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1. Diffuse scattering from dynamically compressed single-crystal zirconium following the pressure-induced $\alpha\to\omega$ phase transition

Author

Heighway, P. G., Singh, S., Gorman, M. G., McGonegle, D., Eggert, J. H., and Smith, R. F.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Physics - Computational Physics
Abstract

The prototypical $\alpha\to\omega$ phase transition in zirconium is an ideal test-bed for our understanding of polymorphism under extreme loading conditions. After half a century of study, a consensus had emerged that the transition is realized via one of two distinct displacive mechanisms, depending on the nature of the compression path. However, recent dynamic-compression experiments equipped with in situ diffraction diagnostics performed in the past few years have revealed new transition mechanisms, demonstrating that our understanding of the underlying atomistic dynamics and transition kinetics is in fact far from complete. We present classical molecular dynamics simulations of the $\alpha\to\omega$ phase transition in single-crystal zirconium shock-compressed along the [0001] axis using a machine-learning-class potential. The transition is predicted to proceed primarily via a modified version of the two-stage Usikov-Zilberstein mechanism, whereby the high-pressure $\omega$-phase heterogeneously nucleates at boundaries between grains of an intermediate $\beta$-phase. We further observe the fomentation of atomistic disorder at the junctions between $\beta$ grains, leading to the formation of highly defective interstitial material between the $\omega$ grains. We directly compare synthetic x-ray diffraction patterns generated from our simulations with those obtained using femtosecond diffraction in recent dynamic-compression experiments, and show that the simulations produce the same unique, anisotropic diffuse scattering signal unlike any previously seen from an elemental metal. Our simulations suggest that the diffuse signal arises from a combination of thermal diffuse scattering, nanoparticle-like scattering from residual kinetically stabilized $\alpha$ and $\beta$ grains, and scattering from interstitial defective structures., Comment: 20 pages, 17 figures in main article; 5 pages, 5 figures in supplementary material. This article will be submitted to Physical Review B

Published
2024

2. Phase transitions of Fe$_2$O$_3$ under laser shock compression

Author

Amouretti, A., Crépisson, C., Azadi, S., Cabaret, D., Campbell, T., Chin, D. A., Colin, B., Collins, G. R., Crandall, L., Fiquet, G., Forte, A., Gawne, T., Guyot, F., Heighway, P., Lee, H., McGonegle, D., Nagler, B., Pintor, J., Polsin, D., Rousse, G., Shi, Y., Smith, E., Wark, J. S., Vinko, S. M., and Harmand, M.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

We present in-situ x-ray diffraction and velocity measurements of Fe$_2$O$_3$ under laser shock compression at pressures between 38-116 GPa. None of the phases reported by static compression studies were observed. Instead, we observed an isostructural phase transition from $\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ to a new $\alpha^\prime$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ phase at a pressure of 50-62 GPa. The $\alpha^\prime$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ phase differs from $\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ by an 11% volume drop and a different unit cell compressibility. We further observed a two-wave structure in the velocity profile, which can be related to an intermediate regime where both $\alpha$ and $\alpha^\prime$ phases coexist. Density functional theory calculations with a Hubbard parameter indicate that the observed unit cell volume drop can be associated with a spin transition following a magnetic collapse., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures

Published
2024

3. Crystal plasticity finite element simulation of lattice rotation and x-ray diffraction during laser shock-compression of Tantalum

Author

Avraam, P., McGonegle, D., Heighway, P. G., Wehrenberg, C. E., Floyd, E., Comley, A., Foster, J. M., Turner, J., Case, S., and Wark, J. S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Wehrenberg et. al. [Nature 550 496 (2017)] used ultrafast in situ x-ray diffraction at the LCLS x-ray free-electron laser facility to measure large lattice rotations resulting from slip and deformation twinning in shock-compressed laser-driven [110] fibre textured tantalum polycrystal. We employ a crystal plasticity finite element method model, with slip kinetics based closely on the isotropic dislocation-based Livermore Multiscale Model [Barton et. al., J. Appl. Phys. 109 (2011)], to analyse this experiment. We elucidate the link between the degree of lattice rotation and the kinetics of plasticity, demonstrating that a transition occurs at shock pressures of $\sim$27 GPa, between a regime of relatively slow kinetics, resulting in a balanced pattern of slip system activation and therefore relatively small net lattice rotation, and a regime of fast kinetics, due to the onset of nucleation, resulting in a lop-sided pattern of deformation-system activation and therefore large net lattice rotations. We demonstrate a good fit between this model and experimental x-ray diffraction data of lattice rotation, and show that this data is constraining of deformation kinetics., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures in main article; 4 pages, 3 figures in supplemental material

Published
2021

4. Shock compression experiments using the DiPOLE 100-X laser on the high energy density instrument at the European x-ray free electron laser: Quantitative structural analysis of liquid Sn.

Author

Gorman, M. G., McGonegle, D., Smith, R. F., Singh, S., Jenkins, T., McWilliams, R. S., Albertazzi, B., Ali, S. J., Antonelli, L., Armstrong, M. R., Baehtz, C., Ball, O. B., Banerjee, S., Belonoshko, A. B., Benuzzi-Mounaix, A., Bolme, C. A., Bouffetier, V., Briggs, R., Buakor, K., and Butcher, T.

Subjects
*FREE electron lasers, *LIQUID analysis, *ENERGY density, *X-ray lasers, *LASERS, *LIQUID density
Abstract

X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources coupled to high-power laser systems offer an avenue to study the structural dynamics of materials at extreme pressures and temperatures. The recent commissioning of the DiPOLE 100-X laser on the high energy density (HED) instrument at the European XFEL represents the state-of-the-art in combining x-ray diffraction with laser compression, allowing for compressed materials to be probed in unprecedented detail. Here, we report quantitative structural measurements of molten Sn compressed to 85(5) GPa and ∼ 3500 K. The capabilities of the HED instrument enable liquid density measurements with an uncertainty of ∼ 1 % at conditions which are extremely challenging to reach via static compression methods. We discuss best practices for conducting liquid diffraction dynamic compression experiments and the necessary intensity corrections which allow for accurate quantitative analysis. We also provide a polyimide ablation pressure vs input laser energy for the DiPOLE 100-X drive laser which will serve future users of the HED instrument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. Shock compression experiments using the DiPOLE 100-X laser on the high energy density instrument at the European x-ray free electron laser: Quantitative structural analysis of liquid Sn

Author

Gorman, M, Mcgonegle, D, Smith, R, Singh, S, Jenkins, T, Mcwilliams, R, Albertazzi, B, Ali, S, Antonelli, L, Armstrong, M, Baehtz, C, Ball, O, Banerjee, S, Belonoshko, A, Benuzzi-Mounaix, A, Bolme, C, Bouffetier, V, Briggs, R, Buakor, K, Butcher, T, Di Dio Cafiso, S, Cerantola, V, Chantel, J, Di Cicco, A, Clarke, S, Coleman, A, Collier, J, Collins, G, Comley, A, Coppari, F, Cowan, T, Cristoforetti, G, Cynn, H, Descamps, A, Dorchies, F, Duff, M, Dwivedi, A, Edwards, C, Eggert, J, Errandonea, D, Fiquet, G, Galtier, E, Laso Garcia, A, Ginestet, H, Gizzi, L, Gleason, A, Goede, S, Gonzalez, J, Harmand, M, Hartley, N, Heighway, P, Hernandez-Gomez, C, Higginbotham, A, Höppner, H, Husband, R, Hutchinson, T, Hwang, H, Lazicki, A, Keen, D, Kim, J, Koester, P, Konopkova, Z, Kraus, D, Krygier, A, Labate, L, Lee, Y, Liermann, H, Mason, P, Masruri, M, Massani, B, Mcbride, E, Mcguire, C, Mchardy, J, Merkel, S, Morard, G, Nagler, B, Nakatsutsumi, M, Nguyen-Cong, K, Norton, A, Oleynik, I, Otzen, C, Ozaki, N, Pandolfi, S, Peake, D, Pelka, A, Pereira, K, Phillips, J, Prescher, C, Preston, T, Randolph, L, Ranjan, D, Ravasio, A, Redmer, R, Rips, J, Santamaria-Perez, D, Savage, D, Schoelmerich, M, Schwinkendorf, J, Smith, J, Sollier, A, Spear, J, Spindloe, C, Stevenson, M, Strohm, C, Suer, T, Tang, M, Toncian, M, Toncian, T, Tracy, S, Trapananti, A, Tschentscher, T, Tyldesley, M, Vennari, C, Vinci, T, Vogel, S, Volz, T, Vorberger, J, Walsh, J, Wark, J, Willman, J, Wollenweber, L, Zastrau, U, Brambrink, E, Appel, K, Mcmahon, M, Gorman, M. G., McGonegle, D., Smith, R. F., Singh, S., Jenkins, T., McWilliams, R. S., Albertazzi, B., Ali, S. J., Antonelli, L., Armstrong, M. R., Baehtz, C., Ball, O. B., Banerjee, S., Belonoshko, A. B., Benuzzi-Mounaix, A., Bolme, C. A., Bouffetier, V., Briggs, R., Buakor, K., Butcher, T., Di Dio Cafiso, S., Cerantola, V., Chantel, J., Di Cicco, A., Clarke, S., Coleman, A. L., Collier, J., Collins, G. W., Comley, A. J., Coppari, F., Cowan, T. E., Cristoforetti, G., Cynn, H., Descamps, A., Dorchies, F., Duff, M. J., Dwivedi, A., Edwards, C., Eggert, J. H., Errandonea, D., Fiquet, G., Galtier, E., Laso Garcia, A., Ginestet, H., Gizzi, L., Gleason, A., Goede, S., Gonzalez, J. M., Harmand, M., Hartley, N. J., Heighway, P. G., Hernandez-Gomez, C., Higginbotham, A., Höppner, H., Husband, R. J., Hutchinson, T. M., Hwang, H., Lazicki, A. E., Keen, D. A., Kim, J., Koester, P., Konopkova, Z., Kraus, D., Krygier, A., Labate, L., Lee, Y., Liermann, H. -P., Mason, P., Masruri, M., Massani, B., McBride, E. E., McGuire, C., McHardy, J. D., Merkel, S., Morard, G., Nagler, B., Nakatsutsumi, M., Nguyen-Cong, K., Norton, A. -M., Oleynik, I. I., Otzen, C., Ozaki, N., Pandolfi, S., Peake, D. J., Pelka, A., Pereira, K. A., Phillips, J. P., Prescher, C., Preston, T. R., Randolph, L., Ranjan, D., Ravasio, A., Redmer, R., Rips, J., Santamaria-Perez, D., Savage, D. J., Schoelmerich, M., Schwinkendorf, J. -P., Smith, J., Sollier, A., Spear, J., Spindloe, C., Stevenson, M., Strohm, C., Suer, T. -A., Tang, M., Toncian, M., Toncian, T., Tracy, S. J., Trapananti, A., Tschentscher, T., Tyldesley, M., Vennari, C. E., Vinci, T., Vogel, S. C., Volz, T. J., Vorberger, J., Walsh, J. P. S., Wark, J. S., Willman, J. T., Wollenweber, L., Zastrau, U., Brambrink, E., Appel, K., McMahon, M. I., Gorman, M, Mcgonegle, D, Smith, R, Singh, S, Jenkins, T, Mcwilliams, R, Albertazzi, B, Ali, S, Antonelli, L, Armstrong, M, Baehtz, C, Ball, O, Banerjee, S, Belonoshko, A, Benuzzi-Mounaix, A, Bolme, C, Bouffetier, V, Briggs, R, Buakor, K, Butcher, T, Di Dio Cafiso, S, Cerantola, V, Chantel, J, Di Cicco, A, Clarke, S, Coleman, A, Collier, J, Collins, G, Comley, A, Coppari, F, Cowan, T, Cristoforetti, G, Cynn, H, Descamps, A, Dorchies, F, Duff, M, Dwivedi, A, Edwards, C, Eggert, J, Errandonea, D, Fiquet, G, Galtier, E, Laso Garcia, A, Ginestet, H, Gizzi, L, Gleason, A, Goede, S, Gonzalez, J, Harmand, M, Hartley, N, Heighway, P, Hernandez-Gomez, C, Higginbotham, A, Höppner, H, Husband, R, Hutchinson, T, Hwang, H, Lazicki, A, Keen, D, Kim, J, Koester, P, Konopkova, Z, Kraus, D, Krygier, A, Labate, L, Lee, Y, Liermann, H, Mason, P, Masruri, M, Massani, B, Mcbride, E, Mcguire, C, Mchardy, J, Merkel, S, Morard, G, Nagler, B, Nakatsutsumi, M, Nguyen-Cong, K, Norton, A, Oleynik, I, Otzen, C, Ozaki, N, Pandolfi, S, Peake, D, Pelka, A, Pereira, K, Phillips, J, Prescher, C, Preston, T, Randolph, L, Ranjan, D, Ravasio, A, Redmer, R, Rips, J, Santamaria-Perez, D, Savage, D, Schoelmerich, M, Schwinkendorf, J, Smith, J, Sollier, A, Spear, J, Spindloe, C, Stevenson, M, Strohm, C, Suer, T, Tang, M, Toncian, M, Toncian, T, Tracy, S, Trapananti, A, Tschentscher, T, Tyldesley, M, Vennari, C, Vinci, T, Vogel, S, Volz, T, Vorberger, J, Walsh, J, Wark, J, Willman, J, Wollenweber, L, Zastrau, U, Brambrink, E, Appel, K, Mcmahon, M, Gorman, M. G., McGonegle, D., Smith, R. F., Singh, S., Jenkins, T., McWilliams, R. S., Albertazzi, B., Ali, S. J., Antonelli, L., Armstrong, M. R., Baehtz, C., Ball, O. B., Banerjee, S., Belonoshko, A. B., Benuzzi-Mounaix, A., Bolme, C. A., Bouffetier, V., Briggs, R., Buakor, K., Butcher, T., Di Dio Cafiso, S., Cerantola, V., Chantel, J., Di Cicco, A., Clarke, S., Coleman, A. L., Collier, J., Collins, G. W., Comley, A. J., Coppari, F., Cowan, T. E., Cristoforetti, G., Cynn, H., Descamps, A., Dorchies, F., Duff, M. J., Dwivedi, A., Edwards, C., Eggert, J. H., Errandonea, D., Fiquet, G., Galtier, E., Laso Garcia, A., Ginestet, H., Gizzi, L., Gleason, A., Goede, S., Gonzalez, J. M., Harmand, M., Hartley, N. J., Heighway, P. G., Hernandez-Gomez, C., Higginbotham, A., Höppner, H., Husband, R. J., Hutchinson, T. M., Hwang, H., Lazicki, A. E., Keen, D. A., Kim, J., Koester, P., Konopkova, Z., Kraus, D., Krygier, A., Labate, L., Lee, Y., Liermann, H. -P., Mason, P., Masruri, M., Massani, B., McBride, E. E., McGuire, C., McHardy, J. D., Merkel, S., Morard, G., Nagler, B., Nakatsutsumi, M., Nguyen-Cong, K., Norton, A. -M., Oleynik, I. I., Otzen, C., Ozaki, N., Pandolfi, S., Peake, D. J., Pelka, A., Pereira, K. A., Phillips, J. P., Prescher, C., Preston, T. R., Randolph, L., Ranjan, D., Ravasio, A., Redmer, R., Rips, J., Santamaria-Perez, D., Savage, D. J., Schoelmerich, M., Schwinkendorf, J. -P., Smith, J., Sollier, A., Spear, J., Spindloe, C., Stevenson, M., Strohm, C., Suer, T. -A., Tang, M., Toncian, M., Toncian, T., Tracy, S. J., Trapananti, A., Tschentscher, T., Tyldesley, M., Vennari, C. E., Vinci, T., Vogel, S. C., Volz, T. J., Vorberger, J., Walsh, J. P. S., Wark, J. S., Willman, J. T., Wollenweber, L., Zastrau, U., Brambrink, E., Appel, K., and McMahon, M. I.

Abstract

X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources coupled to high-power laser systems offer an avenue to study the structural dynamics of materials at extreme pressures and temperatures. The recent commissioning of the DiPOLE 100-X laser on the high energy density (HED) instrument at the European XFEL represents the state-of-the-art in combining x-ray diffraction with laser compression, allowing for compressed materials to be probed in unprecedented detail. Here, we report quantitative structural measurements of molten Sn compressed to 85(5) GPa and ∼ 3500 K. The capabilities of the HED instrument enable liquid density measurements with an uncertainty of ∼ 1 % at conditions which are extremely challenging to reach via static compression methods. We discuss best practices for conducting liquid diffraction dynamic compression experiments and the necessary intensity corrections which allow for accurate quantitative analysis. We also provide a polyimide ablation pressure vs input laser energy for the DiPOLE 100-X drive laser which will serve future users of the HED instrument.

Published
2024

7. Metastability of diamond ramp-compressed to 2 terapascals

Author

Lazicki, A., McGonegle, D., Rygg, J. R., Braun, D. G., Swift, D. C., Gorman, M. G., and Smith, R. F.

Subjects
Compressibility -- Measurement, Diamond crystals -- Mechanical properties -- Structure, Carbon allotropes -- Mechanical properties -- Identification and classification, Diamonds -- Mechanical properties -- Structure, Metastability -- Analysis, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Carbon is the fourth-most prevalent element in the Universe and essential for all known life. In the elemental form it is found in multiple allotropes, including graphite, diamond and fullerenes, and it has long been predicted that even more structures can exist at pressures greater than those at Earth's core.sup.1-3. Several phases have been predicted to exist in the multi-terapascal regime, which is important for accurate modelling of the interiors of carbon-rich exoplanets.sup.4,5. By compressing solid carbon to 2 terapascals (20 million atmospheres; more than five times the pressure at Earth's core) using ramp-shaped laser pulses and simultaneously measuring nanosecond-duration time-resolved X-ray diffraction, we found that solid carbon retains the diamond structure far beyond its regime of predicted stability. The results confirm predictions that the strength of the tetrahedral molecular orbital bonds in diamond persists under enormous pressure, resulting in large energy barriers that hinder conversion to more-stable high-pressure allotropes.sup.1,2, just as graphite formation from metastable diamond is kinetically hindered at atmospheric pressure. This work nearly doubles the highest pressure at which X-ray diffraction has been recorded on any material. X-ray diffraction measurements of solid carbon compressed to pressures of about two terapascals (approximately twenty million atmospheres) find that carbon retains a diamond structure even under these extreme conditions., Author(s): A. Lazicki [sup.1] , D. McGonegle [sup.2] , J. R. Rygg [sup.3] [sup.4] [sup.5] , D. G. Braun [sup.1] , D. C. Swift [sup.1] , M. G. Gorman [sup.1] [...]

Published
2021
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10. An approach for the measurement of the bulk temperature of single crystal diamond using an X-ray free electron laser

Author

Descamps, A., Ofori-Okai, B. K., Appel, K., Cerantola, V., Comley, A., Eggert, J. H., Fletcher, L. B., Gericke, D. O., Göde, S., Humphries, O., Karnbach, O., Lazicki, A., Loetzsch, R., McGonegle, D., Palmer, C. A. J., Plueckthun, C., Preston, T. R., Redmer, R., Senesky, D. G., Strohm, C., Uschmann, I., White, T. G., Wollenweber, L., Monaco, G., Wark, J. S., Hastings, J. B., Zastrau, U., Gregori, G., Glenzer, S. H., and McBride, E. E.

Published
2020
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12. Molecular dynamics simulations of inelastic x-ray scattering from shocked copper.

Author

Karnbach, O., Heighway, P. G., McGonegle, D., Rudd, R. E., Gregori, G., and Wark, J. S.

Subjects
X-ray scattering, INELASTIC scattering, QUASI-elastic scattering, MOLECULAR dynamics, DOPPLER effect, FREE electron lasers, BRILLOUIN zones, YIELD strength (Engineering)
Abstract

By taking the spatial and temporal Fourier transforms of the coordinates of the atoms in molecular dynamics simulations conducted using an embedded-atom-method potential, we calculate the inelastic scattering of x rays from copper single crystals shocked along [001] to pressures of up to 70 GPa. Above the Hugoniot elastic limit, we find that the copious stacking faults generated at the shock front introduce strong quasi-elastic scattering (QES) that competes with the inelastic scattering signal, which remains discernible within the first Brillouin zone; for specific directions in reciprocal space outside the first zone, the QES dominates the inelastic signal overwhelmingly. The synthetic scattering spectra we generate from our Fourier transforms suggest that energy resolutions of order 10 meV would be required to distinguish inelastic from quasi-elastic scattering within the first Brillouin zone of shock-loaded copper. We further note that high-resolution inelastic scattering also affords the possibility of directly measuring particle velocities via the Doppler shift. These simulations are of relevance to future planned inelastic scattering experiments at x-ray Free Electron Laser facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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13. X-ray diffraction data from shock-compressed copper: Some consequences of metallurgical texture.

Author

Foster, J. M., Avraam, P. W., Floyd, E. K. R., Comley, A. J., Rothman, S. D., McGonegle, D. R., Graham, P., Peacock, L. J., Penman, R., Luis, J. J. D., and Poulter, C. P.

Subjects
X-ray diffraction, COPPER foil, COPPER, STRAIN rate, CRYSTAL texture
Abstract

We report the measurements of in situ Debye–Scherrer x-ray diffraction from copper foils shock compressed at the Orion laser facility to pressure in the range of 10–40 GPa. Our objective was to record distortion (variation of scattering angle at peak intensity, 2θ, with azimuthal position, φ, around the diffraction ring) of the Debye–Scherrer rings. We intended to measure the anisotropy of elastic strain and infer the effective strength of copper at a high strain rate. However, our measured diffraction data from all crystallographic reflection planes considered together are not consistent with a simple model that assumes homogeneous elastic strain. Consideration of both the β-fiber metallurgical texture of the rolled copper foil that we used as the sample material and the measured diffraction linewidths provides an empirical understanding of the data. We extend our understanding by using a Taylor-type, single-crystal plasticity model in which the total strain of each grain is assumed to be identical to that of the whole sample. This model reproduces many features of our experimental data and points to the importance of accounting for the plastic anisotropy of single-crystal grains, which can, in turn, lead to inter-grain elastic strain inhomogeneity and complex distortions of the diffraction rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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14. An approach for the measurement of the bulk temperature of single crystal diamond using an X-ray Free Electron Laser

Author

Descamps, Adrien, primary, Ofori-Okai, B., additional, Appel, K., additional, Cerantola, V., additional, Comley, A., additional, Eggert, J., additional, Fletcher, L., additional, Gericke, D., additional, Goede, S., additional, Humphries, O., additional, Karnbach, O., additional, Lazicki, A., additional, Loetzsch, R., additional, McGonegle, D., additional, Palmer, C., additional, Plueckthun, C., additional, Preston, T., additional, Redmer, R., additional, Senesky, D., additional, Strohm, C., additional, Uschmann, I., additional, White, T., additional, Wollenweber, L., additional, Monaco, G., additional, Wark, J., additional, Hastings, J., additional, Zastrau, U., additional, Gregori, G., additional, Glenzer, S., additional, and McBride, Emma, additional

Published
2020
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15. In situ X-ray diffraction measurement of shock-wave-driven twinning and lattice dynamics

Author

Wehrenberg, C. E., McGonegle, D., Bolme, C., Higginbotham, A., Lazicki, A., Lee, H. J., Nagler, B., Park, H.-S., Remington, B. A., Rudd, R. E., Sliwa, M., Suggit, M., Swift, D., Tavella, F., Zepeda-Ruiz, L., and Wark, J. S.

Subjects
Shock waves -- Observations, Twinning (Crystallography) -- Measurement -- Observations, X-ray diffraction -- Measurement -- Usage, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Author(s): C. E. Wehrenberg (corresponding author) [1]; D. McGonegle [2]; C. Bolme [3]; A. Higginbotham [4]; A. Lazicki [1]; H. J. Lee [5]; B. Nagler [5]; H.-S. Park [1]; B. [...]

Published
2017
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16. Erratum: High-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the high energy density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (Review of Scientific Instruments (2021) 92 (013101) DOI: 10.1063/5.0022886)

Author

Wollenweber L., Wollenweber, L, Preston, T, Descamps, A, Cerantola, V, Comley, A, Eggert, J, Fletcher, L, Geloni, G, Gericke, D, Glenzer, S, Göde, S, Hastings, J, Humphries, O, Jenei, A, Karnbach, O, Konopkova, Z, Loetzsch, R, Marx-Glowna, B, Mcbride, E, Mcgonegle, D, Monaco, G, Ofori-Okai, B, Palmer, C, Plückthun, C, Redmer, R, Strohm, C, Thorpe, I, Tschentscher, T, Uschmann, I, Wark, J, White, T, Appel, K, Gregori, G, Zastrau, U, Wollenweber L., Preston T. R., Descamps A., Cerantola V., Comley A., Eggert J. H., Fletcher L. B., Geloni G., Gericke D. O., Glenzer S. H., Göde S., Hastings J., Humphries O. S., Jenei A., Karnbach O., Konopkova Z., Loetzsch R., Marx-Glowna B., Mcbride E. E., Mcgonegle D., Monaco G., Ofori-Okai B. K., Palmer C. A. J., Plückthun C., Redmer R., Strohm C., Thorpe I., Tschentscher T., Uschmann I., Wark J. S., White T. G., Appel K., Gregori G., Zastrau U., Wollenweber L., Wollenweber, L, Preston, T, Descamps, A, Cerantola, V, Comley, A, Eggert, J, Fletcher, L, Geloni, G, Gericke, D, Glenzer, S, Göde, S, Hastings, J, Humphries, O, Jenei, A, Karnbach, O, Konopkova, Z, Loetzsch, R, Marx-Glowna, B, Mcbride, E, Mcgonegle, D, Monaco, G, Ofori-Okai, B, Palmer, C, Plückthun, C, Redmer, R, Strohm, C, Thorpe, I, Tschentscher, T, Uschmann, I, Wark, J, White, T, Appel, K, Gregori, G, Zastrau, U, Wollenweber L., Preston T. R., Descamps A., Cerantola V., Comley A., Eggert J. H., Fletcher L. B., Geloni G., Gericke D. O., Glenzer S. H., Göde S., Hastings J., Humphries O. S., Jenei A., Karnbach O., Konopkova Z., Loetzsch R., Marx-Glowna B., Mcbride E. E., Mcgonegle D., Monaco G., Ofori-Okai B. K., Palmer C. A. J., Plückthun C., Redmer R., Strohm C., Thorpe I., Tschentscher T., Uschmann I., Wark J. S., White T. G., Appel K., Gregori G., and Zastrau U.

Published
2021

18. An approach for the measurement of the bulk temperature of single crystal diamond using an X-ray free electron laser

Author

Descamps, A, Ofori-Okai, B, Appel, K, Cerantola, V, Comley, A, Eggert, J, Fletcher, L, Gericke, D, Göde, S, Humphries, O, Karnbach, O, Lazicki, A, Loetzsch, R, Mcgonegle, D, Palmer, C, Plueckthun, C, Preston, T, Redmer, R, Senesky, D, Strohm, C, Uschmann, I, White, T, Wollenweber, L, Monaco, G, Wark, J, Hastings, J, Zastrau, U, Gregori, G, Glenzer, S, Mcbride, E, Ofori-Okai, BK, Eggert, JH, Fletcher, LB, Gericke, DO, McGonegle, D, Palmer, CAJ, Preston, TR, Senesky, DG, White, T G, Wark, JS, Hastings, JB, Glenzer, SH, McBride, EE, Descamps, A, Ofori-Okai, B, Appel, K, Cerantola, V, Comley, A, Eggert, J, Fletcher, L, Gericke, D, Göde, S, Humphries, O, Karnbach, O, Lazicki, A, Loetzsch, R, Mcgonegle, D, Palmer, C, Plueckthun, C, Preston, T, Redmer, R, Senesky, D, Strohm, C, Uschmann, I, White, T, Wollenweber, L, Monaco, G, Wark, J, Hastings, J, Zastrau, U, Gregori, G, Glenzer, S, Mcbride, E, Ofori-Okai, BK, Eggert, JH, Fletcher, LB, Gericke, DO, McGonegle, D, Palmer, CAJ, Preston, TR, Senesky, DG, White, T G, Wark, JS, Hastings, JB, Glenzer, SH, and McBride, EE

Abstract

We present a method to determine the bulk temperature of a single crystal diamond sample at an X-Ray free electron laser using inelastic X-ray scattering. The experiment was performed at the high energy density instrument at the European XFEL GmbH, Germany. The technique, based on inelastic X-ray scattering and the principle of detailed balance, was demonstrated to give accurate temperature measurements, within 8 % for both room temperature diamond and heated diamond to 500 K. Here, the temperature was increased in a controlled way using a resistive heater to test theoretical predictions of the scaling of the signal with temperature. The method was tested by validating the energy of the phonon modes with previous measurements made at room temperature using inelastic X-ray scattering and neutron scattering techniques. This technique could be used to determine the bulk temperature in transient systems with a temporal resolution of 50 fs and for which accurate measurements of thermodynamic properties are vital to build accurate equation of state and transport models.

Published
2020

19. Metastability of diamond ramp-compressed to 2TPa

Author

Lazicki, A, McGonegle, D, Rygg, JR, Morgan, MG, Braun, DG, Swift, DC, Smith, RF, Heighway, P, Suggit, MJ, Fratanduono, DE, Higginbothom, A, Coppari, F, Wehremberg, CE, Bernier, JV, Kraus, RG, Erskine, D, Wark, JS, McNaney, JM, Collins, GW, Eggert, JH, and Rudd, RE

Abstract

Carbon is the fourth-most prevalent element in the Universe and essential for all known life. In the elemental form it is found in multiple allotropes, including graphite, diamond and fullerenes, and it has long been predicted that even more structures can exist at pressures greater than those at Earth’s core1,2,3. Several phases have been predicted to exist in the multi-terapascal regime, which is important for accurate modelling of the interiors of carbon-rich exoplanets4,5. By compressing solid carbon to 2 terapascals (20 million atmospheres; more than five times the pressure at Earth’s core) using ramp-shaped laser pulses and simultaneously measuring nanosecond-duration time-resolved X-ray diffraction, we found that solid carbon retains the diamond structure far beyond its regime of predicted stability. The results confirm predictions that the strength of the tetrahedral molecular orbital bonds in diamond persists under enormous pressure, resulting in large energy barriers that hinder conversion to more-stable high-pressure allotropes1,2, just as graphite formation from metastable diamond is kinetically hindered at atmospheric pressure. This work nearly doubles the highest pressure at which X-ray diffraction has been recorded on any material.

Published
2021

20. High-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the high energy density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser

Author

Wollenweber, L, Preston, T, Descamps, A, Cerantola, V, Comley, A, Eggert, J, Fletcher, L, Geloni, G, Gericke, D, Glenzer, S, G??de, S, Hastings, J, Humphries, O, Jenei, A, Karnbach, O, Konopkova, Z, Loetzsch, R, Marx-Glowna, B, Mcbride, E, Mcgonegle, D, Monaco, G, Ofori-Okai, B, Palmer, C, Pl??ckthun, C, Redmer, R, Strohm, C, Thorpe, I, Tschentscher, T, Uschmann, I, Wark, J, White, T, Appel, K, Gregori, G, Zastrau, U, L. Wollenweber, T. R. Preston, A. Descamps, V. Cerantola, A. Comley, J. H. Eggert, L. B. Fletcher, G. Geloni, D. O. Gericke, S. H. Glenzer, S. G??de, J. Hastings, O. S. Humphries, A. Jenei, O. Karnbach, Z. Konopkova, R. Loetzsch, B. Marx-Glowna, E. E. McBride, D. McGonegle, G. Monaco, B. K. Ofori-Okai, C. A. J. Palmer, C. Pl??ckthun, R. Redmer, C. Strohm, I. Thorpe, T. Tschentscher, I. Uschmann, J. S. Wark, T. G. White, K. Appel, G. Gregori, U. Zastrau, Wollenweber, L, Preston, T, Descamps, A, Cerantola, V, Comley, A, Eggert, J, Fletcher, L, Geloni, G, Gericke, D, Glenzer, S, G??de, S, Hastings, J, Humphries, O, Jenei, A, Karnbach, O, Konopkova, Z, Loetzsch, R, Marx-Glowna, B, Mcbride, E, Mcgonegle, D, Monaco, G, Ofori-Okai, B, Palmer, C, Pl??ckthun, C, Redmer, R, Strohm, C, Thorpe, I, Tschentscher, T, Uschmann, I, Wark, J, White, T, Appel, K, Gregori, G, Zastrau, U, L. Wollenweber, T. R. Preston, A. Descamps, V. Cerantola, A. Comley, J. H. Eggert, L. B. Fletcher, G. Geloni, D. O. Gericke, S. H. Glenzer, S. G??de, J. Hastings, O. S. Humphries, A. Jenei, O. Karnbach, Z. Konopkova, R. Loetzsch, B. Marx-Glowna, E. E. McBride, D. McGonegle, G. Monaco, B. K. Ofori-Okai, C. A. J. Palmer, C. Pl??ckthun, R. Redmer, C. Strohm, I. Thorpe, T. Tschentscher, I. Uschmann, J. S. Wark, T. G. White, K. Appel, G. Gregori, and U. Zastrau

Abstract

We introduce a setup to measure high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the High Energy Density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL). The setup uses the Si (533) reflection in a channel-cut monochromator and three spherical diced analyzer crystals in near-backscattering geometry to reach a high spectral resolution. An energy resolution of 44 meV is demonstrated for the experimental setup, close to the theoretically achievable minimum resolution. The analyzer crystals and detector are mounted on a curved-rail system, allowing quick and reliable changes in scattering angle without breaking vacuum. The entire setup is designed for operation at 10 Hz, the same repetition rate as the high-power lasers available at the instrument and the fundamental repetition rate of the European XFEL. Among other measurements, it is envisioned that this setup will allow studies of the dynamics of highly transient laser generated states of matter.

Published
2021

22. Publisher’s Note: “High-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the high energy density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser” [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 92, 013101 (2021)]

Author

Wollenweber, L., primary, Preston, T. R., additional, Descamps, A., additional, Cerantola, V., additional, Comley, A., additional, Eggert, J. H., additional, Fletcher, L. B., additional, Geloni, G., additional, Gericke, D. O., additional, Glenzer, S. H., additional, Göde, S., additional, Hastings, J., additional, Humphries, O. S., additional, Jenei, A., additional, Karnbach, O., additional, Konopkova, Z., additional, Loetzsch, R., additional, Marx-Glowna, B., additional, McBride, E. E., additional, McGonegle, D., additional, Monaco, G., additional, Ofori-Okai, B. K., additional, Palmer, C. A. J., additional, Plückthun, C., additional, Redmer, R., additional, Strohm, C., additional, Thorpe, I., additional, Tschentscher, T., additional, Uschmann, I., additional, Wark, J. S., additional, White, T. G., additional, Appel, K., additional, Gregori, G., additional, and Zastrau, U., additional

Published
2021
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23. High-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the high energy density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser

Author

Wollenweber, L., primary, Preston, T. R., additional, Descamps, A., additional, Cerantola, V., additional, Comley, A., additional, Eggert, J. H., additional, Fletcher, L. B., additional, Geloni, G., additional, Gericke, D. O., additional, Glenzer, S. H., additional, Göde, S., additional, Hastings, J., additional, Humphries, O. S., additional, Jenei, A., additional, Karnbach, O., additional, Konopkova, Z., additional, Loetzsch, R., additional, Marx-Glowna, B., additional, McBride, E. E., additional, McGonegle, D., additional, Monaco, G., additional, Ofori-Okai, B. K., additional, Palmer, C. A. J., additional, Plückthun, C., additional, Redmer, R., additional, Strohm, C., additional, Thorpe, I., additional, Tschentscher, T., additional, Uschmann, I., additional, Wark, J. S., additional, White, T. G., additional, Appel, K., additional, Gregori, G., additional, and Zastrau, U., additional

Published
2021
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24. X-ray diffraction measurements of plasticity in shock-compressed vanadium in the region of 10-70 GPa.

Author

Foster, J. M., Comley, A. J., Case, G. S., Avraam, P., Rothman, S. D., Higginbotham, A., Floyd, E. K. R., Gumbrell, E. T., Luis, J. J. D., McGonegle, D., Park, N. T., Peacock, L. J., Poulter, C. P., Suggit, M. J., and Wark, J. S.

Subjects
X-ray powder diffraction, MATERIAL plasticity, POLYCRYSTALS, DEBYE-Scherrer cameras, YIELD strength (Engineering)
Abstract

We report experiments in which powder-diffraction data were recorded from polycrystalline vanadium foils, shock-compressed to pressures in the range of 10-70 GPa. Anisotropic strain in the compressed material is inferred from the asymmetry of Debye-Scherrer diffraction images and used to infer residual strain and yield strength (residual von Mises stress) of the vanadium sample material. We find residual anisotropic strain corresponding to yield strength in the range of 1.2 GPa-1.8 GPa for shock pressures below 30 GPa, but significantly less anisotropy of strain in the range of shock pressures above this. This is in contrast to our simulations of the experimental data using a multi-scale crystal plasticity strength model, where a significant yield strength persists up to the highest pressures we access in the experiment. Possible mechanisms that could contribute to the dynamic response of vanadium that we observe for shock pressures ≥30 GPa are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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25. Recovery of a high-pressure phase formed under laser-driven compression

Author

Gorman, M. G., primary, McGonegle, D., additional, Tracy, S. J., additional, Clarke, S. M., additional, Bolme, C. A., additional, Gleason, A. E., additional, Ali, S. J., additional, Hok, S., additional, Greeff, C. W., additional, Heighway, P. G., additional, Hulpach, K., additional, Glam, B., additional, Galtier, E., additional, Lee, H. J., additional, Wark, J. S., additional, Eggert, J. H., additional, Wicks, J. K., additional, and Smith, R. F., additional

Published
2020
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26. Coordination changes in liquid tin under shock compression determined using in situ femtosecond x-ray diffraction

Author

Briggs, R., primary, Gorman, M. G., additional, Zhang, S., additional, McGonegle, D., additional, Coleman, A. L., additional, Coppari, F., additional, Morales-Silva, M. A., additional, Smith, R. F., additional, Wicks, J. K., additional, Bolme, C. A., additional, Gleason, A. E., additional, Cunningham, E., additional, Lee, H. J., additional, Nagler, B., additional, McMahon, M. I., additional, Eggert, J. H., additional, and Fratanduono, D. E., additional

Published
2019
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27. Nonisentropic Release of a Shocked Solid

Author

Heighway, P. G., primary, Sliwa, M., additional, McGonegle, D., additional, Wehrenberg, C., additional, Bolme, C. A., additional, Eggert, J., additional, Higginbotham, A., additional, Lazicki, A., additional, Lee, H. J., additional, Nagler, B., additional, Park, H.-S., additional, Rudd, R. E., additional, Smith, R. F., additional, Suggit, M. J., additional, Swift, D., additional, Tavella, F., additional, Remington, B. A., additional, and Wark, J. S., additional

Published
2019
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28. X-ray diffraction studies of laser-shocked crystals

Author

McGonegle, D and Wark, J

Abstract

When materials are shock compressed, they undergo changes in microstructure that act to relieve the large shear stresses associated with the compression. The plasticity mechanisms that mediate this transition such as slip and twinning remain poorly understood, especially in the case of polycrystals, which make up the majority of real world materials. This work presents a theoretical outline for analysing Debye-Scherrer diffraction experiments under large strains. A method is demonstrated to measure both the components of strain in the normal and transverse directions, as well as crystal orientation using highly textured samples. These theoretical predictions are compared with simulated diffraction patterns from molecular dynamics simulations. This technique is applied to two different experiments on tantalum. The first provides a measurement of the timescale for plastic deformation, which we find similar to comparable experiments in copper, while the second provides the first in situ of observation of twinning in shock compressed metal.

Published
2019

29. Simultaneous 8.2 keV phase-contrastimaging and 24.6 keV X-ray diffraction fromshock-compressed matter at the LCLS

Author

Seiboth, F., Fletcher, L. B., Mcgonegle, D., Anzellini, S., Dresselhaus-Cooper, L. E., Frost, M., Galtier, E., Goede, S., Harmand, M., Lee, H. J., Levitan, A. L., Miyanishi, K., Nagler, B., Nam, I., Ozaki, N., Rödel, M., Schropp, A., Spindloe, C., Sun, P., Wark, J. S., Hastings, J., Glenzer, S. H., and Mcbride, E. E.

Subjects
germanium, LCLS, x-ray diffraction, Phase Contrast Imaging, shock compression, XFEL, MEC, PCI, shock, Matter in Extreme Conditions, release
Abstract

In this work, we demonstrate simultaneous phase-contrast imaging (PCI) and X-ray diffractionfrom shock compressed matter at the Matter in Extreme Conditions endstation, at the LinacCoherent Light Source (LCLS). We utilize the chromaticity from compound refractive X-ray lensesto focus the 24.6 keV 3rd order undulator harmonic of the LCLS to a spot size of 5lm on target toperform X-ray diffraction. Simultaneous PCI from the 8.2 keV fundamental X-ray beam is used tovisualize and measure the transient properties of the shock wave over a 500lm field of view.Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability to extend the reciprocal space measurements by 5 Angstroem, rel-ative to the fundamental X-ray energy, by utilizing X-ray diffraction from the 3rd harmonic of theLCLS.

Published
2018

31. Identification of Phase Transitions and Metastability in Dynamically Compressed Antimony Using Ultrafast X-Ray Diffraction

Author

Coleman, A. L., primary, Gorman, M. G., additional, Briggs, R., additional, McWilliams, R. S., additional, McGonegle, D., additional, Bolme, C. A., additional, Gleason, A. E., additional, Fratanduono, D. E., additional, Smith, R. F., additional, Galtier, E., additional, Lee, H. J., additional, Nagler, B., additional, Granados, E., additional, Collins, G. W., additional, Eggert, J. H., additional, Wark, J. S., additional, and McMahon, M. I., additional

Published
2019
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32. Recovery of metastable dense Bi synthesized by shock compression

Author

Gorman, M. G., primary, Coleman, A. L., additional, Briggs, R., additional, McWilliams, R. S., additional, Hermann, A., additional, McGonegle, D., additional, Bolme, C. A., additional, Gleason, A. E., additional, Galtier, E., additional, Lee, H. J., additional, Granados, E., additional, McBride, E. E., additional, Rothman, S., additional, Fratanduono, D. E., additional, Smith, R. F., additional, Collins, G. W., additional, Eggert, J. H., additional, Wark, J. S., additional, and McMahon, M. I., additional

Published
2019
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33. Femtosecond measurement of shock wave driven twinning and lattice dynamics

Author

Wehrenberg, CE, McGonegle, D, Bolme, C, Higginbotham, A, Lazicki, A, Lee, HJ, Nagler, B, Park, H-S, Remington, BA, Rudd, RE, Sliwa, M, Suggit, M, Swift, D, Tavella, F, Zepeda-Ruiz, L, and Wark, JS

Abstract

Pressure-driven shock waves in solid materials can cause extreme damage and deformation. Understanding this deformation and the associated defects that are created in the material is crucial in the study of a wide range of phenomena, including planetary formation and asteroid impact sites, the formation of interstellar dust clouds, ballistic penetrators, spacecraft shielding and ductility in high-performance ceramics. At the lattice level, the basic mechanisms of plastic deformation are twinning (whereby crystallites with a mirror-image lattice form) and slip (whereby lattice dislocations are generated and move), but determining which of these mechanisms is active during deformation is challenging. Experiments that characterized lattice defects have typically examined the microstructure of samples after deformation, and so are complicated by post-shock annealing and reverberations. In addition, measurements have been limited to relatively modest pressures (less than 100 gigapascals). In situ X-ray diffraction experiments can provide insights into the dynamic behaviour of materials, but have only recently been applied to plasticity during shock compression and have yet to provide detailed insight into competing deformation mechanisms. Here we present X-ray diffraction experiments with femtosecond resolution that capture in situ, lattice-level information on the microstructural processes that drive shock-wave-driven deformation. To demonstrate this method we shock-compress the body-centred-cubic material tantalum-an important material for high-energy-density physics owing to its high shock impedance and high X-ray opacity. Tantalum is also a material for which previous shock compression simulations and experiments have provided conflicting information about the dominant deformation mechanism. Our experiments reveal twinning and related lattice rotation occurring on the timescale of tens of picoseconds. In addition, despite the common association between twinning and strong shocks, we find a transition from twinning to dislocation-slip-dominated plasticity at high pressure (more than 150 gigapascals), a regime that recovery experiments cannot accurately access. The techniques demonstrated here will be useful for studying shock waves and other high-strain-rate phenomena, as well as a broad range of processes induced by plasticity.

Published
2017

34. Femtosecond X-Ray Diffraction Studies of the Reversal of the Microstructural Effects of Plastic Deformation during Shock Release of Tantalum

Author

Sliwa, M., primary, McGonegle, D., additional, Wehrenberg, C., additional, Bolme, C. A., additional, Heighway, P. G., additional, Higginbotham, A., additional, Lazicki, A., additional, Lee, H. J., additional, Nagler, B., additional, Park, H. S., additional, Rudd, R. E., additional, Suggit, M. J., additional, Swift, D., additional, Tavella, F., additional, Zepeda-Ruiz, L., additional, Remington, B. A., additional, and Wark, J. S., additional

Published
2018
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35. Simultaneous 8.2 keV phase-contrast imaging and 24.6 keV X-ray diffraction from shock-compressed matter at the LCLS

Author

Seiboth, F., primary, Fletcher, L. B., additional, McGonegle, D., additional, Anzellini, S., additional, Dresselhaus-Cooper, L. E., additional, Frost, M., additional, Galtier, E., additional, Goede, S., additional, Harmand, M., additional, Lee, H. J., additional, Levitan, A. L., additional, Miyanishi, K., additional, Nagler, B., additional, Nam, I., additional, Ozaki, N., additional, Rödel, M., additional, Schropp, A., additional, Spindloe, C., additional, Sun, P., additional, Wark, J. S., additional, Hastings, J., additional, Glenzer, S. H., additional, and McBride, E. E., additional

Published
2018
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36. Inelastic response of silicon to shock compression

Author

Higginbotham, A, Stubley, P G, Comley, A J, Eggert, J H, Foster, John M., Kalantar, D H, McGonegle, D, Patel, S, Peacock, L J, Rothman, S D, Smith, R F, Suggit, M J, and Wark, J S

Subjects
Article
Abstract

The elastic and inelastic response of [001] oriented silicon to laser compression has been a topic of considerable discussion for well over a decade, yet there has been little progress in understanding the basic behaviour of this apparently simple material. We present experimental x-ray diffraction data showing complex elastic strain profiles in laser compressed samples on nanosecond timescales. We also present molecular dynamics and elasticity code modelling which suggests that a pressure induced phase transition is the cause of the previously reported 'anomalous' elastic waves. Moreover, this interpretation allows for measurement of the kinetic timescales for transition. This model is also discussed in the wider context of reported deformation of silicon to rapid compression in the literature.

Published
2016

37. Ultrafast X-Ray Diffraction Studies of the Phase Transitions and Equation of State of Scandium Shock Compressed to 82 GPa

Author

Briggs, R., primary, Gorman, M. G., additional, Coleman, A. L., additional, McWilliams, R. S., additional, McBride, E. E., additional, McGonegle, D., additional, Wark, J. S., additional, Peacock, L., additional, Rothman, S., additional, Macleod, S. G., additional, Bolme, C. A., additional, Gleason, A. E., additional, Collins, G. W., additional, Eggert, J. H., additional, Fratanduono, D. E., additional, Smith, R. F., additional, Galtier, E., additional, Granados, E., additional, Lee, H. J., additional, Nagler, B., additional, Nam, I., additional, Xing, Z., additional, and McMahon, M. I., additional

Published
2017
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38. Recovery of metastable dense Bi synthesized by shock compression.

Author

Coleman, A. L., McWilliams, R. S., Hermann, A., McMahon, M. I., Gorman, M. G., Briggs, R., McBride, E. E., Fratanduono, D. E., Smith, R. F., Eggert, J. H., McGonegle, D., Wark, J. S., Bolme, C. A., Gleason, A. E., Galtier, E., Lee, H. J., Granados, E., Rothman, S., and Collins, G. W.

Subjects
X-rays, ELECTRONS, DYNAMICS, EQUILIBRIUM, COMPRESSION loads
Abstract

X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) sources have revolutionized our capability to study ultrafast material behavior. Using an XFEL, we revisit the structural dynamics of shock compressed bismuth, resolving the transition sequence on shock release in unprecedented details. Unlike previous studies that found the phase-transition sequence on shock release to largely adhere to the equilibrium phase diagram (i.e., Bi-V → Bi-III → Bi-II → Bi-I), our results clearly reveal previously unseen, non-equilibrium behavior at these conditions. On pressure release from the Bi-V phase at 5 GPa, the Bi-III phase is not formed but rather a new metastable form of Bi. This new phase transforms into the Bi-II phase which in turn transforms into a phase of Bi which is not observed on compression. We determine this phase to be isostructural with β-Sn and recover it to ambient pressure where it exists for 20 ns before transforming back to the Bi-I phase. The structural relationship between the tetragonal β-Sn phase and the Bi-II phase (from which it forms) is discussed. Our results show the effect that rapid compression rates can have on the phase selection in a transforming material and show great promise for recovering high-pressure polymorphs with novel material properties in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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40. High-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the high energy density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser

Author

C. Plückthun, Sebastian Göde, Karen Appel, Benjamin K. Ofori-Okai, C. Strohm, Ulf Zastrau, Adrien Descamps, Andrew Comley, Gianluca Gregori, Ingo Uschmann, O. Karnbach, Charlotte Palmer, Lennart Wollenweber, Oliver Humphries, Ronald Redmer, David McGonegle, Justin Wark, Thomas G. White, Luke Fletcher, Jerome B. Hastings, A. Jenei, G. Geloni, Giulio Monaco, Berit Marx-Glowna, Zuzana Konôpková, Jon Eggert, R. Loetzsch, Thomas Tschentscher, Valerio Cerantola, S. H. Glenzer, Dirk O. Gericke, T. R. Preston, Emma McBride, I. Thorpe, Wollenweber, L, Preston, T, Descamps, A, Cerantola, V, Comley, A, Eggert, J, Fletcher, L, Geloni, G, Gericke, D, Glenzer, S, G??de, S, Hastings, J, Humphries, O, Jenei, A, Karnbach, O, Konopkova, Z, Loetzsch, R, Marx-Glowna, B, Mcbride, E, Mcgonegle, D, Monaco, G, Ofori-Okai, B, Palmer, C, Pl??ckthun, C, Redmer, R, Strohm, C, Thorpe, I, Tschentscher, T, Uschmann, I, Wark, J, White, T, Appel, K, Gregori, G, and Zastrau, U

Subjects
Spectrum analyzer, Materials science, Inelastic scattering, 01 natural sciences, monochromator, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Spectral resolution, Instrumentation, Monochromator, 010302 applied physics, business.industry, Scattering, XFEL, Resolution (electron density), Free-electron laser, Laser, ddc:620, business, IXS
Abstract

Review of scientific instruments 92(1), 013101 (2021). doi:10.1063/5.0022886, We introduce a setup to measure high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the High Energy Density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL). The setup uses the Si (533) reflection in a channel-cut monochromator and three spherical diced analyzer crystals in near-backscattering geometry to reach a high spectral resolution. An energy resolution of 44 meV is demonstrated for the experimental setup, close to the theoretically achievable minimum resolution. The analyzer crystals and detector are mounted on a curved-rail system, allowing quick and reliable changes in scattering angle without breaking vacuum. The entire setup is designed for operation at 10 Hz, the same repetition rate as the high-power lasers available at the instrument and the fundamental repetition rate of the European XFEL. Among other measurements, it is envisioned that this setup will allow studies of the dynamics of highly transient laser generated states of matter., Published by American Institute of Physics, [S.l.]

Published
2021

41. An approach for the measurement of the bulk temperature of single crystal diamond using an X-ray free electron laser

Author

Charlotte Palmer, Luke Fletcher, Giulio Monaco, Siegfried Glenzer, Thomas G. White, C. Plueckthun, Ingo Uschmann, David McGonegle, C. Strohm, Karen Appel, Gianluca Gregori, Sebastian Göde, Jerome B. Hastings, Benjamin K. Ofori-Okai, Ulf Zastrau, Justin Wark, Debbie G. Senesky, Adrien Descamps, O. Karnbach, Oliver Humphries, Jon Eggert, R. Loetzsch, Emma McBride, Amy Lazicki, Valerio Cerantola, Lennart Wollenweber, Dirk O. Gericke, T. R. Preston, Ronald Redmer, Andrew Comley, Descamps, A, Ofori-Okai, B, Appel, K, Cerantola, V, Comley, A, Eggert, J, Fletcher, L, Gericke, D, Göde, S, Humphries, O, Karnbach, O, Lazicki, A, Loetzsch, R, Mcgonegle, D, Palmer, C, Plueckthun, C, Preston, T, Redmer, R, Senesky, D, Strohm, C, Uschmann, I, White, T, Wollenweber, L, Monaco, G, Wark, J, Hastings, J, Zastrau, U, Gregori, G, Glenzer, S, and Mcbride, E

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Equation of state, Materials science, Phonon, x-ray heating, Bulk temperature, lcsh:Medicine, Neutron scattering, engineering.material, Temperature measurement, Article, Techniques and instrumentation, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, diamond, Condensed-matter physics, lcsh:Science, General, Multidisciplinary, Scattering, XFEL, Physics, lcsh:R, Diamond, Detailed balance, 030104 developmental biology, engineering, lcsh:Q, Atomic physics, ddc:600, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, IXS
Abstract

Scientific reports 10(1), 14564 (2020). doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71350-x, Published by Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature, [London]

Published
2020

42. Unexpected Observation of Disorder and Multiple Phase-Transition Pathways in Shock-Compressed Zr.

Author

Singh S, Gorman MG, Heighway PG, Bernier JV, McGonegle D, Lee HJ, Nagler B, Eggert JH, and Smith RF

Abstract

The response of materials under dynamic compression involves a complex interplay of various deformation mechanisms aimed at relieving shear stresses, yielding a remarkable diversity in material behavior. In this Letter, we utilize femtosecond x-ray diffraction coupled with nanosecond laser compression to reveal an intricate competition between multiple shear-relieving mechanisms within an elemental metal. Our observations in shocked-compressed single-crystal Zr indicate a disorder-mediated shear relaxation at lower pressures. Above the phase-transition pressure, we observe the increasing contribution of structural phase transition in relieving shear stress. We detect not one but three concurrent pathways during the transition from the hcp to a hex-3 structure. These complex dynamics are partially corroborated through multimillion-atom molecular dynamics simulations employing a machine-learned interatomic potential. Our observation of multiple concurrent pathways and disorder during shock compression underscore the far greater intricacies in the dynamic response of metals than previously assumed.

Published
2024
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43. Femtosecond quantification of void evolution during rapid material failure.

Author

Coakley J, Higginbotham A, McGonegle D, Ilavsky J, Swinburne TD, Wark JS, Rahman KM, Vorontsov VA, Dye D, Lane TJ, Boutet S, Koglin J, Robinson J, and Milathianaki D

Abstract

Understanding high-velocity impact, and the subsequent high strain rate material deformation and potential catastrophic failure, is of critical importance across a range of scientific and engineering disciplines that include astrophysics, materials science, and aerospace engineering. The deformation and failure mechanisms are not thoroughly understood, given the challenges of experimentally quantifying material evolution at extremely short time scales. Here, copper foils are rapidly strained via picosecond laser ablation and probed in situ with femtosecond x-ray free electron (XFEL) pulses. Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) monitors the void distribution evolution, while wide-angle scattering (WAXS) simultaneously determines the strain evolution. The ability to quantifiably characterize the nanoscale during high strain rate failure with ultrafast SAXS, complementing WAXS, represents a broadening in the range of science that can be performed with XFEL. It is shown that ultimate failure occurs via void nucleation, growth, and coalescence, and the data agree well with molecular dynamics simulations., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (CC BY).)

Published
2020
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44. Inelastic response of silicon to shock compression.

Author

Higginbotham A, Stubley PG, Comley AJ, Eggert JH, Foster JM, Kalantar DH, McGonegle D, Patel S, Peacock LJ, Rothman SD, Smith RF, Suggit MJ, and Wark JS

Abstract

The elastic and inelastic response of [001] oriented silicon to laser compression has been a topic of considerable discussion for well over a decade, yet there has been little progress in understanding the basic behaviour of this apparently simple material. We present experimental x-ray diffraction data showing complex elastic strain profiles in laser compressed samples on nanosecond timescales. We also present molecular dynamics and elasticity code modelling which suggests that a pressure induced phase transition is the cause of the previously reported 'anomalous' elastic waves. Moreover, this interpretation allows for measurement of the kinetic timescales for transition. This model is also discussed in the wider context of reported deformation of silicon to rapid compression in the literature.

Published
2016
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