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The internet of things (IoT) has revolutionized connectivity and introduced significant security challenges. In this context, intrusion detection systems (IDS) play a crucial role in detecting attacks in IoT environments. Bot-IoT datasets often face class imbalance issues, with the attack class having significantly more samples than the normal class. Addressing this imbalance is essential to enhance IDS performance. The study evaluates various techniques, including imbalance ratio techniques we call imbalance ratio formula (IRF) for controlling imbalance data, while also testing IRF to compare it with oversampling techniques like synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) and adaptive synthetic sampling (ADASYN). This research also incorporates the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) ensemble model approach to improve IDS performance in dealing with multiclass imbalance issues in Bot-IoT datasets. Through in-depth analysis, we identify the strengths and weaknesses of each method. This study aims to guide researchers and practitioners working on IDS in high-risk IoT environments. The proposed IRF, when integrated with the XGBoost algorithm has been demonstrated to achieve comparable accuracy of 99.9993% while reducing the training time to be on average at least two times faster than those achieved by the other state-of-the-art ensemble methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of the internet of things (IoT) has taken an important role in daily activities. As it develops, IoT is very vulnerable to attacks and creates IoT for users. Intrusion detection system (IDS) can work efficiently and look for activity in the network. Many data sets have already been collected, however, when dealing with problems involving big data and hight data imbalances. This article proposes, using the dataset used by BotIoT to evaluate the system framework to be created, the XGBoost model to improve the detection performance of all types of attacks, to control unbalanced data using the imbalance ratio of each class weight (CW). The experimental results show that the proposed approach greatly increases the detection rate for infrequent disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outbreaks of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection that started in Wuhan, China, have quickly spread worldwide. The current situation has contributed to a dynamic rate of hospital admissions. Global efforts by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) communities to develop solutions to assist COVID-19-related research have escalated ever since. However, despite overwhelming efforts from the AI and ML community, many machine learning-based AI systems have been designed as black boxes. This paper proposes a model that utilizes Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) to explain a machine learning technique called Long-short Term Memory (LSTM) on a dataset of hospital admissions due to COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. This paper intends to increase the transparency of decision-making in the era of ML by using the proposed LSTM-FCA explainable model. Both LSTM and FCA are able to evaluate the data and explain the model to make the results more understandable and interpretable. The results and discussions are helpful and may lead to new research to optimize the use of ML in various real-world applications and to contain the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive systematic study was carried out in order to identify various deep learning methods developed and used for predicting student academic performance. Predicting academic performance allows for the implementation of various preventive and supportive measures earlier in order to improve academic performance and reduce failure and dropout rates. Although machine learning schemes were once popular, deep learning algorithms are now being investigated to solve difficult predictions of student performance in larger datasets with more data attributes. Deep neural network prediction methods with clear modelling and parameter measurements formulated on publicly available and recognised datasets are the focus of the research. Widely used for academic performance prediction, backpropagation algorithms have been trained and tested with various datasets, especially those related to learning management systems (LMS) and massive open online courses (MOOC). The most widely used prediction method appears to be the standard artificial neural network approach. The long-short-term memory (LSTM) approach has been reported to achieve an accuracy of around 87 percent for temporal student performance data. The number of papers that study and improve this method shows that there is a clear rise in deep learning-based academic performance prediction over the last few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology meets the increasing demand for high-seed cellular networks such as 5G by offering more users to be accommodated at once in accessing the cellular and wireless network. Moreover, the current demand of cellular networks for enhanced user fairness, greater spectrum efficiency and improved sum capacity further increase the need for NOMA improvement. However, the incurred interference in implementing NOMA user grouping constitutes one of the major barriers in achieving high throughput in NOMA systems. Therefore, this paper presents a computationally lower user grouping approach based on discrete particle swarm intelligence in finding the best user-pairing for 5G NOMA networks and beyond. A discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO) algorithm is designed and proposed as a promising scheme in performing the user-grouping mechanism. The performance of this proposed approach is measured and demonstrated to have comparable result against the existing state-of-the art approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]