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Abstract Neuromarketing is an emerging research field that aims to understand consumers’ decision-making processes when choosing which product to buy. This information is highly sought after by businesses looking to improve their marketing strategies by understanding what leaves a positive or negative impression on consumers. It has the potential to revolutionize the marketing industry by enabling companies to offer engaging experiences, create more effective advertisements, avoid the wrong marketing strategies, and ultimately save millions of dollars for businesses. Therefore, good documentation is necessary to capture the current research situation in this vital sector. In this article, we present a systematic review of EEG-based Neuromarketing. We aim to shed light on the research trends, technical scopes, and potential opportunities in this field. We reviewed recent publications from valid databases and divided the popular research topics in Neuromarketing into five clusters to present the current research trend in this field. We also discuss the brain regions that are activated when making purchase decisions and their relevance to Neuromarketing applications. The article provides appropriate illustrations of marketing stimuli that can elicit authentic impressions from consumers' minds, the techniques used to process and analyze recorded brain data, and the current strategies employed to interpret the data. Finally, we offer recommendations to upcoming researchers to help them investigate the possibilities in this area more efficiently in the future.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the graphical representation of Brain’s electrical activity. Mental stress can be detected in many ways and EEG is one of them. Regular mental stress gives rise to many mental disorders and it may cause various physiological and psychological diseases. As a result, early-stage detection of stress is very important. In this research, brain activity was recorded through EEG headset during inducing different levels of stress from audio-visual stimulus. Again, for better interaction between humans and machines, it is essential to analyze the power spectrum of the brain in response to different audio and visual stimulus. To better evaluate visual and auditory stress, an automated system is designed to differentiate among various audio and visual evoked potentials. This may further help for designing different assistive devices for the people having visual and hearing disability. In this paper, we proposed a framework to classify different levels of stress in response to audio and visual stimuli and also classified between these two stimuli by analyzing EEG signals. Raw EEG data was collected in lab environment and the necessary pre-processing steps were applied for denoising. By extracting robust features from the denoised audio and visual data, binary and multi-level stress were classified. A binary classification between audio and visual stimuli was also successfully done in this research. We achieved highest accuracy for binary stress classification 97.14% from visual stimuli, whereas we achieved 94.51% accuracy for auditory stimuli. Again, we achieved the accuracy for four level stress classification 89.59% for visual stimuli and 82.63% for audio stimuli.

Sirtuins have been reported to positively regulate brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Here the authors report that brown adipocytic SIRT7 suppresses whole-body energy expenditure and thermogenesis in mice, potentially by attenuating batokine gene expressions and Ucp1 mRNA translation.

Salinity and drought stress are significant environmental threats, alone or in combination. The current study was conducted to investigate the morpho-physiology, osmotic adjustment, oxidative stress, antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification of three rice genotypes from the indica (cv. BRRI dhan29 and BRRI dhan48) and japonica (cv. Koshihikari) groups. Eighteen-day-old seedlings of these genotypes were exposed to either in alone salinity (150 mM NaCl) and drought (15% PEG 6000) or in the combination of salinity and drought (150 mM NaCl + 15% PEG 6000) stress in vitro for 72 h. Compared with the control, the water status, biomass and photosynthetic pigments were decreased, where a significant increase was seen in the mortality rate, hydrogen peroxide content, electrolyte leakage, lipoxygenase activity, level of malondialdehyde and methylglyoxal, indicating increased lipid peroxidation in rice genotypes in stress conditions. The non-enzymatic and enzymatic components of the ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) pool in rice genotypes were disrupted under all stress treatments, resulting imbalance in the redox equilibrium. In contrast, compared to other rice genotypes, BRRI dhan48 revealed a lower Na+/K+ ratio, greater proline (Pro) levels, higher activity of AsA, dehydroascorbate (DHA) and GSH, lower glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and a higher ratio of AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG, whereas enzymatic components increased monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glyoxalase enzymes. The results showed that a stronger tolerate ability for BRRI dhan48 against stress has been connected to a lower Na+/K+ ratio, an increase in Pro content and an improved performance of the glyoxalase system and antioxidant protection for scavenging of reactive oxygen species. These data can give insight into probable responses to single or combination salinity and drought stress in rice genotypes.

The linear polar coordinate shallow water model of Ismail et al. (2006) is used to simulate Tsunami effect along North Sumatra and Penang Islands allied with Indonesian tsunami of 2004. The study of Ismail et al (2006) was based on the assumption that the primary displacement of the water surface at the source zone in the form of sea level rise and fall is equal to the stationary move of the sea floor deformation in the rupture region, which is not completely precise. The dynamics of seafloor displacement over a short period of time was ignored in that study. The major factor, which determines the initial amount of a tsunami, is the amount of vertical sea floor deformation (Iguchi, 2011). The properties of Indonesian tsunami 2004 are related to the scale of the bottom displacement (Kowalik et al. 2005). In this paper, a reassessment of the initial tsunami source of 2004 Indonesian tsunami taking the amount of vertical sea floor deformation and the dynamics of seafloor displacement over a short period is considered as the initial condition of tsunami generation. The computed maximum water levels along the coastal belts of Sumatra and Penang in Peninsular Malaysia compare well with the observed water level data obtained through post tsunami surveys. The results of this study suggest that a linear cylindrical polar coordinate shallow water model can be applied to simulate different aspects of tsunami.

SP7/Osterix is a transcription factor involved in osteoblast differentiation. Here, the authors show that Sirtuin 7 activates Osterix posttranslationally by regulating its lysine acylation, and that mice lacking Sirtuin 7 in osteoblasts show reduced bone formation.

Boron is an important micronutrient that enhances reproductive growth of crops such as groundnut. Light also plays an important role for pegging of groundnut. There has been little information on the application of boron and light in groundnut in Bangladesh. A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of boron and light on the reproductive development of two groundnut cultivars. Treatments considered as two groundnut cultivars, viz., ‘Dhaka-1 (C1)’ and ‘BARI Chinabadam-8 (C2)’, three levels of boron (B), viz., 0-kg B ha−1 (B0), 1-kg B ha−1 (B1) and 2-kg B ha−1 (B2), and two levels of light, viz., normal day light (≈12-h light) and normal day light + 6-h extended red light at night (≈18-h light). Result revealed that the reproductive development, yield and shelling percentage of groundnut were markedly increased with the application of B. Due to imposition of light all of reproductive units increased but decrease number of pods and pod yield. The highest reproductive unit and yield were observed from ‘BARI Chinabadam-8’. Therefore, reproductive development could be improved by application of boron in improved cultivars (BARI Chinabadam-8) but not for under extended light. Keywords: Groundnut, Reproductive development, Light, Boron, Pegs, Pods, Shelling percentage

Light and boron play a significant role in the physiological growth and yield of crops such as groundnut. Even so, there has been little information on the application of boron in groundnut, while no information is available in Bangladesh regarding the imposition of light in groundnut. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the physiological growth and seed yield of groundnut. Treatments included two levels of light, viz., L0 = normal day length (≈12-h light) and L = normal day length + 6-h extended light at night (≈18-h light); three levels of boron, viz., 0-kg B ha-1 (B0), 1-kg B ha-1 (B1) and 2-kg B ha-1 (B2), and two groundnut varieties, viz., V1 = ‘Dhaka-1’ and V2 = ‘BARI Chinabadam-8’. The results obtained from the experiment revealed that the highest LAI, LAR, LMR and RWR were recorded in L, B2 and V2 variants, while NAR was the highest in L0 and B0. Moreover, it was noted an inconsistent result for RGR found for boron application. Based on the results, it could be concluded that boron is one of the factors responsible for higher yield of groundnut; nevertheless, under the extended light, it is not possible to get the highest yield.

Background: Thalassemia is one of the most common hereditary disorders and Beta-thalassemia major is its severe form. The present study is concerned with the analysis of liver function, thyroid function and estimation of critical serum ions as well as hematological characteristics in beta-thalassemia patients and controls. Subjects and Methods: The study included 54 patients with beta-thalassemia major and 54 healthy individuals matched by sex and age. The activity of Alanine transaminase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and Aspartate transaminase (AST) were assessed in order to evaluate the liver function. Serum content of iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) were also estimated. Tri iodothyronine (T3), Thyroxin (T4) and Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were assessed in order to evaluate the thyroid function. Hemoglobin (Hb), ferritin, hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and creatinine level were also measured. Results: Significantly higher ALT (P< 0.001), AST (P< 0.05), ALP (P< 0.001) activities and lower creatinine (P< 0.001) level in beta-thalassemia patients were found in comparison to healthy individuals. Lower serum level of calcium (P0.05), sodium (P>0.05), potassium (P>0.05) have been found in patients in comparison to healthy individuals. Hematological parameters like Hb (P< 0.001), ferritin (P0.05). No significant difference was observed in thyroid function between patients and control group. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that beta-thalassemia patients and controls have difference in liver function, thyroid function, serum contents of ions and hematological characteristics.

Boron is an important micronutrient that enhances vegetative growth and yield of crops, like peanut. Light also plays an important role in pegging of peanut. There has been little information regarding the application of boron and light in peanut in Bangladesh. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to study the response of boron and light on morph-physiology and pod yield of two peanut varieties. Treatments considered two peanut varieties, namely, Dhaka-1 and BARI Chinabadam-8, three levels of boron (B), namely, 0-kg B ha−1 (B0), 1-kg B ha−1 (B1), and 2-kg B ha−1 (B2), and two levels of light, namely, normal day light (≈12 h light) and normal day light + 6 h extended red light at night (≈18 h light). Result revealed that days to first-last emergence and days to first-50% flowering took shorter times and vegetative growth, pods dry weight plant−1, pod yield, and germination were markedly increased with the application of boron. Vegetative growth and germinations were significantly increased in light, but the lowest leaf area, pods dry weight plant−1, and pod yield were found in light. Without germination, the highest vegetative growth, reproductive unit, and pod yield were observed from BARI Chinabadam-8. Days to first-last emergence, days to first-50% flowering, and number of branches plant−1 were found linearly related to pod yield.

A new approach is developed to simulate the effect of far field tsunami in a limited area model domain where the coastal and Island boundaries are curvilinear in nature and the bending is high. The model is designed in a boundary fitted curvilinear grid system. To simulate the effect of far field tsunami, it is considered that the tsunami source is located far away from the model domain. The coastal and island boundaries and the other open boundaries of the model domain are represented by some functions so as to generate the boundary fitted grids. To use the regular finite difference scheme a transformation is used so that the physical domain is transformed into a rectangular one. The transformed shallow water equations are then solved in the transformed domain. The response of the tsunami source due to 26 December 2004 Indonesian tsunami is computed along the western open boundary of the model domain. Based on the response of the tsunami source, an appropriate boundary condition is formulated to simulate the effect of far field tsunami along the coastal belt. All simulations show excellent agreement with the observed data.

In this paper, an estimate of the expected maximum water levels associated with tide and tsunami interaction is computed along the coastal belts of Penang Island in Peninsular Malaysia. For this purpose, a nonlinear Polar coordinate shallow water model of the Indonesian tsunami of 2004 by Roy et al. (2007b) is used. Appropriate tidal condition is generated in the domain by applying tidal forcing through the western open sea boundary. For studying tide and tsunami interaction, the 2004 Indonesian tsunami is introduced in the previously generated tidal oscillation. The expected maximum possible water level along the coastal belts of Penang Island is estimated based on the interaction of tide and tsunami for different tidal conditions (high and low tidal periods). It is seen that the surge level is very sensitive towards the coastal belts due to interaction during high tide. The west coast of Penang Island is found to be vulnerable for stronger surge due to interaction. The influence of tidal wave on the tsunami wave height towards Penang Island is also investigated. The tide was found to have a significant effect in tsunami enhancement in the coastal regions.

The west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand is curvilinear in nature and the bending is especially high along the coast of South Thailand. In hydrodynamic models for coastal seas, bays and estuaries, the use of boundary-fitted curvilinear grids not only makes the model grids fit well with the coastline and bathymetry, but also makes the finite difference scheme simple. In this study, a shallow water model is developed using boundary fitted curvilinear mesh. The west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand and the western open boundary are represented by two curves, which are defined by two functions. The other two boundaries are considered as straight lines along the open sea. Appropriate transformations of independent coordinates are applied so that the curvilinear physical domain transforms to a rectangular domain and the curvilinear grid system transforms to a rectangular system. The depth averaged shallow water equations and the boundary conditions are transformed to the new space domain and these are solved in the rectangular mesh of the transformed space. The model is applied to compute some aspects of the tsunami associated with the 26 December 2004 Indonesian tsunami along the coastal belts of Penang in Malaysia and Phuket in Thailand. The computed results along the coastal belts are in excellent agreement with the observe data available in the USGS website.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as a common cause of chronic liver disease. It is potentially progressive towards non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis and its complications including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). So, the need for predictive factors of NAFLD is important. Among the different serum markers in NAFLD, serum uric acid (SUA) has emerged as a possible predictor of severity of liver damage. This observational cross sectional study was carried out involving 100 patients from the department of gastroenterology, BSMMU, Dhaka, with the intention to determine the association of serum uric acid (SUA) level with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Among them, 55 were having NAFLD; and 45 subjects without NAFLD were considered as control. The diagnosis of NAFLD was based on the guidelines for the assessment and management of NAFLD in the Asia-pacific region. Serum uric acid, liver enzymes, glycaemic status, serum lipid profile and anthropometric measurements were compared between NAFLD group & control. The mean age was found 41.34 + 10.88 years in both the groups. Male were 62% & female were 38% among the study population. Forty percent of the study subjects were overweight, 23% were obese and 37% had normal body weight. NAFLD patients had significantly higher serum uric level (6.9 + 0.89 mg/dl) in comparison to non-NAFLD group (4.3 +0.87 mg/dl). The study showed that serum uric acid level was significantly associated with NAFLD. Serum uric acid may be used as a useful additional marker to assess the risk of development of NAFLD in the clinical setting of metabolic syndrome. BSMMU J 2021; 14(4): 125-131

Impaired lipid metabolism in diabetic patients can lead to cardiovascular complications. Poor glycaemic control is associated with a significant increase in the risk of both patient’s morbidity and mortality. An early intervention to regulate circulating lipids has been found to lower the risk of cardiovascular problems and death. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a reliable indicator of rising blood sugar levels. This hospital based observational study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Sher-E-Bangla Medical College Hospital, Barisal from October 2014 to March 2015 over a period of 6 month to determine the correlation of glycemic control and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 110 type 2 diabe- tes mellitus(DM) patients of both sexes admitted to the Deapartment of Medicine of Sher-E- Bangla Medical College Hospital, Barisal, were recruited for this study. Following standard procedures and protocols, fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood sugar two hours after breakfast, Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting lipid profile were measured. The age of respondents ranged from 34 to 70 years with the mean age of 54.35}8.02 years. Among the patients male were 70 (63.6%) and female were 40 (36.4%). Mean age at diagnosis of DM and duration of DM was 47.07}6.03 years and 7.27}3.41 years, respectively. Mean body mass index (BMI), FBS and HbA1c were 25.02}5.22 kg/m2, 8.06}2.01 mmol/L and 8.34}1.9 % respectively. Significant positive correlation of HbA1c and FBS with BMI, total cholester- ol(TC), triglyceride(TG), low density lipoprotein(LDL-C) and negative correlation with high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) was found. Significantly higher TC, TG and LDL-C and lower HDL-C were found in poor glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 7) group than good glycemic control (HbA1c < 7 ) group. The results of this study showed that , higher levels of glycemic parame- ters are significantly associated with dyslipidemia. These findings also indicate that HbA1c can be utilized for screening of high risk diabetic patients for early diagnosis of dyslipidemia and timely intervention with lipid lowering drugs. BSMMU J 2021; 14(4): 138-143