multifunctionalized ligands for efficient screening of sensitizers' properties. Based on the Horner-Emmons-Wadsworth reaction, a convenient synthetic route for the extension of the it-system on 4,4'-disubstituted-2,2'-bipyridines was used to develop a novel series of functionalized 2,2'-bipyridine ligands with either electron-withdrawing or donating end-capping group. H-1 NMR spectroscopy revealed that all the new bipyridyl ligands were obtained exclusively in their fully E isomers. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. more...
- Published
- 2010
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20. Unsymmetrical squaraine dimer with an extended π-electron framework: An approach in harvesting near infra-red photons for energy conversion
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Thomas Geiger, Michael Grätzel, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Frédéric Sauvage, Frank Nüesch, and Simon Kuster
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Squaraine dye ,NIR-absorber ,Design ,Cyanine Dyes ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,General Chemical Engineering ,Dimer ,Solvatochromism ,Efficiency ,Photochemistry ,Synthesis ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Sensitized Solar-Cells ,chemistry ,Knoevenagel condensation ,Molecular modelling ,Triiodide ,Cyclic voltammetry ,Dye sensitized solar cell ,HOMO/LUMO ,Films - Abstract
A fully conjugated unsymmetrical dimeric squaraine dye was synthesized. The synthetic key step for this dye, a selective Knoevenagel type condensation of end groups to the core moiety, allows the incorporation of a carboxylic acid function essentially for the strong coupling to the titanium dioxide (TiO2) surface. Moreover, the dimer exhibit outstanding optical properties such as absorption maximum in the NIR region with a huge molar absorption coefficient. The solvatochromic effects were also studied. Furthermore the electrochemical properties were determined with cyclic voltammetry. The reduction potential is just high enough to allow an efficient photo induced charge injection into the conduction band of the TiO2 semiconductor and the oxidation potential lies about 300 mV below the potential of the iodide / triiodide redox couple providing a good regeneration driving force. From electron density distribution calculations of the optimized BSQ01 structure we could see the directional charge displacement from the solvent exposed side in the HOMO to the carboxyl anchor group in the LUMO. The dimer was immobilised on TiO2 nanoparticles and a first dye sensitized solar cell was made as a proof-of-concept. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. more...
- Published
- 2010
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21. High Excitation Transfer Efficiency from Energy Relay Dyes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
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Tomás Torres, Jun-Ho Yum, Michael Grätzel, Peter Pechy, Eric T. Hoke, Young Chul Jun, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Michael D. McGehee, Brian E. Hardin, and Mark L. Brongersma
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Morphology ,Mesoporous Materials ,Analytical chemistry ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Electrolyte ,010402 general chemistry ,Photochemistry ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Differential scanning calorimetry ,law ,Solar cell ,Tio2 Films ,titania ,General Materials Science ,Solubility ,Thin film ,Acetonitrile ,energy transfer ,Dcm ,Conversion Efficiency ,Mechanical Engineering ,energy relay dye ,Energy conversion efficiency ,dye-sensitized dolar cell ,General Chemistry ,Red ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,0104 chemical sciences ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,chemistry ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The energy relay dye, 4-(Dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM), was used with a near-infrared sensitizing dye, TT1, to increase the overall power conversion efficiency of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) from 3.5% to 4.5%. The unattached DCM dyes exhibit an average excitation transfer efficiency (ETE) of 96% inside TT1-covered, mesostructured TiO(2) films. Further performance increases were limited by the solubility of DCM in an acetonitrile based electrolyte. This demonstration shows that energy relay dyes can be efficiently implemented in optimized dye-sensitized solar cells, but also highlights the need to design highly soluble energy relay dyes with high molar extinction coefficients. more...
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- 2010
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22. Efficient CdSe Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells Prepared by an Improved Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction Process
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Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, Peter Chen, Hyo Joong Lee, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Michael Grätzel, Mingkui Wang, and Daniel R. Gamelin
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Macromolecular Substances ,Surface Properties ,Inorganic chemistry ,Molecular Conformation ,Ionic bonding ,Bioengineering ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Electric Power Supplies ,Adsorption ,Selenide ,Materials Testing ,Quantum Dots ,Cadmium Compounds ,Solar Energy ,Nanotechnology ,General Materials Science ,Particle Size ,Thin film ,Selenium Compounds ,Ions ,Mechanical Engineering ,Equipment Design ,General Chemistry ,Photoelectrochemical cell ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Cadmium telluride photovoltaics ,Nanostructures ,Equipment Failure Analysis ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Nanocrystal ,Quantum dot ,Crystallization - Abstract
In pursuit of efficient quantum dot (QD)-sensitized solar cells based on mesoporous TiO(2) photoanodes, a new procedure for preparing selenide (Se(2-)) was developed and used for depositing CdSe QDs in situ over TiO(2) mesopores by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) process in ethanol. The sizes and density of CdSe QDs over TiO(2) were controlled by the number of SILAR cycles applied. After some optimization of these QD-sensitized TiO(2) films in regenerative photoelectrochemical cells using a cobalt redox couple [Co(o-phen)(3)(2+/3+)], including addition of a final layer of CdTe, over 4% overall efficiencies were achieved at 100 W/m(2) with about 50% IPCE at its maximum. Light-harvesting properties and transient voltage decay/impedance measurements confirmed that CdTe-terminated CdSe QD cells gave better charge-collection efficiencies and kinetic parameters than corresponding CdSe QD cells. In a preliminary study, a CdSe(Te) QD-sensitized TiO(2) film was combined with an organic hole conductor, spiro-OMeTAD, and shown to exhibit a promising efficiency of 1.6% at 100 W/m(2) in inorganic/organic hybrid all-solid-state cells. more...
- Published
- 2009
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23. PbS and CdS Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solid-State Solar Cells: 'Old Concepts, New Results'
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Tomás Torres, Michael Grätzel, Henry C. Leventis, Hyo Joong Lee, Saif A. Haque, Frank Nüesch, Thomas Geiger, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, Soo-Jin Moon, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Seigo Ito, and Peter Chen
- Subjects
Materials science ,Ionic bonding ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,Zinc ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Biomaterials ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Adsorption ,Electrochemistry ,Lead sulfide ,business.industry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Cadmium sulfide ,0104 chemical sciences ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Transmission electron microscopy ,Quantum dot ,Electrode ,Optoelectronics ,0210 nano-technology ,business - Abstract
Lead sulfide (PbS) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots (QDs) are prepared over mesoporous TiO2 films by a successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) process. These QDs are exploited as a sensitizer in solid-state solar cells with 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) as a hole conductor. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images reveal that PbS QDs of around 3 nm in size are distributed homogeneously over the TiO2 surface and are well separated from each other if prepared under common SILAR deposition conditions. The pore size of the TiO2 films and the deposition medium are found to be very critical in determining the overall performance of the solid-state QD cells. By incorporating promising inorganic QDs (PbS) and an organic hole conductor spiro-OMeTAD into the solid-state cells, it is possible to attain an efficiency of over 1% for PbS-sensitized solid-state cells after some optimizations. The optimized deposition cycle of the SILAR process for PbS QDs has also been confirmed by transient spectroscopic studies on the hole generation of spiro-OMeTAD. In addition, it is established that the PbS QD layer plays a role in mediating the interfacial recombination between the spiro-OMeTAD+ cation and the TiO2 conduction band electron, and that the lifetime of these species can change by around 2 orders of magnitude by varying the number of SILAR cycles used. When a near infrared (NIR)-absorbing zinc carboxyphthalocyanine dye (TT1) is added on top of the PbS-sensitized electrode to obtain a panchromatic response, two signals from each component are observed, which results in an improved efficiency. In particular, when a CdS-sensitized electrode is first prepared, and then co-sensitized with a squarine dye (SQ1), the resulting color change is clearly an addition of each component and the overall efficiencies are also added in a more synergistic way than those in PbS/TT1-modified cells because of favorable charge-transfer energetics. more...
- Published
- 2009
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24. An Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell with an Organic Sensitizer Encapsulated in a Cyclodextrin Cavity
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Guohua Gao, Michael Grätzel, Hyunbong Choi, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Hong Seok Kang, Sang Ook Kang, Jaejung Ko, and Moon-Sung Kang
- Subjects
energy conversion ,Dendrimers ,Materials science ,Web of science ,Nanocrystalline Tio2 Films ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Charge-Transfer ,Photochemistry ,Catalysis ,host-guest systems ,Dendrimer ,Molecular Control ,Energy transformation ,Ruthenium Sensitizer ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,cyclodextrins ,Cyclodextrin ,Recombination Dynamics ,General Chemistry ,Molecular control ,General Medicine ,Nanocrystalline material ,Ruthenium ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,chemistry ,solar cells ,Blocking Layers ,dyes/pigments - Abstract
Keywords: cyclodextrins ; dyes/pigments ; energy conversion ; host-guest systems ; solar cells ; Nanocrystalline Tio2 Films ; Recombination Dynamics ; Charge-Transfer ; Ruthenium Sensitizer ; Molecular Control ; Blocking Layers ; Dendrimers Reference EPFL-ARTICLE-159593doi:10.1002/anie.200902013View record in Web of Science Record created on 2010-11-30, modified on 2017-05-12 more...
- Published
- 2009
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25. Facile preparation of large aspect ratio ellipsoidal anatase TiO2 nanoparticles and their application to dye-sensitized solar cell
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Muga Vithal, Sang Il Seok, In Chan Baek, Yong-Chae Chung, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Jun-Ho Yum, Michael Grätzel, and Jeong Ah Chang
- Subjects
Anatase ,Materials science ,Aspect ratio ,Titanium-Dioxide ,TiO2 nanorods ,Nanotechnology ,Growth ,Insights ,law.invention ,lcsh:Chemistry ,law ,Solar cell ,Ellipsoidal anatase ,Electrochemistry ,Arrays ,Film ,Range (particle radiation) ,Aqueous solution ,Tio2 nanoparticles ,Peroxotitanate complex ,Shape ,Nanocrystalline material ,Nanocrystals ,Nanotube ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,Chemical engineering ,lcsh:Industrial electrochemistry ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,Phase ,Rutile Tio2 ,lcsh:TP250-261 - Abstract
A simple one-step heat-treatment of peroxotitanate complex aqueous solution at around 100 °C was resulted in the formation of ellipsoidal anatase TiO2 nanoparticles having a high aspect ratio with no branches. The length of these ellipsoidal TiO2 falls in the range of 200–350 nm, depending on mole ratio of Ti4+/H2O2. Dye-sensitized solar cell based on these ellipsoidal nanocrystalline TiO2 as photoanode was fabricated and characterized. Keywords: TiO2 nanorods, Ellipsoidal anatase, Peroxotitanate complex, Dye-sensitized solar cell more...
- Published
- 2009
26. CdSe Quantum Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells Exceeding Efficiency 1% at Full-Sun Intensity
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Henry C. Leventis, Sang Il Seok, Hyo Joong Lee, Jun-Ho Yum, Michael Grätzel, Saif A. Haque, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Peter Chen, and Shaik M. Zakeeruddin
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Materials science ,Nanocrystalline Tio2 Films ,Quantum dot solar cell ,Polymer solar cell ,law.invention ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,law ,Titanium-Dioxide Films ,Solar cell ,Electron-Transport ,Light Energy ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Ruthenium Sensitizer ,Charge Separation ,Self-Assembled Layers ,Redox Couple ,integumentary system ,Cadmium selenide ,Photovoltaic Cell ,business.industry ,Photovoltaic system ,Extinction Coefficient ,Hybrid solar cell ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Multiple exciton generation ,General Energy ,chemistry ,Quantum dot ,Optoelectronics ,business - Abstract
Colloidal cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots (QDs) have been prepared and exploited as inorganic dyes to sensitize a large-band-gap TiO 2 layer for QD-sensitized solar cells. The optimized QD-sensitized solar cells exhibited an unprecedented incident photon-to-charge carrier generation efficiency of 36% and an overall conversion efficiency of over 1.7% at 0.1 sun and 1% at full sun intensity with a cobalt(II/III)-based redox system. The photovoltaic characteristics of CdSe QD-sensitized cells are compared with standard dye-sensitized solar cells, in which the former exhibited about half of the efficiency of the latter. From the kinetics of charge transfer monitored using transient spectroscopic and voltage decay measurements in the CdSe QD-sensitized cell, the regeneration yield of oxidized QDs was found to be close to almost unity, and the electron lifetime was longer in the CdSe QD-sensitized cell than in the dye-sensitized solar cell. more...
- Published
- 2008
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27. Highly Efficient and Thermally Stable Organic Sensitizers for Solvent-Free Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
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Jaejung Ko, Chul Baik, Hyunbong Choi, Sang Ook Kang, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Michael Grätzel, and Moon-Sung Kang
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chemistry.chemical_compound ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,Solvent free ,Web of science ,Chemistry ,Ionic liquid ,General Chemistry ,General Medicine ,Electrochemistry ,Photochemistry ,Catalysis - Abstract
Reference LPI-ARTICLE-2008-048doi:10.1002/anie.200703852View record in Web of Science Record created on 2008-01-16, modified on 2016-08-08
- Published
- 2008
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28. Multistep electron transfer processes on dye co-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO(sub 2) films
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Clifford, John N., Palomares, Emilio, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Thampi, Ravindranathan, Gratzel, Michael, and Durrant, James R.
- Subjects
Dyes and dyeing -- Research ,Titanium compounds -- Research ,Charge transfer -- Research ,Chemistry - Abstract
A different approach for achieving a molecular electron-transfer cascade at a dye/TiO(sub 2) interface is reported. It uses two spatially separated layers of distinct sensitizer dyes to achieve a vectorial movement of the oxidized dye species. more...
- Published
- 2004
29. Unsymmetrical alkoxy zinc phthalocyanine for sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 films
- Author
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V. Gopal Reddy, Lingamallu Giribabu, P. Yella Reddy, Ch. Srinivasa Rao, Jun-Ho Yum, Song-Rim Jang, Michael Grätzel, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, and Ch. Vijay Kumar
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Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Chemistry ,Photochemistry ,Fluorescence ,Nanocrystalline material ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Alkoxy group ,medicine ,Phthalocyanine ,Photosensitizer ,Solubility ,Cyclic voltammetry ,Sensitization - Abstract
A new photosensitizer, unsymmetrical alkoxy zinc phthalocyanine based on ‘push–pull’ concept, has been synthesized and fully characterized by CHN, MALDI-TOF, UV–Vis, fluorescence spectroscopies and cyclic voltammetry. The new phthalocyanine photosensitizer has eight alkoxy and two carboxyl groups that act as electron releasing (push) and withdrawing (pull), respectively. Moreover, the alkoxy groups increase the solubility of the new photosensitizer in common organic solvents, and the two carboxyl groups serve to graft on to nanocrystalline TiO2. The new photosensitizer was tested in dye-sensitized solar cells and its performance was compared with PCH001. more...
- Published
- 2007
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30. Phenomenally High Molar Extinction Coefficient Sensitizer with 'Donor−Acceptor' Ligands for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Applications
- Author
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Jun-Ho Yum, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Sang Ook Kang, Michael Grätzel, Jaejung Ko, Robin Humphry-Baker, Hyunbong Choi, and Chong-Chan Lee
- Subjects
Photocurrent ,Absorption spectroscopy ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Molar absorptivity ,Photochemistry ,Nanocrystalline material ,Ruthenium ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,Bipyridine ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Absorption (chemistry) - Abstract
A phenomenally high molar extinction coefficient heteroleptic ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(4,4'-carboxylic acid-2,2'-bipyridine)(4,4'-(4-{4-methyl-2,5-bis[3-methylbutoxy]styryl}-2,5-bis[3-methylbutoxy]-2,2'-bipyridine)(NCS) 2] ( DCSC13) was synthesized by incorporating donor-acceptor ligands. The absorption spectrum of the DCSC13 sensitizer is dominated by metal-to-ligand charge-transfer transitions (MLCT) in the visible region, with absorption maxima appearing at 442 and 554 nm. The lowest MLCT absorption bands are red-shifted, and the molar extinction coefficients of these bands are significantly higher at 72,100 and 30,600 M(-1) cm(-1), respectively, when compared to those of the analogous [Ru(4,4'-carboxylic acid-2,2'-bipyridine)(4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine)(NCS)2] (N820) sensitizer. The DCSC13 complex, when anchored on nanocrystalline TiO 2 films, exhibited increased short-circuit photocurrent and consequent power-conversion efficiency when compared with the N820 sensitizer. more...
- Published
- 2007
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31. Adapting Ruthenium Sensitizers to Cobalt Electrolyte Systems
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Michael Grätzel, Tomás Torres, Maxence Urbani, David González-Rodríguez, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Mine Ince, María Medel, Aravind Kumar Chandiran, Ashok N. Bhaskarwar, and Sangeeta Amit Kumar
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Ligand ,Iodide ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Photochemistry ,7. Clean energy ,Porphyrin ,Ruthenium ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Bipyridine ,Dicarboxylic acid ,chemistry ,Organic chemistry ,General Materials Science ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Cobalt - Abstract
In this work, we report the use of bulky substitutions in a new heteroleptic ruthenium(II) bipyridine complex, Ru(NCS)2LL', coded TT-230 to obtain high open-circuit potential in a dye-sensitized solar cell (where L is a bipyridine ligand appended with two cyclopenta(2,1-b;3,4-bA)dithiophene moieties, and L' = 4,4,'-dicarboxylic acid 2,2'-bipyridine). The electrolytes based on cobalt complexes have shown significant advantages in terms of attainable open-circuit potential compared to the standard iodide/tri-iodide redox mediators. These merits of the cobalt complexes were previously realized with a porphyrin sensitizer, achieving a VOC greater than 1 V in DSC. However, with conventional Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes such as the C101 dye, similar increase in the VOC could not be attained due to the enhanced recombination. In this work, we have shown that the use of bulky substituents can prevent the back reaction of photogenerated electron and subsequently increase the open-circuit potential of the device. The recombination processes were investigated by transient photovoltage decay measurements. more...
- Published
- 2015
32. Photovoltaic characterization of dye-sensitized solar cells: effect of device masking on conversion efficiency
- Author
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Raphaël Charvet, Peter Pechy, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Michael Grätzel, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, Pascal Comte, Andreas Kay, Marie Jirousek, Seigo Ito, and Paul Liska
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Masking (art) ,Materials science ,Web of science ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,business.industry ,Energy conversion efficiency ,Photovoltaic system ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Characterization (materials science) ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,Optics ,Energy transformation ,Optoelectronics ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business - Abstract
Reference LPI-ARTICLE-2006-037doi:10.1002/pip.683View record in Web of Science Record created on 2006-11-09, modified on 2017-05-12
- Published
- 2006
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33. Stepwise assembly of amphiphilic ruthenium sensitizers and their applications in dye-sensitized solar cell
- Author
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Pascal Comte, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, K. Schenk, Guido Viscardi, Michael Graetzel, Paul Liska, J.-J. Lagref, Claudia Barolo, and Md. K. Nazeeruddin
- Subjects
hydrophobic ruthenium complexes ,Dimer ,photovoltaic cells ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Photochemistry ,Inorganic Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,DESIGN ,solar energy conversion ,Pyridine ,Materials Chemistry ,dye-sensitized solar cells ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Acetonitrile ,nanocrystalline TiO2 films ,amphiphilic heteroleptic ruthenium(II) sensitizers ,POLYPYRIDYL COMPLEXES ,Photocurrent ,Open-circuit voltage ,ELECTRON INJECTION ,STATE ,Nanocrystalline material ,Ruthenium ,CONVERSION ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,chemistry ,METAL-COMPLEXES ,ACID ,PHOTOSENSITIZERS ,BEHAVIOR - Abstract
A novel synthetic route for preparation of amphiphilic heteroleptic ruthenium(II) complexes of the type [Ru(H 2 dcbpy)Cl(cymene)]NO 3 ( 1 ) [Ru(H 2 dcbpy)(dmbpy)(NCS) 2 ] ( 2 ), [Ru(H 2 dcbpy)(dhbpy)(NCS) 2 ] ( 3 ) [Ru(H 2 dcbpy)(dnbpy)(NCS) 2 ] ( 4 ) and [Ru(H 2 dcbpy)(dtdbpy)(NCS) 2 ] ( 5 ) have been developed starting from dichloro( p -cymene)ruthenium(II) dimer. The performance of these complexes as charge-transfer photosensitizers in nanocrystalline TiO 2 -based solar cells was studied. When anchored complexes 2 – 5 onto a 12+4 μm thick nanocrystalline TiO 2 films achieve very efficient sensitization over 85±5% incident photon-to-current efficiencies (IPCEs) in the visible region. Under standard AM 1.5 sunlight, using an electrolyte consisting of 0.6 M BMII; 0.05 M I 2 ; 0.1 M LiI; 0.5 M tert -butyl pyridine in 1:1 acetonitrile + valeronitrile the films yielded a short circuit photocurrent density of 16±0.5 mA/cm 2 and the open circuit voltage was 700±50 mV and a fill factor of 0.75±0.05, corresponding to an overall conversion efficiency of 8.6%. Solar cells based on amphiphilic sensitizers show remarkable stability under both thermal stress and light soaking matching the durability criteria applied to silicon solar cells for outdoor applications. more...
- Published
- 2004
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34. Application of Metalloporphyrins in Nanocrystalline Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells for Conversion of Sunlight into Electricity
- Author
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Michael Grätzel, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, and Anthony K. Burrell, Wayne M. Campbell, David L. Officer, and Robin Humphry-Baker
- Subjects
Sunlight ,Materials science ,Web of science ,business.industry ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Nanocrystalline material ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,Electrochemistry ,Optoelectronics ,General Materials Science ,Electricity ,business ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
Reference LPI-ARTICLE-2004-029doi:10.1021/la0496082View record in Web of Science Record created on 2006-02-21, modified on 2016-08-08
- Published
- 2004
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35. Investigation of Sensitizer Adsorption and the Influence of Protons on Current and Voltage of a Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 Solar Cell
- Author
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Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Michael Grätzel, Robin Humphry-Baker, and Paul Liska
- Subjects
Photocurrent ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,Materials science ,Open-circuit voltage ,Carboxylic acid ,Nanotechnology ,Electrolyte ,Photochemistry ,Polymer solar cell ,Nanocrystalline material ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,law.invention ,chemistry ,law ,Solar cell ,Materials Chemistry ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Short circuit - Abstract
FTIR spectra of [Ru(dcbpyH2)2(NCS)2] (N3), (Bu4N)2[Ru(dcbpyH)2(NCS)2] (N719), and (Bu4N)4[Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2] (N712) complexes measured as solid samples in photoacoustic mode display fine resolution of IR bands and exhibit differences between the cis and the trans carboxylic acid groups. The interaction between N3, N719, and N712 sensitizers with nanocrystalline TiO2 film was investigated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The data show that these complexes are being anchored onto the TiO2 surface in bridging coordination mode using two out of their four carboxylic acid groups, which are trans to the NCS ligand. The effect of protons on both the short circuit photocurrent and the open circuit photovoltage of dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells was scrutinized. For the standard electrolyte formulation employed and TiCl4 treated mesoporous TiO2 films, the monoprotonated form of the N3 dye exhibited superior power conversion efficiency under AM 1.5 sun compared to the four, two, and zero proton sensitizers. more...
- Published
- 2003
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36. Molecular engineering on semiconductor surfaces: design, synthesis and application of new efficient amphiphilic ruthenium photosensitizers for nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells
- Author
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Michael Grätzel, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, and J.-J. Lagref
- Subjects
Materials science ,Hydrogen ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metals and Alloys ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Photochemistry ,Nanocrystalline material ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,law.invention ,Titanium oxide ,Molecular engineering ,Ruthenium ,chemistry ,Nanocrystal ,Mechanics of Materials ,law ,Solar cell ,Amphiphile ,Materials Chemistry - Abstract
Reference LPI-ARTICLE-2003-013doi:10.1016/S0379-6779(03)00034-1View record in Web of Science Record created on 2006-02-21, modified on 2017-05-12
- Published
- 2003
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37. Electron injection kinetics for the nanocrystalline TiO2 films sensitised with the dye (Bu4N)2Ru(dcbpyH)2(NCS)2
- Author
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Yasuhiro Tachibana, James R. Durrant, David R. Klug, Michael Grätzel, and Md. K. Nazeeruddin
- Subjects
Absorption spectroscopy ,Chemistry ,Electrode ,Kinetics ,Ultrafast laser spectroscopy ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Photovoltaic effect ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Spectroscopy ,Photochemistry ,Nanocrystalline material ,Half time - Abstract
Transient absorption spectroscopy is employed to determine the electron injection kinetics for nanocrystalline TiO2 electrodes sensitised with the dye (Bu4N)2Ru(dcbpyH)2(NCS)2 2. These kinetics are compared with control data obtained for the more widely studied fully protonated version of this with dye, Ru(dcbpyH2)2(NCS)2 1. In both cases multiphasic, ultrafast electron injection kinetics are observed. However the electron injection kinetics observed for sensitiser 2 are found to be significantly slower than sensitiser 1. Half times for electron injection are observed to be 0.4 and 12 ps with sensitisers 1 and 2, respectively. Prolonged washing of films sensitised with sensitiser 1 in non-acidified ethanol results in retardation of the kinetics, resulting in an injection half time similar to that observed for sensitiser 2. These observations are discussed in terms of the influence of the co-adsorption of protons during the sensitising process, and their relevance to photovoltaic function. more...
- Published
- 2002
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38. Packing of ruthenium sensitizer molecules on mostly exposed faces of nanocrystalline TiO2: crystal structure of (NBu4+)2[Ru(H2tctterpy)(NCS)3]2−·0.5 DMSO
- Author
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Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Michael Grätzel, Valery Shklover, and Yu. É. Ovchinnikov
- Subjects
Anatase ,Hydrogen bond ,Chemistry ,Inorganic chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Chemistry ,Crystal structure ,Nanocrystalline material ,Ruthenium ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Crystallography ,Nanocrystal ,Monolayer ,Molecule - Abstract
Reference LPI-ARTICLE-2002-013doi:10.1002/aoc.361View record in Web of Science Record created on 2006-02-21, modified on 2017-05-12
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
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39. Evaluation of a Ruthenium Oxyquinolate Architecture for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
- Author
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Jonathan Rochford, Ming Kang Tsai, Yu-Ting Huang, Joseph P. Harney, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Helen C. Zhao, Jun-Ho Yum, and Michael Grätzel
- Subjects
Denticity ,Light ,Chemistry ,Energy conversion efficiency ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Conversion ,Nanotechnology ,Efficiency ,Ligands ,Photochemistry ,Electrochemistry ,Recombination ,Ruthenium ,law.invention ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,Complexes ,law ,Solar cell ,Molecular orbital ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Films - Abstract
Synthesis of the [Ru(dcbpy)(2)(OQN)](+) complex is reported in which dcbpy and OQN(-) are the bidentate 4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridyl and 8-oxyquinolate ligands, respectively. Spectroscopic, electrochemical, and theoretical analyses are indicative of extensive Ru(OQN) molecular orbital overlap due to degenerate Ru d(pi) and OQN p(pi) mixing. [Ru(dcbpy)(2)(OQN)](+) displays spectroscopic properties remarkably similar to those of the N3 dye, making it a promising candidate for application in dye-sensitized solar cell devices. However, its solar power conversion efficiency requires further optimization. more...
- Published
- 2011
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40. Panchromatic symmetrical squaraines: a step forward in the molecular engineering of low cost blue-greenish sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells
- Author
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Jinhyung Park, Elisa Dell'Orto, Michael Grätzel, Raffaele Borrelli, Nadia Barbero, D. Di Censo, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Simone Galliano, Junghyun Yoon, Jun-Ho Yum, Claudia Barolo, and Guido Viscardi
- Subjects
TIO2 FILM ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,SQUARAINE DYES ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Nanotechnology ,Panchromatic film ,Molecular engineering ,NIR DYES ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,ORGANIC SENSITIZERS ,PHOTOSENSITIZERS ,ORGANIC SENSITIZERS, TIO2 FILM, PHOTOSENSITIZERS, NIR DYES, SQUARAINE DYES ,Optoelectronics ,Thermal stability ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,business - Abstract
Two novel symmetrical blue squaraine sensitizers were synthesized, which exhibit panchromatic light harvesting and a record efficiency over 6% with Jsc exceeding 14 mA cm(-2), and Voc over 620 mV under 1 sun. Their color, low cost, easiness of synthesis, and relatively high photo- and thermal stability open up the way for commercial applications. more...
- Published
- 2014
41. Cation-induced band-gap tuning in organohalide perovskites: interplay of spin-orbit coupling and octahedra tilting
- Author
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Claudio Quarti, Anna Amat, Michael Grätzel, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Edoardo Mosconi, Enrico Ronca, Filippo De Angelis, and Paolo Umari
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Materials science ,Band gap ,Perovskite solar cells ,Mechanical Engineering ,Chemistry (all) ,Bioengineering ,Charge (physics) ,Nanotechnology ,General Chemistry ,Spin–orbit interaction ,Electronic structure ,Condensed Matter Physics ,electronic structure ,spin-orbit coupling ,Formamidinium ,Octahedron ,Chemical physics ,General Materials Science ,Materials Science (all) ,first-principles modeling ,Absorption (electromagnetic radiation) ,Perovskite (structure) - Abstract
Organohalide lead perovskites have revolutionized the scenario of emerging photovoltaic technologies. The prototype MAPbI(3) perovskite (MA = CH3NH3+) has dominated the field, despite only harvesting photons above 750 nm (similar to 1.6 eV). Intensive research efforts are being devoted to find new perovskites with red-shifted absorption onset, along with good charge transport properties. Recently, a new perovskite based on the formamidinium cation ((NH2)(2)CH+ = FA) has shown potentially superior properties in terms of band gap and charge transport compared to MAPbI(3). The results have been interpreted in terms of the cation size, with the larger FA cation expectedly delivering reduced band-gaps in Pb-based perovskites. To provide a full understanding of the interplay among size, structure, and organic/inorganic interactions in determining the properties of APbI(3) perovskites, in view of designing new materials and fully exploiting them for solar cells applications, we report a fully first-principles investigation on APbI(3) perovskites with A = Cs+, MA, and FA. Our results evidence that the tetragonal-to-quasi cubic structural evolution observed when moving from MA to FA is due to the interplay of size effects and enhanced hydrogen bonding between the FA cations and the inorganic matrix altering the covalent/ionic character of Pb-I bonds. Most notably, the observed cation-induced structural variability promotes markedly different electronic and optical properties in the MAPbI(3) and FAPbI(3) perovskites, mediated by the different spin-orbit coupling, leading to improved charge transport and red-shifted absorption in FAPbI(3) and in general in pseudocubic structures. Our theoretical model constitutes the basis for the rationale design of new and more efficient organohalide perovskites for solar cells applications. more...
- Published
- 2014
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42. Synthesis, spectroscopic and a ZINDO study of cis - and trans -(X 2 )bis(4,4′-dicarboxylic acid-2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes (X=Cl − , H 2 O, NCS − )
- Author
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Robin Humphry-Baker, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, A. B. P. Lever, Michael Grätzel, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, and S.I. Gorelsky
- Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification ,Web of science ,Stereochemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Medicinal chemistry ,2,2'-Bipyridine ,Ruthenium ,Inorganic Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Dicarboxylic acid ,chemistry ,Materials Chemistry ,ZINDO ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Cis–trans isomerism - Abstract
Reference LPI-ARTICLE-2000-005doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)00338-6View record in Web of Science Record created on 2006-02-21, modified on 2017-05-12
- Published
- 2000
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43. Adsorption Studies of Counterions Carried by the Sensitizer cis-Dithiocyanato(2,2‘-bipyridyl-4,4‘-dicarboxylate) Ruthenium(II) on Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films
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and R. Houriet, Mehdi Amirnasr, A. J. McQuillan, J. R. Mackay, Michael Grätzel, Pascal Comte, and Md. K. Nazeeruddin
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Thermogravimetric analysis ,Decarboxylation ,Inorganic chemistry ,Deamination ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Decomposition ,Nanocrystalline material ,Ruthenium ,Adsorption ,chemistry ,Polymer chemistry ,Electrochemistry ,General Materials Science ,Counterion ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
Adsorption studies of counterions carried by the ruthenium(II) complexes (Bu4N)2[Ru(Hdcbpy)2(NCS)2] (1), (Bu4N)4[Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2] (2), and [Ru(H2dcbpy)2(NCS)2] (3) (dcbpy = 2,2‘-bipyridyl-4,4‘-dicarboxylate, Bu4N = tetrabutylammonium) on TiO2 have been carried out by using thermoanalytical techniques, NMR, and ATR−FTIR spectroscopic methods. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data of the adsorbed complexes 1 and 2 on TiO2 show the presence of 1 and ≤1.3 cations coadsorbed per ruthenium center, respectively. These complexes in the adsorbed state on TiO2 show remarkable stability in air atmospheres at high temperatures up to 180 °C. The only process that is observed at lower temperatures is the dehydration, which occurs between 40 and 110 °C. At high temperature the processes are deamination of the tetrabutylammonium counterion as well as decarboxylation and decomposition of the complex between 200 and 400 °C. The NMR data of the desorbed complexes 1 and 2 from the TiO2 surface show the presence of 1 and... more...
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- 2000
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44. Determination of pKa Values of 4-Phosphonato-2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-Terpyridine and Its Ruthenium(II)-Based Photosensitizer by NMR, Potentiometric, and Spectrophotometric Methods
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Michael Grätzel, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, and T. A. Kaden, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, and Robin Humphry-Baker
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Inorganic Chemistry ,Dissociation constant ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Ligand ,Inorganic chemistry ,Potentiometric titration ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Photosensitizer ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Terpyridine ,Photochemistry ,Ruthenium - Abstract
The dissociation constants of the 4-phosphonato-2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine ligand were measured by pH−NMR and potentiometric titration methods. The 4-phosphonato-2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridine ligand shows... more...
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- 2000
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45. Thermal stability of cis-dithiocyanato(2,2′-bipyridyl4,4′dicarboxylate) ruthenium(II) photosensitizer in the free form and on nanocrystalline TiO2 films
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Michael Grätzel, Mehdi Amirnasr, and Md. K. Nazeeruddin
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Materials science ,Exothermic process ,Decarboxylation ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Activation energy ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Photochemistry ,Endothermic process ,Decomposition ,Ruthenium ,chemistry ,Thermal stability ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Counterion ,Instrumentation - Abstract
Thermal stability of ruthenium (II) complexes of the type [Ru(H2dcbpy)2(NCS)2] 1, (Bu4N)2[Ru(Hdcbpy)2(NCS)2] 2, (Bu4N)4[Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2] 3, and (Im)4[Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2] 4, where dcbpy=2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′dicarboxylate, Bu4N+=tetrabutylammonium, and Im=dimethylethylimidazolium, has been studied using thermoanalytical techniques, IR, UV–VIS, and 1H NMR spectroscopic methods. These complexes show remarkable stability in both nitrogen and air atmospheres at high temperatures, ranging from 180°C for 2 to 250°C for 1. The only process that is observed at lower temperatures is the dehydration which occurs between 40 and 110°C. High temperature processes including deamination of the counterion as well as decarboxylation and decomposition of the complex occur between 200 and 400°C with different characteristics in air and in nitrogen. The decarboxylation reaction is an endothermic process in nitrogen atmosphere and overlaps with decomposition of the complexes. In air, on the other hand, it is an exothermic process distinctively separated from decomposition. Higher thermal stability is observed for 1 and 2 when anchored onto nanocrystaline TiO2 films. The activation energy of decarboxylation is estimated for 1 in the free form (ca. 103 kJ mol−1) and on TiO2 (ca. 126 kJ mol−1). more...
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- 2000
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46. Synthesis and photophysical properties of trans-dithiocyanato bis(4,4′-dicarboxylic acid-2,2′-bipyridine) ruthenium(II) charge transfer sensitizer
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Robin Humphry-Baker, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, and Michael Grätzel
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ,Carbon-13 NMR ,Photochemistry ,2,2'-Bipyridine ,Ruthenium ,Inorganic Chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Dicarboxylic acid ,chemistry ,Pyridine ,Materials Chemistry ,Proton NMR ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Luminescence - Abstract
The ruthenium complexes trans-[Ru(dcbpyH2)2(Cl)2] (1), trans-[Ru(dcbpyH2)2(NCS)2] (2), were synthesized and characterized by UV–Vis absorption, emission, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. The absorption and emission maxima of the trans complexes are red-shifted when compared to the cis analogs. The low energy MLCT maximum of complex 2 shows at 582 nm and exhibits a luminescence consisting of a single band with a maximum at 870 nm, in DMF solution at 298 K. The red shift of the MLCT absorption of the trans-chloro complex 1 (662 nm) is even more pronounced than that of the trans-complex 2 and shows the onset of weak and broad emission signals above 900 nm. The proton NMR spectra of the trans-isomers show only three peaks corresponding to the two dcbpy ligands in which all the pyridine rings are equivalent. The 13C NMR spectrum of the trans-isomer is characterized by a relatively simple pattern of resonances from the four equivalent pyridine rings. The enhanced red response of the trans-complex 2 renders it an attractive candidate as a panchromatic charge transfer sensitizer in mesoporous oxide solar cells. more...
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- 1999
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47. Efficient near‐IR sensitization of nanocrystalline TiO2 films by zinc and aluminum phthalocyanines
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MD. K. Nazeeruddin, R. Humphry‐Baker, M. Grätzel, D. Wöhrle, G. Schnurpfeil, G. Schneider, A. Hirth, and N. Trombach
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General Chemistry - Published
- 1999
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48. Stepwise Assembly of Tris-Heteroleptic Polypyridyl Complexes of Ruthenium(II)
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Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, Robin Humphry-Baker, Valery Shklover, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, and Michael Grätzel
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Inorganic Chemistry ,Crystallography ,Absorption spectroscopy ,Chemistry ,Ligand ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Titration ,Crystal structure ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Cyclic voltammetry ,Luminescence ,Dissociation (chemistry) ,Ruthenium - Abstract
A general method for the synthesis of tris-heteroleptic ruthenium(II) complexes of the type [Ru(dcbpy)(dmbpy)(ddtc)] (3) and [Ru(dcbpy)(dmbpy)(NCS)2] (4) is reported, where the ligands (dcbpy = 4,4‘-dicarboxy-2,2‘-bipyridine, dmbpy = 4,4‘-dimethyl-2,2‘-bipyridine, and ddtc = diethyldithiocarbamate) are introduced sequentially. The complexes have been characterized by UV/visible, emission, IR, Raman and NMR spectroscopies and cyclic voltammetry. The effect of pH on the absorption spectra and luminescence behavior of these complexes consisting of protonatable ligands has been investigated in a water/ethanol solvent mixture by pH titration. The dissociation of protons is in sequential steps (pKa = 3.5 and 1.8). The excited-state pKa values are more basic than the ground-state pKa values. Resonance Raman spectra of these complexes strongly suggest that the lowest-energy metal-to-ligand charge-transfer transition bands are localized on the dcbpy ligand. The molecular crystal structure of 3 and the performance ... more...
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- 1998
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49. Crystal Structures of Ru Complex Sensitizers of TiO2Anatase Nanopowders
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M. Erbudak, Michael Grätzel, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, T. Haibach, B. Bolliger, H.-U. Nissen, M. Hochstrasser, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, and Valery Shklover
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Anatase ,Web of science ,Chemistry ,Inorganic chemistry ,Crystal structure ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Crystallography ,Nanocrystal ,Electron diffraction ,Materials Chemistry ,Ceramics and Composites ,Molecule ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry - Abstract
Reference LPI-ARTICLE-1997-034doi:10.1006/jssc.1997.7409View record in Web of Science Record created on 2006-02-21, modified on 2017-05-12
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
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50. Semiconductor quantum dot sensitized TiO2 mesoporous solar cells
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Lioz Etgar, Md. K. Nazeeruddin, Michael Grätzel, Hyo Joong Lee, and Sang Il Seok
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Photocurrent ,Dye-sensitized solar cell ,Colloid ,Materials science ,Semiconductor quantum dots ,Photovoltaics ,business.industry ,Quantum dot ,Optoelectronics ,Nanotechnology ,Quantum dot solar cell ,Mesoporous material ,business - Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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