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Pharmacogenetics (PGx)-guided prescribing is an evidence-based precision medicine strategy. Although the past two decades have reported significant advancements in both the quality and quantity of PGx research studies, they are seldom done in developing countries like Bangladesh. This review identified and summarized PGx studies conducted in the Bangladeshi population by searching PubMed and Google Scholar. Additionally, a quality evaluation of the identified studies was also carried out. Eleven PGx studies were identified that looked at the effects of genetic variants on blood thinners (CYP2C9, VKORC1, and ITGB3), cancer drugs (TPMT, MTHFR, DPYD, ERCC1, GSTP1, XPC, XRCC1, TP53, XPD, and ABCC4), statins (COQ2, CYP2D6, and CYP3A5), and prednisolone (ABCB1, CYP3A5, and NR3C1) in the Bangladeshi population. Most studies were of low to moderate quality. Although the identified studies demonstrated the potential for PGx testing, the limited PGx literature in the Bangladeshi population poses a significant challenge in the widespread implementation of PGx testing in Bangladesh.

Pharmacogenetic study of TP53 gene polymorphisms has not been conducted extensively in cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to assesses the TP53 codon 72 and codon 47 polymorphisms and their relation to cervical cancer risk in Bangladeshi women. 134 cervical cancer patients and 102 age matched healthy controls were included from two institutions in Bangladesh. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used for genotyping two TP53 single nucleotide polymorphisms (codon 72 and codon 47) in patients and controls. The results indicate that the TP53 Arg/Pro heterozygosity (adjusted OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.28-4.34, p = 0.01), Pro/Pro mutant homozygosity (adjusted OR 4.15, 95% CI 1.75-9.86, p = 0.001), along with the combined genotype (Arg/Pro + Pro/Pro) (adjusted OR 2.83, 95% CI 1.61-4.97, p 0.001) significantly increases the risk of cervical cancer. Moreover, the cervical cancer patients with a first-degree relative cancer patient possesses 4.45 folds more risk (p = 0.019) of carrying a proline allele in codon 72 of the TP53 gene compared to those patients who do not have any first-degree relative with cancer. Finally, polymorphism in the codon 47 of the TP53 gene did not significantly increase the risk of cervical cancer in Bangladeshi women. To conclude, this is the first study to identify that polymorphism in the TP53 codon 72 significantly increases the risk of cervical cancer in a female population in Bangladesh.

Suppl_Material for Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability Study of a Prednisolone Tablet as a Single Oral Dose in Bangladeshi Healthy Volunteers by Tafsir Bashar, Mohd Nazmul Hasan Apu, Md Shaki Mostaid, Md Saiful Islam, and Abul Hasnat in Dose-Response

Schizophrenia is a chronic disabling disorder with complex multifactorial aetiology. It is associated with childhood adversity and glutamatergic genes, both of which contribute to brain development and cognition. However, the relationships between these factors are not fully understood and must still be elucidated. This thesis addresses gaps in understanding of this complex link. These findings will be informative for early identification and treatment of those with schizophrenia. Chapter one provides a conceptual framework for the models used in this thesis. A literature review on schizophrenia, childhood adversity, glutamatergic genes, brain development, and cognition is included. The links between these factors are described and the aims of the thesis are justified. Chapter two aimed to identify the association between metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 genetic variation and schizophrenia and explored potential population stratification. This meta-analysis study consisted of 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms of metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 from a total of 11318 schizophrenia cases, 13820 controls, and 486 parent proband trios. We found significant associations for three single nucleotide polymorphisms. We also found evidence for population stratification in that the risk allele was dependent on the population under study. These findings support the genome wide-implicated link between metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 genetic variation and schizophrenia risk, and further support the notion that alleles conferring this risk may be population specific. Chapter three aimed to examine the extent to which the association between childhood adversity and cognition is mediated by structural brain volumes and moderated by glutamatergic polygenic risk score in the context of brain volumes as a mediator. A total of 176 schizophrenia patients and 118 healthy controls participants were assessed for a history of childhood adversity and underwent cognitive testing and structural neuroimaging. Six glutamatergic genes were genotyped, and a weighted glutamatergic polygenic risk score was calculated. Mediation and moderated-mediation models were tested. We found that that there were significant mediation effects of intracranial and total brain volumes on the association between childhood adversity and delayed memory in the overall sample, as well as in the schizophrenia patients. There was also a significant mediation effect of subcortical volume on the association between childhood adversity and working memory in the schizophrenia patients, but not healthy controls. However, there was no significant moderation effect of glutamatergic polygenic risk score on the association between childhood adversity and cognition in the context of brain volume as a mediator. This study demonstrated that childhood adversity exerts a negative impact on intracranial, total brain, and subcortical volumes in schizophrenia. Adversity encountered during childhood may pre-program the brain for subsequent memory performance in adulthood. The effect of glutamatergic polygenic on the association between childhood adversity, brain volume, and cognition in schizophrenia could be related to illness stage or severity. Chapter four aimed to examine interrelationships between childhood adversity, glutamatergic polygenic risk score, frontal lobe volume, and spatial working memory in 51 treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients and 40 healthy controls from the Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health psychosis study cohort. We found that treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients displayed impairment in spatial working memory between search errors, spatial working memory strategy, and spatial span relative to healthy controls. A significant moderation effect of glutamatergic polygenic risk score was found on the association between childhood adversity and the spatial working memory factor which comprising spatial working memory between search errors, spatial working memory strategy, and spatial span in the treatment-resistant schizophrenia group, but not in the healthy controls. The conditional effects on the association between childhood adversity and spatial working memory indicated that, in the presence of higher childhood adversity, treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients with higher glutamatergic polygenic risk score demonstrated poorer spatial working memory, while those with lower glutamatergic polygenic risk score showed better spatial working memory. Synergistic effects between childhood adversity and glutamatergic polygenic risk score on spatial working memory performance in treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients suggests that lower glutamatergic polygenic risk score may, in part, protect patients from the detrimental effects of childhood adversity on spatial working memory performance, while higher glutamatergic polygenic risk score increases the risk. Chapter five summarises the main findings of each study and highlights the clinical implications and future directions of this critical research area so as to improve mental health for children subjected to adversity.

The objective of this study was to determine whether p53 codon 47 and codon 72 polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of lung cancer in Bangladeshi population. We carried out a case-control study and examined the genotype distribution Pro47Ser and Arg72Pro single-nucleotide polymorphisms along with tobacco smoking in the predisposition of lung cancer by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) approach. The study included 106 lung cancer patients and 116 control subjects from Bangladesh. Lung cancer risk was estimated as odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) using conditional logistic regression models adjusting for age, sex, and smoking. No significant association was found between Pro47Ser SNP and lung cancer. The frequencies of p53 codon 72 polymorphisms (Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro, and Pro/Pro) in lung cancer were 25.5, 37.7, and 36.8 %, respectively; frequencies in the controls were 53.4, 30.2, and 16.4 %, respectively (p