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Litoria bella sp. nov. Holotype: QM J74476, adult male, from Lankelly Creek, 10 km NE of Coen, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia (13.8869�� N; 143.2673��E, 540 m asl; Fig. 1). Collected on 23 October 2000 by KRM. Paratypes: QM J74466 ���8, 74470, 74473���5, 74478, eight adult males from same locality and date as holotype. QM J38289, adult male, from Little Stewart Creek, 19 km SE of Coen, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia (14.0776��E, 143.3138�� E: ~ 180 m asl), collected on 18 December 1978. QM J39656, adult male, from Coconut Creek, ~ 40 km North of Aurukun, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia (13.0082��S, 141.7991��E, ~ 40 m asl), collected 22 November 1981. QM J46363 ���4, two adult males, Double Point Road, Shelburne Station, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia (11.9666��S, 142.9163�� E, Etymology. The specific name ��� bella ��� (Latin), meaning pretty or lovely, is used as an adjective in reference to the beautiful coloration of this species. Suggested common name. Cape York Graceful Treefrog. Diagnosis. The new species is assigned to the genus Litoria based on the presence of a horizontally oriented contracted pupil and the absence of a palpebral reticulum (Zweifel 1958; Tyler & Davies 1978). Based upon molecular and morphological data the new species is closely related to Litoria auae, and it exhibits other characters typical of the L. gracilenta group: moderately small size (Description of holotype. Adult male, moderate body size (38.5 mm SVL; Fig. 3); head length equal to head width (101%); snout obtusely rounded in dorsal view and truncate in profile; canthus rostralis poorly defined; loreal region flat; interorbital region flat; nostrils oval, closer to tip of snout than eye; eyes moderately large (10% SVL), pupil oval, horizontal, tympanic rim slightly elevated relative to skin of temporal region, top margin obscured by supratympanic skin fold, tympanum 64% of eye diameter; vomeropalatines with two patches of teeth (one on each side) between internal nares (Fig. 3). Vocal sac present; slightly raised supratympanic fold extending to just beyond level of axilla. Finger webbing does not extend to disks (Fig. 3 C), relative length of fingers I Colour of holotype in preservative. Dorsal ground colour uniform greyish green. Venter, upper arms, inner surface of lower arms, hands and feet including webbing pale yellowish orange. Upper thighs pale yellow with purplish brown wash. Iris pale yellow with black periphery. Measurements (mm). Holotype: SVL 38.5, TIB 21.2, HL 13.8, HW 13.7, EYE 3.7, TMP 2.4, TEY 1.2, END 3.6, IND 3.4, 3FD 2.0, 4TD 1.7. Colour in life. Recorded from images of the species from the Iron and McIlwraith Ranges (Fig. 4). Dorsal surface bright green, with bright orange on the dorsal surface of the upper arms, fingers I���III, toes I���IV and distal end of finger IV and toe V, including webbing and toe-disks. Blueish purple inner and outer thighs with only thin strip of green along centre. Pale canthal stripe absent; paler yellowish along bottom of upper lip and along flanks. Ventral surfaces are orange, more yellowish along outer edges of limbs and belly. Iris bright yellowish gold with a network of fine darker gold reticulations; iris periphery black. Variation. The type series exhibits little variation in colour or morphology, and specimens observed in life consistently exhibited the colours described above. The large variation in extent of dorsal spotting that is apparent in many other members of the L. gracilenta group is not apparent in L. bella. Adult males vary in size from ~ 34���41 mm but variation in morphological features is otherwise slight: measurements of the type series are shown in Table 4. continued. Advertisement call. Call descriptions are based on the calls of two topoparatypes (QM J74467 and QM J74468), recorded at an air temperature of 24.1��C within 0.3 m of calling sites (Table 5; Fig. 5). The advertisement call of Litoria bella consists of a single note, although three of the eight recorded calls of QMJ 74467 were only separated by a short interval. The duration of each call varied from 1.42��� 2.62 s and calls were separated by an interval of 0.88��� 5.78 s. Each call had 89���156 uniformly spaced pulses repeated at a rate of around 60 pulses/s. Calls were amplitude modulated, increasing gradually to a peak at approximately 70% of the call duration (except for the three calls separated by a short interval). The dominant frequency was 2.6���2.8 Hz, but frequency increased over the duration of the call about 0.2 kHz, from 2.5���2.6 to 2.7���2.8 kHz. Ecology. Litoria bella inhabits moist monsoon rainforest and vine thicket on hills and plains. The species has been observed breeding in ephemeral pools adjacent to permanent streams and observed (but not breeding) around ephemeral pools in gullies flowing into permanent streams. In October 2000, breeding was observed after a thunderstorm. Two pairs of frogs in inguinal amplexus (female QM J74465 and male QM J4466, and QM J74469 and QM J74470) laid spawn with 606 and 844 dorsally brown-pigmented eggs in clear jelly respectively. Distribution and conservation status. Litoria bella is known from 5���560 metres elevation between Moa Island in the north and about 20 km south of Coen in the south (Fig. 1). The species appears to be patchily distributed within the Cape York Peninsula Bioregion (Sattler & Williams 1999), while Litoria gracilenta is restricted to the Wet Tropics, Brigalow Belt, Central Queensland Coast and South East Queensland Bioregions and the Eastern Australian Temperate Forests (Sattler & Williams 1999). The southern-most location of the new species is separated by 220 km from the most northern record of Litoria gracilenta in the Endeavour Valley. Litoria bella is known to occur within at least three protected areas, the Kulla National Park (CYPAL), Kutini-Payamu (Iron Range) National Park (CYPAL) and the Oyala Thumotang National Park (CYPAL). Given its relatively broad distribution, no known threats, and its occurrence within at least three protected areas the species likely falls under the IUCN classification of Least Concern. Litoria bella sp. nov. Litoria gracilenta QM J74467 QM J74468 AMS R184768 AMS R184777 Measured 8 calls (3 double=5 sets) 6 calls (all single) 6 calls 6 calls Call length (s) 1.94 (1.42���2.62) 2.34 (2.29���2.43) 2.06 (2.01���2.09) 2.20 (1.31���2.64) Intercall interval (s) 2.85 (0.88���4.54) 5.78 (5.05���5.78) 3.38 (2.62���4.49) 5.39 (4.18���7.33) Pulses 116.5(89���156) 140.8 (135���149) 180.2 (176���191) 183 (116���225) Pulse/s 60.6(55.8���64.0) 59.9(57.7���63.6) 85.7(85.7���93.0) 84.2(74.7���88.8) Dominant Frequency (Hz) 2.7 (2.7���2.8) 2.6 (2.6���2.7) 2.4 2.7 (2.6���2.8) Temperature (��C) 24.1 24.1 21.8 21.7 Comparisons. From the eight species of the Litoria gracilenta group currently known, the new species may be distinguished by the combination of (1) male body size moderately large (34.5���41.8 mm SVL), (2) nearimmaculate green dorsum, (3) orange venter, (4) bright orange digits and webbing, (5), iridescent bluish purple lateral surfaces of thigh, (6) no pale canthal stripe, (7) white bones, and (8) a highly-pulsed, single-note, male advertisement call with a pulse rate of 56���64 pulses/s and dominant frequency of 2.6���2.8 kHz at 21.4��C. From L. auruensis, the new species further differs by lacking broad lateral fringes on fingers and toes (vs present in L. aruensis), and in having white bones (versus green in L. aruensis). It further differs from L. auae (Fig. 6 A) by having a larger (although slightly overlapping) male body size (34.5���41.8 mm SVL vs 29.9���36.2 mm in 37 L. auae), smaller relative eye size (0.10���0.12 EYE/SVL vs 0.12���0.16 in L. auae), bright orange webbing (vs golden yellow in L. auae), immaculate dorsum in most individuals, with only a few small spots on the dorsum on five of 13 types (vs few to many small, scattered pale yellow spots in all but a few of the 40 types of L. auae), bluish purple dorsal thigh coloration (vs yellow in L. auae), no pale canthal stripe (vs indistinct yellow canthal stripe in L. auae), relatively longer (although slightly overlapping) male advertisement call (1.42��� 2.62 s at 24.1��C vs 0.48��� 1.78 s at 24��C in L. auae), and molecular divergence (see below). The new species differs from L. callista by having a larger male body size (34.5���41.8 mm SVL vs 31.5���34.5 mm in L. callista), orange venter (vs yellow in L. callista), bluish purple dorsal thigh coloration (vs orange in L. callista), no pale canthal stripe (vs pale canthal stripe in L. callista), bright orange webbing (vs yellow in L. callista), and a male advertisement call of a longer duration (1.42��� 2.62 s at 24.1��C vs 0.045��� 0.190 s at 24��C in L. callista), greater average number of notes per call (~117���141 vs 9.5 in L. callista) and a higher dominant frequency (2.6���2.8 kHz at 24.1��C vs 1.28���2.39 kHz at 24��C in L. callista). From L. elkeae, the new species differs by having a larger male body size (34.5���41.8 mm SVL vs 27.5���30.4 mm in L. elkeae), immaculately green dorsum in most individuals (vs pale green with indistinct whitish dorsal spotting in L. elkeae), orange venter (vs cream in L. elkeae), no pale canthal stripe (vs white canthal stripe in L. elkeae), and a male advertisement call with a single note with a relatively slow pulse rate (56���64 pulses/s at 24.1��C vs a biphasic call with 80���101 pulses/s in L. elkeae). From L. eschata, the new species differs by having an orange venter (vs yellow in L. eschata), bluish purple dorsal thigh coloration (vs caramel brown in L. eschata), a male advertisement call with a slower pulse rate (56���64 pulses/s at 21.4��C vs 72���80 in L. eschata) and higher dominant frequency (2.6���2.8 kHz at 24.1��C vs 2.2���2.5 kHz in L. eschata). From L. gracilenta (Fig. 6 B���D), the new species differs by having an orange venter (vs white to yellow in L. gracilenta), bluish purple dorsal thigh coloration (versus purplish red in L. gracilenta), no pale canthal stripe (vs pale yellowish canthal stripe in L. gracilenta), orange webbing (vs yellow in L. gracilenta), bright golden iris with thick black iris periphery (vs brownish gold iris, often with blue or green at borders and a narrow black periphery in L. gracilenta), a male advertisement call with fewer pulses (~120���140 at 24.1��C vs ~180 pulses in L. gracilenta at 21.7���21.8��C) and a slower pulse rate (~60 at 24.1��C vs ~85 pulses/s in L. gracilenta at 21.7���21.8��C), and molecular divergence (see below). From L. kumae, the new species differs by having a larger male body size (34.5���41.8 mm SVL vs 24���30 mm in L. kumae), an orange venter (vs a venter that is white anteriorally and yellowish gold posteriorally in L. kumae), bluish purple dorsal thigh coloration (vs reddish gold in L. kumae) and no pale canthal stripe (vs pale canthal stripe in L. kumae). From L. robinsonae, the new species differs by having a larger male body size (34.5��� 41.8 mm SVL vs 28.3���28.7 mm in L. robinsonae), orange webbing and digits (vs bluish-grey webbing with bluishgrey to translucent anterior digits) and no pale canthal stripe (vs pale canthal stripe in L. robinsonae). The new species differs from Litoria chloris (Fig. 6 E) by having a smaller male body size (34.5���41.8 mm SVL vs> 45 mm), an orange venter (versus yellowish white in L. chloris), orange webbing (vs yellow in L. chloris), bright golden iris with thick black iris periphery (vs reddish-orange with thick black periphery in L. chloris), a male advertisement call of a single, pulsed note of more than 1s duration (vs a multi-note call with each note L. chloris; see Fig 5 C), and molecular divergence (see below). The new species differs from Litoria xanthomera (Fig. 6 F) by having a smaller male body size (34.5���41.8 mm SVL vs> 45 mm), bright orange webbing (vs yellow to pale orange-yellow in L. xanthomera), bright golden iris with thick black iris periphery (vs reddishorange with thick black periphery in L. xathomera), bluish purple dorsal thigh coloration (vs orange in L. xanthomera), and a male advertisement call of a single, pulsed note of more than 1s duration (vs a multi-note call with each note L. xanthomera). Tyler and Davies (1978) included the New Guinea species Litoria graminea and L. multiplica in their L. aruensis group. Litoria graminea and the closely related L. dux and L. sauroni are large (male SVL> 60 mm), robust canopy dwelling frogs with prominent white dermal ridges on the arms and legs and are restricted to New Guinea (Richards & Oliver 2006). Litoria multiplica is a similar size to L. bella but has a prominent white bilobed dermal ridge around the vent, white dermal ridges around the knees and along the outer edge of the tarsus, and dark purplish black lateral spots or mottling (Richards et al. 2009). Sequence divergence. Uncorrected sequence divergences between L. bella and the two most morphologically similar species, L. gracilenta and L. auae, was 20.1���23.0% and 13.0���14.5% at the more rapidly evolving ND4 gene fragment analysed and 5.2���6.1% and 2.0% at the relatively conservative 16S gene fragment analysed. Uncorrected sequence divergences between L. bella and L. chloris was 20.5���21.5 % (ND4) and 4.8���5.0% (16S). These values are comparable to those reported among other recognised Litoria species (Mahony et al. 2001; Burns & Crayn 2006; Smith et al. 2013)., Published as part of Mcdonald, Keith R., Rowley, Jodi J. L., Richards, Stephen J. & Frankham, Greta J., 2016, A new species of treefrog (Litoria) from Cape York Peninsula, Australia, pp. 153-169 in Zootaxa 4171 (1) on pages 159-166, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4171.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/268260, {"references":["Tyler, M. J. & Davies, M. (1978) Species-groups within the Australopapuan hulid frog genus Litoria Tschudi. Australian Journal of Zoology, 26, 1 - 47. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / AJZS 063","Menzies, J. (2006) The frogs of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Pensoft Publishers, 345 pp.","Menzies, J. I. & Tyler, M. J. (2004) Litoria gracilenta (Anura: Hylidae) and related species in New Guinea. Australian Journal of Zoology, 52, 191 - 214. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 03008","Sattler, P. S. & Williams, R. D. (1999) The Conservation Status of Queensland Bioregional Ecosystems. Environmental Protection Agency, Brisbane.","Richards, S. J. & Oliver, P. (2006) Two new species of large green canopy-dwelling frogs (Anura: Hylidae: Litoria) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa, 1295, 41 - 60.","Richards, S. J., Oliver, P., Krey, K. & Tjaturadi, B. (2009) A new species of Litoria (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae) from the foothills of the Foja Mountains, Papua Province, Indonesia. Zootaxa, 2277, 1 - 13.","Mahony, M., Knowles, R., Foster, R. & Donnellan, S. (2001) Systematics of the Litoria citropa (Anura: Hylidae) complex in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland, Australia, with the description of a new species. Records of the Australian Museum, 53, 37 - 48. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3853 / j. 0067 - 1975.53.2001.1322","Burns, E. L. & Crayn, D. M. (2006) Phylogenetics and evolution of bell frogs (Litoria aurea species-group, Anura: Hylidae) based on mitochondrial ND 4 sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 39, 573 - 579. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.11.017","Smith, K. L., Hale, J. M., Kearney, M. R., Austin, J. J. & Melville, J. (2013) Molecular patterns of introgression in a classic hybrid zone between the Australian tree frogs, Litoria ewingii and L. paraewingi: evidence of a tension zone. Molecular Ecology, 22, 1869 - 1883. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / mec. 12176"]}

Proablepharus barrylyoni sp. nov. (Figs 1 and 2) Material. HOLOTYPE: QMJ 40339, Springfield Stn, via Mt Surprise, Queensland, Australia (18 �� 02��� S, 144 �� 24 ��� E). Collected by C. J. Limpus and K. R. McDonald, 1 Sept., 1979. PARATYPES QMJ 40327 ��� QMJ 40338, QMJ 40340 ��� QMJ 40341, QMJ 40710 ��� QMJ 40714; QMJ 40998 ��� QMJ 41003, QMJ 69452, QMJ 78115 ��� QMJ 78116, locality data as for holotype (all paratypes collected Aug-Sept, 1979-1981). Additional material. QMJ 87231 ��� QMJ 87233 (eggs laid in captivity from wild caught gravid females), QMJ 87221 ��� QMJ 87230 (hatchlings from eggs incubated in captivity) Springfield Stn, Mt Surprise, Queensland, Australia. Etymology. Named for Barry Lyon who played an important role in collecting the type series of this species and for his contributions to wildlife conservation across Cape York Peninsula. Diagnosis. A large, longitudinally striped Proablepharus (maximum SVL 51 mm) with four supraoculars, five supraciliaries, fused interparietal/frontoparietals, a well-developed upper preocular, two postsupralabials and smoothly rounded subdigital lamellae on digits of the hind limb. Measurements and Meristics. SVL (mm) 32.8���50.9 (n = 29, mean = 44.6, SD = 4.6). AG 55.3���66.2 % SVL (n = 28, mean = 59.2, SD = 2.8); TL = 160 % SVL; HL 14.2���18.8 % SVL (n = 27, mean = 16.3, SD = 1.1). Body. Robust with smooth scales. Midbody scales 21���22 rows (n = 29, mean = 21.9, SD = 0.3). Paravertebral scales (to the level of the posterior margin of the hindlimbs) 58���67 (n = 27, mean = 61.4, SD = 2.6). Outer preanal scales overlap inner preanal scales. Limbs. Well-developed, pentadactyl; L 1 17.5���22.6 % SVL (n = 25, mean = 20.4, SD = 1.5); L 2 25.1���33.2 % SVL (n = 27, mean = 29.3, SD = 2.4); L 1 65.1 ���76.5 % L 2 (n = 25, mean = 69.4, SD = 3.1). Fourth toe of L 2 longest with 16���19 (n = 28, mean = 17.7, SD = 0.8) subdigital lamellae and a single row of 11���14 (n = 28, mean = 12.1, SD = 0.6) scales on dorsal surface. Head. Barely distinct from neck. HW 58.2���66.8 % HL (n = 25, mean = 62.9, SD = 2.2); HD 35.3���45.5 % HL (n = 26, mean = 40.7, SD = 2.4); S 37.1���42.4 % HL (n = 27, mean = 40.6, SD = 1.2); EE 29.6���42.2 % HL (n = 27, mean = 38.0, SD = 2.4). Snout rounded in profile. Frontonasal in broad contact with rostral and in moderate contact with frontal. Prefrontals large narrowly (34 %) to widely separated (66 %). Supraoculars four (rarely three, 6.9 % of cases; one side only on 4 / 29 specimens) with first and second in contact with frontal and second, third and fourth in contact with frontoparietal (where only three supraoculars occur, the 1 st and 2 nd are fused and contact the frontal and all three contact the frontoparietal). Frontoparietals and interparietal fused to form a single shield; parietal eye spot in posterior lobe. Parietals in contact on posterior margin of fused frontoparietal/interparietal shield. Enlarged nuchals usually two (sometimes three, 17 % of specimens). Snout rounded in profile. Loreals two, first taller than second. Preoculars two, upper smaller, but well- developed. Presubocular single (rarely two, 3 %). Supraciliaries five. Lower eyelid preablepharine (with a large clear window, fixed in the raised position but with a palpebral slit dorsally; see Greer 1989). Ear opening small, round, inconspicuous, without lobules. Supralabials seven, with fifth below eye, or eight (5 % of cases) with sixth below eye and last overlapping lower secondary temporal. Postsupralabials two. Pretemporals two. Primary temporal single. Secondary temporals two (upper overlapping lower). Tertiary temporals two. Infralabials six, two in contact with postmental. Three pairs of enlarged chin shields, first pair in contact, second pair separated by single scale row (rarely in point contact), third pair separated by three scale rows. Colouration. The dorsum is dark brown with three conspicuous grey/white longitudinal stripes on each side; beginning behind the head and extending to the proximal third of the tail). The dorsal stripes are positioned centrally on the scale rows and the dorsolateral stripe is the palest. A pale mid-lateral stripe is present and is most conspicuous on the neck and anterior flanks. Additional pale stripes are present on the flanks but these are not well-defined and vary in intensity between individuals. The number of stripes varies between 10 and 14, but those on the lower flanks may not extend much beyond the forelimb. Some specimens are quite dark, but an indication of striping remains. The top of the head and snout are paler than the body with darker stippling and dark edging to the supraoculars. The labials are pale, with or without some dark spots. The limbs are mid-brown with striping evident on the proximal half. The tail is straw-coloured, suggesting an orange wash in life (extends to cloacal area and ventral surface of the hindlimbs), with reduced pigmentation distally. Ventral surface is pale and grades evenly with lower flanks. The parietal peritoneum is heavily suffused with dark brown. The lungs are pale. The tongue is darkly pigmented on the anterior portion. The contrast between the pale longitudinal stripes and the ground colour is greatly reduced in some of the paratypes (QMJ 40336, QMJ 40998, QMJ 41000, QMJ 41002 ���003, QMJ 69452, and QMJ 78116). Our material comes from a single locality and all collections were made in spring (Aug���Sept, 1979���1981), hence, it is unlikely that geographic, ecological or seasonal factors account for this variation. Greer et al. (2004) report a proportion of uniformly coloured specimens in their description of P. naranjicaudus, but unlike the P. barrylyoni sp. nov. specimens, these lack any indication of longitudinal stripes. In life, breeding males have an orange/red flush to the outer margin of the throat and jaw-line (KRM pers. obs.). Details of holotype. Male, SVL 44.10 mm, AG 25.75 mm, T 73.01 mm, L 1 9.39 mm, L 2 13.37 mm, HL 7.42 mm, HW 4.96 mm, HD 3.19 mm, S 3.07 mm, EE 3.13 mm. Seven supralabials (fifth subocular), midbody scale rows 22, paravertebral rows 61, fourth toe subdigital lamellae 17 left and 18 right, fourth toe supradigital scales 11 left and 10 right. Distribution. Proablepharus barrylyoni sp. nov. is known from a single location (18 �� 02��� S, 144 �� 24 ��� E) of no more than a few hectares in size on Springfield Stn, north-eastern Queensland (see Figure 3). It was found at no other site despite targeted searches over the broader survey area between 1979 and 1984 (Amber, Burlington and Springfield Stations). These initially sampled a diversity of habitats and included numerous drift-fence trapping events. The searches were later narrowed to sample grassy open woodland situations similar to the habitat found at the type locality. Habitat. The habitat is on a seasonally inundated, basaltic (grey cracking clay) soil plain of the McBride Plateau. In 1980, the vegetation was grassland with scattered trees (see Figure 4). In the intervening 30 years the floristic composition has changed to a mixed species open woodland dominated by Corymbia dallachyana with occasional C. pocillum, C. terminalis and Terminalia spp. and scattered Acacia (A. bidwillii, A. sutherlandi and A victoriae). The ground cover in 2009 was dominated by Oryza australiensis with areas of Pennisetum basedowii, Iseilema vaginiflorum (all native grasses), Polymeria sp. (a native vine) and the introduced weeds Themeda quadrivalvis (Grader Grass), Crytostegia grandiflora (Rubber Vine; a declared class 2 pest under the Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Act 200 2) and Xanthium occidentale (Noogoora burr) (Figure 5). Themeda quadrivalvis was not present when P. barrylyoni sp. nov. was collected and has been a vigorous invader in recent times, displacing many native ground cover species. Fire has been excluded from the system resulting in an increase in woody vegetation. Reproduction. Gravid females and reproductive males (nine of twelve with turgid testes and opaque epididymis) are present in the population in early spring (late August to early September). The smallest mature male (enlarged testes and epididymides present) was found to be 32.8 mm SVL, the largest 47.6 mm, while for females the range was 42.6���50.9 mm SVL (vitellogenic follicles present). Fully developed eggs measure 10.0��� 10.7 mm in length (n = 3, mean = 10.4) x 5.0��� 5.6 mm in width (n = 3, mean = 5.4 mm) and weigh 0.12���0.14 g (n = 3, mean = 0.13). Hatchlings measure 19.8���21.9 mm SVL (n = 6, mean = 20.8) with tail length of 116���130 % SVL (n = 4, mean = 120.8). Comparison with similar species. Proablepharus barrylyoni sp. nov is most similar to P. kinghorni and P. naranjicaudus in colour pattern (pale stripes on dark ground colour) and all three species have fused frontoparietals. It is separated from P. kinghorni by lacking a distinct interparietal scale (vs. interparietal distinct from fused frontoparietals). From P. naranjicaudus it is separated by the number of supraciliaries (five vs. generally six), the number of postsupralabials (two vs. usually one), the upper preocular (well-developed vs. reduced or absent) and the surface structure on the subdigital lamellae of the pes (smoothly rounded vs. trimucronate). Proablepharus barrylyoni sp. nov. generally has more presacral vertebrae than P. naranjicaudus (32���36, mean = 33.5, n = 29 vs. 30���33, mean = 31.2, n = 17, Mann ���Whitney U = 25.0, Pet al. 2004). The remaining two species of Proablepharus, P. tenuis (Broom, 1896) and P. reginae (Glauert, 1960) both have paired frontoparietals (vs. fused in P. barrylyoni sp. nov.)., Published as part of Couper, Patrick J., Limpus, Colin J., Mcdonald, Keith R. & Amey, Andrew P., 2010, A new species of Proablepharus (Scincidae: Lygosominae) from Mt Surprise, north-eastern Queensland, Australia, pp. 62-68 in Zootaxa 2433 on pages 63-67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.194734, {"references":["Greer, A. E. (1989) The Biology and Evolution of Australian Lizards. Sydney: Surrey Beatty & Sons.","Greer, A. E., Fisher, A. & Horner, P. (2004) A new species of Proablepharus (Squamata: Scincidae) from the Northern Territory of Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Museum and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, 20, 199 - 205.","Broom, R. (1896) On two new species of Ablepharus from north Queensland. Annuals and Magazine of Natural History, (6) 18, 342 - 343.","Glauert, L. (1960) Herpetological miscellanea. XII. The family Scincidae in Western Australia. Pt. 3. The genus Ablepharus. Western Australian Naturalist, 7, 115 - 122."]}