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الملخص: أهداف البحث: يعد السرطان سببا رئيسيا للوفاة على مستوى العالم ويضع عبئا ثقيلا على المرضى ومقدمي الرعاية لهم. غالبا ما يشعر مقدمو الرعاية بالتوتر، مما يؤثر على صحتهم العقلية. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم مستويات القلق والاكتئاب بين مقدمي الرعاية غير الرسميين لمرضى السرطان في مستشفيات التعليم العالي المختارة في نيبال. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، سعت الدراسة إلى تحديد العوامل الاجتماعية والديموغرافية المرتبطة بنتائج الصحة العقلية. طريقة البحث: تم إجراء دراسة مقطعية على 383 من مقدمي الرعاية غير الرسميين باستخدام مقياس القلق والاكتئاب في المستشفى. وشملت التحليلات الإحصائية التحليل الوصفي والانحدار اللوجستي الثنائي لاستكشاف الارتباطات مع المتغيرات الاجتماعية والديموغرافية. النتائج: كان متوسط عمر المشاركين 36.1 ± 13.1، وتراوحت أعمار 56.1% منهم بين 12 و36 عاما. وكان معظمهم متزوجين (81.5%)، وعاطلين عن العمل (66.6%)، وحصلوا على التعليم الابتدائي حتى الثانوي (66.6%). كشفت النتائج عن انتشار ملحوظ للقلق المعتدل إلى الشديد (52٪) والاكتئاب (45٪) بين مقدمي الرعاية. مقدمو الرعاية للمرضى الذين يتلقون العلاج من مستشفى غير حكومي لديهم أكثر احتمالا ست مرات للإصابة بالقلق وأكثر احتمالا بخمس مرات للإصابة بالاكتئاب. الاستنتاجات: غالبا ما يشعر الأشخاص الذين يعتنون بمرضى السرطان في نيبال بالكثير من التوتر. إن معرفة أسباب هذه المشاعر يمكن أن يساعد في إنشاء برامج لدعم صحتهم العقلية. من المهم حقا الاهتمام بالصحة العقلية لمقدمي الرعاية من أجل رعاية أفضل لمرضى السرطان وحياة أكثر سعادة بشكل عام. Abstract: Objective: Cancer is a major cause of death globally, and places a substantial burden on both patients and their caregivers. Frequent stress among caregivers often affects their mental well-being. This study was aimed at assessing anxiety and depression levels among informal caregivers of patients with cancer treated at selected tertiary hospitals in Nepal. An additional aim was to identify socio-demographic factors associated with these mental health outcomes. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 383 informal caregivers were surveyed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Statistical analyses, including descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression, were conducted to explore associations with socio-demographic variables. Results: The mean age of participants was 36.1 ± 13.1 years, and 56.1% were 12–36 years old. Most participants were married (81.5%), were unemployed (66.6%), and had primary to secondary education (66.6%). The prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety (52%) and depression (45%) among caregivers was notable. Caregivers of patients treated at non-governmental hospitals were six times more likely (OR 6.3, 95% CI: [3.62–10.95], P = 0.001) to have anxiety and five times more likely (OR 5.3, 95% CI: [8.28–19.32], P = 0.001) to have depression. Conclusion: People who take care of patients with cancer in Nepal often feel substantial stress. Determining the causes of these feelings can aid in the creation of programs to support caregivers’ mental health. Caring for mental well-being among caregivers is critical to achieving better cancer care and quality of life.

The magnetic linked converter plays a significant role in the power electronics industry due to its merits of being flexible to control, the high efficiency of power transmission, the performance of galvanic isolation, etc. These features make magnetic linked converter a prominent candidate for an effective interface for renewable energy integration to the traditional power grid, more electric aircraft applications, electric vehicle charging implementation, etc. The traditional controller of the magnetic linked converter is the linear control method which cannot ensure smooth bidirectional power routing and a high level of decoupling especially for the electric vehicle charging application. In the worst-case scenario, the traditional controllers can be fully saturated and cause severe system-wide unbalancing issues. Recently, the magnetic linked converter technology with advanced control decisions has been adopted for the electric vehicle charging application. The magnetic linked converter technology for electric vehicle charging applications provides a higher degree of control flexibility to supply multiple loads simultaneously in terms of soft-switching ability, galvanic isolation, and high-density power transmission. With regard to the control methods, numerous advanced controls are developed and proposed for the magnetic linked converter to ensure robust voltage control, smooth bidirectional power routing control, and high degree of decoupling to avoid any control interactions up to date. There have been a few review studies on the converter topology, control, and power management for magnetic-linked power converters for future for renewable energy integration to the traditional power grid, more electric aircraft applications, and electric vehicle charging implementation in the literature. However, a detailed review of magnetic-linked power converter topologies, controls, and power management on these applications is still limited in terms of a variety of power electronic interfaces with appropriate controls and power management. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive review with a more specific assessment of the variety of magnetic-linked power electronic interfaces with controls and power management for the widespread emerging applications.

The technology of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is widely recognized and valued for its ability to rapidly and sensitively investigate biomolecular interactivities in real-time. Herein, we numerically investigate the collective influence of metal/ transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC)/halide perovskite (HP)/2D carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) allotropes on the functionality of an SPR biosensor deploying Kretschmann configuration. The incident light wavelength is held constant at 633 nm, and radiative properties of the hybrid structure are determined using the attenuated total reflection and transfer matrix techniques. Crucial performance metrics such as quality factor (QF), figure of merit (FoM), sensitivity, and detection accuracy are calculated. The comparison is conducted and evaluated against the current literature using performance outcomes in terms of several prisms such as BK7, BAK1, BAF10, SF5, SF10, SF11, 2S2G, CaF2, and CsF, several TMDCs such as WS2, MoS2, WSe2, MoSe2, and PtSe2, several HPs such as CsPbI3, KSnI3, CsSnI3, and FASnI3, and 2D C/P allotropes such as Graphene, MXene, Black phosphorene (BP), and Blue phosphorene (BlueP) in order to search optimum parameters, and then we implement the best one in each layer of this biosensor design. It is noticed that the SPR heterostructure based on BAK1 prism, plasmonic metal Ag, tungsten disulfide (WS2) TMDC, formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3) HP and 2D BP exhibits outstanding performance with regard to sensor performance characteristics. The observed FoM and sensitivity are 48.2/RIU and 402°/RIU, respectively. The investigation of the electric field distribution within this biosensor along the normal to the interface is also conducted using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) approach to demonstrate the unique contribution of FASnI3. The findings presented in this study are anticipated to play a key role in the improvement of plasmonic resonance-based biosensing domains like DNA hybridization or formalin detection by employing halide perovskite as an additional layer in SPR biosensors.

A triple-band microstrip patch antenna is presented in this article with detail investigation of its working mechanism and performance characteristics. The antenna consists of a rectangular slot on the patch to achieve multiband operation. Three distinct frequencies of 2.4 GHz, 5.5 GHz and 7.5 GHz are achieved with return losses of 27 dB, 29 dB and 29 dB respectively. The Impedance Bandwidths are 70 MHz (2.52 GHz-2.44 GHz) at 2.4 GHz, 220 MHz (5.65 GHz-5.43 GHz) at 5.5 GHz and 250 MHz (7.57 GHz-7.32 GHz) at 7.5 GHz, which satisfy the requirements of Wi-Fi, Wi-MAX and satellite communications bands. The fabricated prototype of the antenna has total dimension of 53×53×1.6 mm3 over FR4 substrate. The antenna is simple and has sensible radiation characteristics with considerable gain. This work also focuses on developing a Link Budget model for its application in satellite communication. Most notably, it examines overall system efficiency and optimum path loss, distance analysis, system noise temperature, signal to noise power ratio, the size of antenna and the overall customer satisfactions. The highest gain of the antenna is achieved as 3.5 dB in the band (5.65 GHz-5.43 GHz), while the highest directivity and bandwidth are found as 8.7 dBi and 250 MHz respectively in the higher operating band. The affordable agreement between the simulated and measuring outcomes justifies that the antenna is often applicable for Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz), Wi-MAX (5.25 – 5.85 GHz) and satellite (7.24 – 7.57 GHz) communications.

Several advantages make wind-driven permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) very promising in the wind energy market, especially their fault ride-through capabilities. With the high penetration levels of today, both the grid and wind power (WP) systems are being affected by each other. Due to grid faults, the DC-bus in PMSG systems typically experiences overvoltage, which can negatively affect the generator parameters and trip the system. However, advancements in power electronics, control systems, fault limiters, FACTS, and energy storage technology make it possible to find and design satisfactory solutions and approaches. The most recent FRTC-improving techniques are mainly modified or external techniques based on controllers in PMSG-based WP. This paper evaluates the in-depth schemes of FRTC, introducing the underlying theory and traits of the different approaches to highlight the advantages and drawbacks of each. Five scenarios of DC-link voltage under zero-grid voltage are carried out by using the MATLAB SIMULINK program to assess the FRTC methods. This study shows that external device-based approaches can be efficient, but some of them are expensive, thus updated controller methods are recommended to cut costs. Research findings of this study are expected to support the deployment of FRTC technologies, as well as provide valuable input into WP research on grid integration.

Over the past two decades, Bangladesh has experienced a rapid increase in access to electricity. Bangladesh has become more dependent on the burning of furnace oil for electricity generation instead of increasing the generation of renewable energy sources. There are a variety of energy resources in the country to achieve a carbon-neutral energy which have not yet been explored to their fullest potential. A lack of proper strategies would lead to the country failing to meet its emissions reduction target, for example lack of energy diversification policy. In order to reduce carbon emission, a country should have a well-defined relationship between economic growth to the energy diversification. In this paper a relationship between economic growth and energy diversification (Energy Mix Concentration Index) has been developed for the year of 200–2020. From this relationship, it is observable that most diversified outcome can be achievable for the next fiscal year by analyzing the past year reports. The of Effort has given in this review to assess the current state of the energy sector in Bangladesh with a specific focus on energy diversification and initiatives for clean energy production. The potential for clean energy sources and technologies to reduce carbon emissions were discussed. The evolution of energy diversification was evaluated using the energy mix concentration index. Providing empirical evidence for energy policies to enhance innovation skills in the renewable energy industry might help Bangladesh achieve long-term development in energy sector.

In recent years, semipolar InGaN-based blue laser diodes (LDs) have raised indescribable appeal within solid-state lighting industry as promising alternatives for currently available polar c-plane LDs due to reduction in internal polarization field and related quantum-confined stark effect. However, any comparative study in terms of energy band gap, optical emission profile, power output (P) and forward bias response (I-V) etc. between semipolar-oriented InGaN blue LDs is inherently unattainable. This work aims to demonstrate the impact of internal polarization field on aforementioned key optoelectronic parameters of In0.17Ga0.83N/GaN double quantum well (DQW) blue LD along semipolar (101-2), (112-2), (101-1), (202-1), (303-1-), (202-1-) and (101-1-) crystal orientations by figuring out six-band k.p Hamiltonian at the brillouin zone center aided from Euler’s tensor transformation method. Three-level rate equations based LD analogous circuit model and state-space matrix are employed here to obtain P-I-V and frequency characteristics. Radiative as well as non-radiative recombination mechanisms for LD systems are portrayed by addressing modified ABC model. Our numerical investigation illustrates that best hole effective mass, optical gain, lasing power, threshold current and forward voltage can be attained from (112-2)-oriented InGaN blue LD due to insignificant presence of spontaneous plus piezoelectric (PZ) polarization charge. In addition with these, the inspection of bode plot and relevant optical power gain (dB) confirms the stability and superiority of this semipolar blue LD system for achieving high-speed visible-light communications at relatively low current densities.

As Bangladesh's economy expands, the country has experienced severe power crises over the decades. With the Government's effective implementation of policies, the country has shown remarkable progress in energy sector recently. Even though various initiatives have been undertaken to improve energy sector, thevision of power sector hasn't yet achieved. To accelerate the progress in energy sector, the country needs to reform the transmission and distribution sector of the country to reduce the distribution losses. The effort should be given to the fuel demand and supply side management, energy efficiency and diversifying program for sustainable development in energy sector. Thus, revisiting the existing reform process in the energy sector is needed to be investigated to meet ever rising energy demand. The paper assesses the major regulatory framework changes commenced by the government in power sector and identifies key issues that led to the passage of the affordable and sustainable energy for all. In addition, fuzzy rule-based GHG emission predicting system is designed in this research which demonstrates how the GHG emission varies with the variables i.e., renewable integration, fossil fuel management, fossil fuel quality and use of modern technology and suggests the effective and efficient GHG emission reduction process from power generating sector. Finally, policy perspective, control and co-ordination issues in energy sector were discussed.

The emergence of an array of new wireless networks has led researchers to evaluate the prospect of utilizing the physical properties of the wireless medium in order to design secure systems. In this paper, the physical layer secrecy performance of a mixed radio frequency-free space optical (RF-FSO) system with variable gain relaying scheme is investigated in the presence of an eavesdropper. We assume that the eavesdropper can wiretap the transmitted confidential data from the RF link only. It is further assumed that the main and eavesdropper RF links are modeled as generalized Gamma (GG) fading channel, and the free space optical (FSO) link experiences Málaga turbulence with pointing error impairment. Our primary concern is to protect this confidential information from being wiretapped. Besides pointing error, the atmospheric turbulence and two types of detection techniques (i.e. heterodyne detection and intensity modulation with direct detection) are also taken into consideration. Utilizing amplify-and-forward (AF) scheme, the novel mathematical closed-form expressions for average secrecy capacity, lower bound of secrecy outage probability, and strictly positive secrecy capacity are derived. As both the links (RF and FSO) undergo generalized fading channels, the derived expressions are also general. We present a unification of some existing works utilizing the proposed model to better clarify the novelty of this work. Finally, all the derived expressions are justified via Monte-Carlo simulations.

In this paper, we investigate a secure dual-hop radio frequency-free space optical (RF-FSO) mixed variable gain relaying framework in the presence of a single eavesdropper. The RF and FSO links are modeled with hyper Gamma (HG) and Gamma-Gamma (ΓΓ) fading channels, respectively. We assume that the eavesdropper utilizes another HG fading channel to wiretap the transmitted confidential data from the RF link. Our key concern is to defend this information against passive eavesdropping. We carry out the secrecy measurements by deriving closed-form mathematical expressions of average secrecy capacity (ASC), secure outage probability (SOP), and strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC), all in terms of Meijer's G function. Capitalizing on the derived expressions, we analyze the impacts of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors on the secrecy capacity and outage performance of the proposed scenario. For gaining more insights, we also analyze the asymptotic outage behaviour for high signal-to-noise ratio. Two detection techniques i.e. heterodyne (HD) and the intensity modulation with direct detection (IM/DD) are taken into consideration and our results demonstrate that HD technique notably outperforms the IM/DD scheme. The supremacy and novelty of the model is demonstrated via utilizing generic properties of the HG fading channel. Finally, we provide a justification of the derived expressions via Monte-Carlo simulations.

Access to power in Bangladesh has significantly increased over the last decade. The creditable achievement of electricity generation capacity addresses the serious energy crisis of the country and aids the rapid growth of industrial and business sector in Bangladesh. The government of Bangladesh has taken numbers of short-term, mid-term and long-term initiates to increase the capacity of electricity generation. A considerable portion of the country's electricity has been generated from the imported fuel. The country's tremendous reliance on imported fuel has ascribed to a fiscal burden, influencing on the country's economic development. The gap for primary fuel supply could make the country's power generation capacity unsustainable if the synchronized policies and strategies will not be taken. There is a high tendency of being used nonrenewable resources which limits their reserve and causes environmental pollution. To achieve the seventh sustainable development goal (SDG) of the United Nations, the availability of green and affordable energy across the country should be ensured. In this review, the major advancement, possibilities and projections in energy sector of Bangladesh were critically assessed. The challenges, opportunities and key indicators for sustainability assessment in energy sector of Bangladesh were reviewed. The dimension of energy diversification and CO2 emission from a variety of energy sources in the country were discussed. The outcome of this review could provide useful information on sustainable development in energy sector of Bangladesh.

Abstract In this paper, a Kretschmann configuration based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is numerically designed using graphene-MoS2 hybrid structure TiO2-SiO2 nano particles for formalin detection. In this design, the observations of SPR angle versus minimum reflectance and SPR frequency (F SPR) versus maximum transmittance (T max) are considered. The chitosan is used as probe legend to perform reaction with the formalin (40% formaldehyde) which acts as target legend. In this paper, both graphene and MoS2 are used as biomolecular acknowledgment element (BAE) and TiO2 as well as SiO2 bilayers is used to improve the sensitivity of the sensor. The numerical results show that the variation of FSPR and SPR angles for inappropriate sensing of formalin is quite insignificant which confirms the absence of formalin. On the other hand, these variations for appropriate sensing are considerably significant that confirm the presence of formalin. At the end of this article, the variation of sensitivity of the proposed biosensor is measured in corresponding to the increment of a refractive index with a refractive index step 0.01 refractive index unit (RIU). In inclusion of TiO2-SiO2 bilayers with graphene-MoS2, a maximum sensitivity of 85.375% is numerically calculated.

Abstract This paper provides a simple hybrid design and numerical analysis of the graphene-coated fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for breast cancer gene-1 early onset (BRCA1) and breast cancer gene-2 early onset (BRCA2) genetic breast cancer detection. Two specific mutations named 916delTT and 6174delT in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 are selected for numerical detection of breast cancer. This sensor is based on the technique of the attenuated total reflection (ATR) method to detect deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridization along with individual point mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. We have numerically shown that momentous changes present in the SPR angle (minimum: 135% more) and surface resonance frequency (SRF) (minimum: 136% more) for probe DNA with various concentrations of target DNA corresponding to a mutation of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The variation of the SPR angle and SRF for mismatched DNA strands is quite negligible, whereas that for complementary DNA strands is considerable, which is essential for proper detection of genetic biomarkers (916delTT and 6174delT) for early breast cancer. At last, the effect of electric field distribution in inserting graphene layer is analyzed incorporating the finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique by using Lumerical FDTD solution commercial software. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of such a highly efficient biosensor for detecting BRCA1 and BRCA2 breast cancer. Therefore, the proposed biosensor opens a new window toward the detection of breast cancers.

In this paper, a proper concept of a kind of photonic crystal fiber known as D-shaped PCF sensor based on SPR or Surface Plasmon Resonance phenomenon has been discussed. The analysis has been performed numerically using FEM or Finite Element Method and PML (Perfectly Matched Layer) boundary conditions. Modal analysis has been performed keeping the smallest mesh as possible. The main mechanism of the sensor is the interaction between the core guided light beam and the metal layer surface that generates free electrons. The proposed sensor shows a refractive index detection range of 1.42–1.46 RIU, with a metal thickness variation of 35 nm-45 nm and a pitch variation of 1.8 μm–2.0 μm. The sensor obtained the highest sensitivity of 15000 nm/RIU with a maximum 6.67 × 10-6 RIU resolution, using the wavelength interrogation method. Average spectral sensitivity is 8000 nm/RIU. The amplitude interrogation method found a maximum sensitivity of 230 RIU−1 with a resolution of 4.348 × 10-5 RIU. The sensor also shows high linearity fitting and Figure of Merit (FoM). For ease of design, high detection range, high wavelength and amplitude sensitivity, less fabrication complexity, high linearity and stability, the sensor can be a great competitor of the PCF sensors previously proposed.

A highly sensitive Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) based Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensor is demonstrated in this paper in the optimized form of circular slotted lattice (CSL) structure. This proposed model performance is numerically scrutinized by using Finite Element Method (FEM) in presence of Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) and Scattering Boundary Condition. Plasmonic material ‘Gold’ which is chemically inert is used in this structure at the outer surface of the slotted area to mitigate fabrication challenge. This model indicates the highest wavelength sensitivity of 16000 nm/RIU using wavelength interrogation, the amplitude sensitivity of 780 RIU−1 by using amplitude interrogation method and the average spectral sensitivity of 6666 nm/RIU, respectively. Besides, this sensor has the potentiality of detecting analytes within Refractive Index (RI) range 1.4 to 1.46 with maximum wavelength resolution of 6.25 × 10−6 RIU and amplitude resolution of 1.28 × 10−6 RIU, respectively and the maximum figure of merits of 400 RIU−1. Moreover, the variation of structural parameters (such as pitch, plasmon layer thickness etc.) and the impact of these changes are also discussed in details. According to the high sensitivity performance, polynomial fit and high Figure of Merit (FOM), this amend structure can be a strong competitor in the field of biosensing.

This article numerically offers and analyses a hollow core circular shaped photonic crystal fiber-based surface plasmon resonance (CH-PCF-SPR) biosensor. The biosensor sensitivity is analyzed with applying a mode solver built finite element method (FEM) incorporating multi-physics software “COMSOL”. A nano film of silver is coated as sensing layer on the external surface for easy sensing and more practical realization. The biosensor unveils the highest wavelength sensitivity valued 21000 nm/RIU and amplitude sensitivity valued 2456 RIU−1, and corresponding wavelength resolution of 4.76 × 10−6 RIU and amplitude resolution of 4.07 × 10−6 RIU, respectively, using wavelength interrogation technique (WIT) and technique of amplitude interrogation (AIT), in detecting effective refractive index range 1.33 RIU and 1.42 RIU. Besides, the consequence of changing structural parameters like – pitch, diameter of air hole, various plasmonic metals and silver (Ag) layer thickness are also resulted in results section. The sensitivity of the offered sensor is analyzed to examine the means of spectral loss depth, resolution and amplitude sensitivity. In arrears to the modest scheme, highly sensitive and resolution nature, the offered design can be precisely applied in detection of bio molecular analytes

Consumption of formalin with food is a worldwide concern and has become a serious social problem in recent years, especially in the developing societies, which are at a higher risk of danger because of the lack of satisfactory monitoring and policies. The Frequent consumption of formalin causes severe health issues that lead to critical and fatal diseases like chronic cancer. Formalin detection in food is an urgent concern, which is becoming a national issue in developing countries. In this article, a graphene-MoS2 composite 2D sheets with a TiO2-SiO2 nano-layered surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based sensor is presented for formalin detection. Analytical analysis is carried out on the performance parameters of the sensor using MATLAB commercial software. The effect of amalgamation of Graphene-MoS2 with TiO2-SiO2 layers has been studied. The sensitivity and quality factor of the sensor are found to be 98 deg. RIU−1 and 88.89 RIU−1, respectively. This sensor detects the existence of formalin by using attenuated total reflection (ATR) and evaluating the reflectance vs SPR angle and transmittance vs surface plasmon resonance frequency (SPRF) attributes. It is found that, the sensitivity of the traditional SPR based sensor is 70°/RIU, on the other hand, the graphene-MoS2 based sensor improves this sensitivity to 76°/RIU. Finally, a comparative performance study of the traditional SPR sensors and the proposed sensor is also presented.

For a sensor, high sensitivity, structural simplicity, and longevity are highly desired for measurement of salinity in seawater. This work proposed an ultrahigh sensitive photonic crystal fiber (PCF) salinity sensor based on the sagnac interferometer (SI). The propagation characteristics of the proposed PCF are analyzed by the finite element method (FEM). The achieved sensitivity reaches up to 37,500 nm/RIU and 7.5 nm/% in the salinity range from 0% to 100%. The maximum resolutions of 2.66 × 10−06 RIU and 1.33 × 10−02% are achieved with high linearity of 0.9924 for 2.20 cm length of the proposed PCF. Owing to such excellent results, this proposed sensor offers the potential to measure the salinity of seawater.

This article illustrates a graphene tri sheets based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. The exciting configuration consists of Gold (Au), graphene, prism (SF11 glass) and sensing medium. The angular interrogation scheme is basically utilized owing to inspect the light reflection from the sensor. For sake of the augmentation of sensor sensitivity (S), signal to noise ratio (SNR), quality factor (QF), first of all, the impact of adding graphene layer is investigated and then the number of graphene layers are optimized to tri layers. According to that tri sheets, the SPR curves are sketched and comparison of sensor sensitivity, SNR, the quality factor is made among the existing works. It is audited that an extraordinary improvement of sensitivity to 121.67° RIU−1. The most effective graphene layers states with improved SNR of 2.21 and QF of 36.87 RIU−1 respect conventional SPR sensor. After then, the electric field intensity on implanting graphene sheet is analyzed by incorporating the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method by applying the Opti FDTD multiphysics commercial software environment. The proposed design bears the advantages of high sensitivity, QF and SNR comparing with the existing sensors along with simple stricture, no need of plasmonic coatings of other dielectrics, compactness, light weight, real time fabrication flexibility due to avoid multi materials optical structure. Keywords: ATR, Quality factor, Signal to noise ratio: Sensitivity, FDTD method, Graphene, SPR

Recently, InGaN grown on semipolar and non-polar orientation has caused special attraction due to reduction in the built-in polarization field and increased confinement of high energy states compared to traditional polar c-plane orientation. However, any widespread-accepted report on output power and frequency response of the InGaN blue laser in non-c-plane orientation is readily unavailable. This work strives to address an exhaustive numerical investigation into the optoelectronic performance and frequency response of In0.17Ga0.83N/GaN quantum well laser in polar (0001), non-polar (101¯0) and semipolar (101¯2), (112¯2) and (101¯1) orientations by working out a 6 × 6 k.p Hamiltonian at the Γ-point using the tensor rotation technique. It is noticed that there is a considerable dependency of the piezoelectric field, energy band gap, peak optical gain, differential gain and output power on the modification in crystal orientation. Topmost optical gain of 4367 cm−1 is evaluated in the semipolar (112¯2)-oriented laser system at an emission wavelength of 448 nm when the injection carrier density is 3.7 × 1018 cm−3. Highest lasing power and lowest threshold current are reported to be 4.08 mW and 1.45 mA in semipolar (112¯2) crystal orientation. A state-space model is formed in order to achieve the frequency response which indicates the highest magnitude (dB) response in semipolar (112¯2) crystal orientation.