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This study presents the operation and assessment of a solar-wind-biomass-hydro-electrolyser hybrid microgrid for different types of load variations by using a proprietary derivative-free algorithm (Model Predictive Deterministic Algorithm) and voltage IQ droop controller. The proposed hybrid microgrid integrates various renewable energy sources and an electrolyser to generate hydrogen and produce electricity. The objective is to optimize the microgrid’s performance and provide reliable power supply to meet varying load demands. The proprietary derivative-free algorithm is used to determine the optimal dispatch of power from each energy source to meet the load demand while minimizing the overall cost of energy. Additionally, a voltage IQ droop and voltage Q droop controller are employed to regulate the voltage, frequency and active power of the microgrid and maintain its stability during load variations. The proposed hybrid microgrid is assessed under different load scenarios for both grid tied and isolated modes. The results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid microgrid with the derivative-free algorithm and voltage droop controllers can effectively operate and provide reliable power supply under different load variations while maintaining the power system stability of the microgrid. Further, the mutual performances of the controller are compared to find the best controller for the specific microgrid. The findings of this study can contribute to the development of efficient and reliable hybrid microgrid systems for sustainable energy production and distribution.

The increasing interest in renewable energy-based power systems globally is driven by their abundance and environmentally friendly attributes. Islanded hybrid microgrid systems (IHMS) are a relatively new development in this field and involve the integration of two or more sustainable sources, such as wind turbines, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, and other forms of renewable energy such as the ocean, wave, and geothermal energy. In order to ensure an uninterrupted power supply for the growing community and industrial sector of Perhentian Island, Malaysia, alternative power sources must be properly synchronized and managed through an energy management system. To this end, the main contribution of this study is the comprehensive analysis of various optimization methods in terms of net present cost (NPC) and convergence rate. The results of the analysis indicate that HOMER proved to be relatively faster in terms of convergence rate, with the NPC recorded as 387,185$ and the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) recorded as 0.64$/kWh, which are the least among the other techniques evaluated. The hybrid energy system was designed to acquire the optimal quantity and size of power-generating modules, including PV systems, wind turbines, batteries, and diesel generators, while also meeting the load requirements. The optimization problem incorporated the LCOE and NPC into the cost function. Various optimization techniques were developed and tested. In addition, an advanced control method, which includes the use of Proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control and Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) with automated tuning, was applied to manage voltage and frequency. The control strategy was implemented in MATLAB Simulink, along with a full model of the islanded hybrid microgrid system. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FLC in maintaining the voltage and frequency within the acceptable range during various operating conditions. In conclusion, this manuscript provides a comprehensive study on the optimization and control of a solar-wind islanded hybrid microgrid. The proposed approach can be used as a valuable tool for the design and operation of solar-wind islanded hybrid microgrids in remote and islanded communities.

This paper suggests a method for active power sharing between several dispatchable and dispersed generation units in a microgrid with one or more connections to the main grid. The dispatchable power sources within the microgrid must promptly and adequately make up for natural demand changes and the intermittent nature of renewable energy resources for optimal operation. In microgrids with one or more grid connectivity, the paper presents a novel active power-sharing strategy that achieves the above-mentioned goal effectively. The suggested method’s robustness is verified under various microgrid operating circumstances. Results confirmed the proposed method’s adaptability to different operating conditions in the real world. Active power-sharing approaches are examined for a microgrid with several dispatchable distributed generation units (DDGU) operating in grid-interconnected and independent/isolated modes. Multiple grid connections at different points of the microgrid are investigated and recommended approaches are appraised. On a microgrid with one or more links to the conventional grid, this paper provides a novel and trustworthy approach for active power sharing across several DDGU. The proposed active power-sharing method is an effort to establish a feasible power-sharing technique that can be categorised for all, or most, types of interconnected microgrids. The outcomes demonstrate how the suggested technique can be adjusted to fit a range Results demonstrate how the proposed technique can be adjusted to fit a wide range of real life operational circumstances of microgrids.

This paper proposes a new decentralized two-stage multi-objectives voltage control technique to ensure the operational stability of the hybrid MG over the variable renewable generations as well as to confirm its reliable operation against various industrial loads by minimizing the mismatch load terminal voltage. The effective operation of hybrid MG under the running of loads reclines on its dynamics which may become non-linear due to the utilization of additional inverter-oriented secondary network or electronics components in their evolution. Also, the efficacy of the secondary network-driven microgrid (SNM) is ascertained by taking the sustained transient response, however, its supremacy can be influenced by the sporadic features of renewable energy sources (RESs). This work introduces a new decentralized hybrid voltage control (DHVC) model to effectively drive the issues raised from the load’s operation and RESs. The proposed hybrid control technique integrates the linear and non-linear control scheme which works enabling a two-level control framework in MG terminal to confirm its enhanced operational stability and minimized unbalance voltage over the various operating conditions. The non-linear control framework of the proposed DHVC is made by utilizing the partial feedback linearization approach in generalized dynamics deriving from the DC–DC converters used with RESs and battery, while the linear control scheme uses a second-order damping (SOD) control framework to regulate the inverter used with load’s network. The controllability of the proposed DHVC is evaluated by measuring the response of the SNM in terms of operational stability and mismatch voltage minimization over the change of meteorological factors of the RESs and various industrial loads. Also, an external parametric uncertainty with the single-phase secondary network dynamics is studied to guarantee the robustness of the proposed DHVC. Additionally, a comparative study is studied to cover the augmented performance of the hybrid microgrid.

Abstract Currently, the generation of energy relies primarily on the usage of harmful fossil fuels all over the world. New technologies, on the other hand, have enabled renewable energy resources to have a reduced environmental effect, greater long‐term sustainability, and, in some cases, to be cheaper than fossil fuels. Microgrids that use renewable resources can deliver low‐cost clean electricity while also improving local resiliency. They do, however, have certain issues in terms of regulating internal frequency and voltage within a microgrid, which is hampered by the intermittent nature of renewable sources. An islanded Microgrid for San Andres, Colombia has been designed for 24.57 kW peak load composed of a PV‐wind‐storage system by considering dispatch strategy based control in Homer Pro and assessed utilizing Simulink/MATLAB. Lastly, a PLC‐SCADA system along a HMI (Human‐Machine Interface) in C# was created to monitor the Microgrid in real‐time and produce an alarm as the microgrid elements are not operating within their ideal range of operational. The data from HMI is automatically uploaded to a cloud database. This work incorporates the dispatch control based techno‐economic design, assessment and a complete supervisory control strategy for an optimum microgrid.

The entire globe is now focused on generating power using solar photovoltaic (SPV) cells. The SPV is generating the DC power, by using power converters to satisfy the load requirement. In this article, a modified High-Voltage DC-DC converter was explained. The main intention of the modified converter is to decrease the reverse recovery currents and voltage stress across the switch, similarly, it generates high voltage at the converter output. The modified converter contains mainly-one diode, two capacitors, and Coupled Inductor (CI). When the converter switch comes under active state two capacitors are discharged in series, similarly when the converter switch under inactive state those two capacitors are charged in parallel through the coupled inductor (CI) energy so, to get a high voltage at the converter output side. To reuse the leakage-inductor (LI) energy of the CI with the help of a passive clamp circuit for reducing the voltage stress across the switch, similarly switch has less resistance so conduction losses also decreased. In this manner, the converter efficiency was improved and the diode recovery problem also solved. For the converter duty cycle controlling, Proportional-Integral (PI) and Neural Network (NN) controllers were used. The performance and analysis of the modified converter were described in detail with the help of both controllers. Here, 48 V is doubled to 400 V. By modifying the converter's parameters, its behavior is evaluated. In this converter, voltage spikes and reverse recovery currents should be minimal. The converter's switching pulse can be adjusted by PI or NN. The entire system was designed in MATLAB/ Simulink tool.

A slotted plus-shaped patch antenna (PSPA) with defected ground structure (DGS) is modelled and proposed for 5G Sub-6 GHz and WiMAX applications by using computer simulation technology (CST) MWS suite. The PSPA incorporates a rectangular slotted plus-shaped metal patch and a DGS. The PSPA is designed on a Rogers RT5880 (lossy) substrate with a compact dimension of 20 × 35 × 0.79 mm3. Its reflection coefficient is -52.06 dB resonating at 3.12 GHz and operates over a wider bandwidth of 2.56 GHz (2.67–5.23 GHz) to accommodate suitable Sub-6 GHz bands. The PSPA has a good gain (2.44 dB), directivity (2.53 dBi), and VSWR (1.005) at 3.12 GHz with omnidirectional radiation characteristics. The maximum efficiency of the proposed PSPA is about 98% for almost loss free power radiation. The apex of estimated gain and directivity are 4.65 dB and 4.95 dBi. The impact of different physical parameters on the antenna performance has also been studied and analysed in this paper. Initially, the proposed PSPA has been investigated by using time domain (TD) solver of CST then again it is buttressed by applying frequency domain (FD) solver of CST. Furthermore, the design has also been verified by high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) as well as FEKO (a computational electromagnetics software). All the simulators show a very good agreement in results.

In this work, the evaluation of the design and optimization of proposed offgrid hybrid microgrid systems for different load dispatch strategies is presented by assessing the component sizes, system responses and different cost analyses of the proposed system. This study optimizes the sizing of the Barishal and Chattogram (two popular divisions in Bangladesh) hybrid microgrid systems consisting of wind turbine, storage unit, solar PV, diesel generator and a load profile of 27.31 kW for five dispatch techniques: (i) generator order, (ii) cycle charging, (iii) load following, (iv) HOMER predictive dispatch and (v) combined dispatch strategy. The considered microgrids are optimized for the least CO2 gas emission, Net Present Cost, and Levelized Cost of Energy. The two microgrids are analyzed for the five dispatch techniques using HOMER software, and subsequently, the power system performance and feasibility study of the microgrids are performed in MATLAB Simulink. The results in this research provide a guideline to estimate different component sizes and probable costing for the optimal operation of the proposed microgrids under various load dispatch conditions. The simulation results suggest that ‘Load Following’ is the best dispatch strategy for the proposed microgrids having a stable power system response with the lowest net present cost, levelized cost of energy, operating cost, and CO2 emission rate. Additionally, the combined dispatch strategy is determined to be the worst dispatch technique for the proposed off-grid hybrid microgrid design having the maximum levelized cost of energy, net present cost, operating cost and CO2 emission.

Although the utilizing of renewable energy sources (RESs) in microgrid (MG) offers a recognized solution to meet the increasing demand, it’s performance depend on various meteorological factors of RESs. Again, the functioning of MGs is often affected with certain industrial load dynamics which allowing them to alter the operating region and tracking function of the MGs. The above-mentioned challenges motivate us to design the ancillary voltage control design for enabling the MGs to provide adaptive transient and tracking voltage responses over the changes of various factors like weather, consumer demand, and industrial loads. Firstly, we design an intelligent adaptive control (IAC) framework made by merging with proportional-integral (PI) regulator and artificial neural network (ANN) to sustain the regulated common bus voltage over the mentioned changes. The regulated bus voltage is forwarded to operate the industrial loads via the regulation of inverter-based secondary network (SN). A study on the variation of weather condition and consumer demand is done to show the efficacy of the IAC framework. Secondly, we propose a novel fixed control structure named model reference modified fractional-order PID (MR-F0PID) regulator to maintain the high tracking response of the MG via the control of inverter associated with the SNs. The tracking competency of this fixed control framework is analyzed over the running of a few industrial loads dynamics associated with single-phase inverter based SN and results are compared with the other related existing controllers. Moreover, a mathematical analysis for mapping the stable region is completed here to track down the closed-loop stability area. As a further study, the three-phase inverter based SN associated with several three-phase industrial load is also considered with the same DC bus and analyzed to observe the competency of the proposed fixed MR-FOPID control framework.

The optimized design of a freestanding hybrid microgrid for various distinct dispatch controls is assessed in this paper, which considers the optimal sizes of individual components, system response, and reliability analysis. The effective design and management of stand-alone islanded hybrid smartgrids are getting increasingly importance and influences as the prevalence of renewable energy in microgrids grows. Melville Island, off the coast of eastern Queensland, Australia, is taken as the test microgrid in this study. For the optimal sizing and techno-economic assessment of the intended hybrid microgrid system consist of of solar diesel generator, PV , battery storage, and wind turbine, four dispatch approaches have been unitized: load following, generator order, combined dispatch, and cycle charging strategy. The proposed off-grid microgrid's CO2 emissions, total net present cost (NPC), and the Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) have all been optimized. In HOMER software, all the possible dispatch algorithms were analyzed, and the power system responses and reliability study were carried out using DIgSILENT PowerFactory. The findings of the study are useful for determining the optimum hybrid combination and available resources for the best performance of an off-grid microgrid employing various dispatch mechanisms. Following the simulation data, load-following is the best dispatch mechanism for stand-alone microgrid architecture since it has the lowest LCOE and NPC.

Energy consumption is increasing rapidly; hence, the energy demand cannot be fulfilled using traditional power resources only. Power systems based on renewable energy, including solar and wind, are effective and friendly for the environment. Islanded hybrid microgrid systems (IHMS) are relatively new in this industry and combine two or more sustainable sources, such as wind turbines, solar photovoltaic (PV), and other renewable alternatives, ocean, wave, and geothermal energy, etc. While sustainable, long-lasting power sources are the best choice to satisfy the growing energy demands, they are still not yet ready to be used on a large scale due to their stochastic characteristics. Furthermore, integrating these sources into the existing energy system can cause high technical difficulties, due to the stochastic nature of solar and wind in the conventional grid system and common stand-alone framework. A review of research and applications of the effective hybridization of renewable energy sources is therefore essential to address those technical and economic issues and ensure system stability, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. This article discusses the challenges that might arise when a PV plant and a wind power station are combined to produce power for the conventional main grid or in a stand-alone system. In addition, this analysis provides light on optimization approaches for improving power quality and cost-effectiveness in a solar and wind integrated IHMS. Voltage fluctuation, frequency deviation, and the uncertain nature of solar irradiation and wind sources are significant challenges for both grid-connected and standalone hybrid systems. This study then provides an overview of the control strategies which might help enhance the integration of the IHMS in producing electricity for distribution to the grid-connected load and the islanded load. In this study, the possible issues that can hinder the smooth integration of these renewable sources have been discussed. Finally, this study discusses the recent platforms being used in IHMS as well as the potential of dispatch strategies on solar and wind-integrated IHMS.

Abstract Electricity has become a part and parcel of modern life. The world is constantly developing, and the electricity demand is inevitably increasing with it. It is a big challenge for the power generation organizations to cope up with this increasing demand. For a developing country like Bangladesh, this challenge is even bigger. Bangladesh has many remote areas which are deprived of grid connectivity. In this article, system design and performance evaluation are conducted on a solar battery‐based hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) with diesel backup for a school in a remote area located in the northern part of the country, where conventional power grid connectivity is not available. From field survey, a load demand of 10.468 kWh/day for a normal working day and a peak demand of 3.3 kW are considered in this work for the proposed site. For simulation purpose hybrid optimization model for electric renewable, very well‐known software is used. The solar radiation data required for the work are collected from NASA Surface meteorology and Solar Energy database. Analyzing the load requirements and metrological data a solar‐battery diesel generator‐based HRES is proposed for the school. From the analysis and simulation, the Net Present Cost (NPC) for the proposed system is found USD 6191 with a Cost of Energy (COE) of $0.125/kWh. Further, a comparative study is done and the proposed system can reduce the COE and Green House Gas (GHG) emission of about 29.85% and 69% respectively than the conventional power plants. Finally, a techno‐economic analysis is conducted with sensitivity analysis, time series analysis, and multiyear analysis to prove the rigidity of the proposed system.

Energy distribution technique is an essential obligation of an intelligent household system to assure optimal and economical operation. This paper considers a small-scale household system detached from the power grids consisting of some electrical components in day-to-day life. Optimal power distribution generated from a photovoltaic system is vital for ensuring economic and uninterrupted power flow. This paper presents an optimal energy distribution technique for a small-scale smart household system to ensure uninterrupted and economical operation. A photovoltaic (PV) system is considered as the primary generation system, and a battery energy storage system (BESS) is viewed as a backup power supply source. The actual load and PV generation data are used to validate the proposed technique collected from the test household system. Two different load profiles and photovoltaic power generation scenarios, namely summer and winter scenarios, are considered for case studies in this research. An actual test household system is designed in MATLAB/Simulink software for analyzing the proposed technique. The result reveals the effectiveness of the proposed technique, which can distribute the generated power and utilize the BESS unit to ensure the optimal operation. An economic analysis is conducted for the household system to determine the economic feasibility. The capital investment of the system can be returned within around 5.67 years, and the net profit of the system is 2.53 times more than the total capital investment of the system. The proposed technique can ensure economical operation, reducing the overall operating cost and ensuring an environment-friendly power system. The developed strategy can be implemented in a small-scale detached interconnected smart household system for practical operation to distribute the generated energy optimally and economically.

Peak load reduction is one of the most essential obligations and cost-effective tasks for electrical energy consumers. An isolated microgrid (IMG) system is an independent limited capacity power system where the peak shaving application can perform a vital role in the economic operation. This paper presents a comparative analysis of a categorical variable decision tree algorithm (CVDTA) with the most common peak shaving technique, namely, the general capacity addition technique, to evaluate the peak shaving performance for an IMG system. The CVDTA algorithm deals with the hybrid photovoltaic (PV)—battery energy storage system (BESS) to provide the peak shaving service where the capacity addition technique uses a peaking generator to minimize the peak demand. An actual IMG system model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink software to analyze the peak shaving performance. The model consists of four major components such as, PV, BESS, variable load, and gas turbine generator (GTG) dispatch models for the proposed algorithm, where the BESS and PV models are not applicable for the capacity addition technique. Actual variable load data and PV generation data are considered to conduct the simulation case studies which are collected from a real IMG system. The simulation result exhibits the effectiveness of the CVDTA algorithm which can minimize the peak demand better than the capacity addition technique. By ensuring the peak shaving operation and handling the economic generation dispatch, the CVDTA algorithm can ensure more energy savings, fewer system losses, less operation and maintenance (O&M) cost, etc., where the general capacity addition technique is limited.