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1. National Character Does Not Reflect Mean Personality Trait Levels in 49 Cultures

Author

Terracciano, A., Abdel-Khalek, A. M., Ádám, N., Adamovová, L., Alansari, B. M., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Angleitner, A., Avia, M. D., Ayearst, L. E., Barbaranelli, C., Beer, A., Borg-Cunen, M. A., Bratko, D., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Budzinski, L., Camart, N., Dahourou, D., De Fruyt, F., de Lima, M. P., del Pilar, G. E. H., Diener, E., Falzon, R., Fernando, K., Ficková, E., Fischer, R., Flores-Mendoza, C., Ghayur, M. A., Gülgöz, S., Hagberg, B., Halberstadt, J., Halim, M. S., Hřebíčková, M., Humrichouse, J., Jensen, H. H., Jocic, D. D., Jónsson, F. H., Khoury, B., Klinkosz, W., Kneževič, G., Lauri, M. A., Leibovich, N., Martin, T. A., Marušić, I., Mastor, K. A., Matsumoto, D., McRorie, M., Meshcheriakov, B., Mortensen, E. L., Munyae, M., Nagy, J., Nakazato, K., Nansubuga, F., Oishi, S., Ojedokun, A. O., Ostendorf, F., Paulhus, D. L., Pelevin, S., Podobnik, N., Porrata, J. L., Pramila, V. S., Prentice, G., Realo, A., Reátegui, N., Rossier, J., Ruch, W., Rus, V. S., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Schmidt, V., Sciculna-Calleja, S., Sekowski, A., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Shimonaka, Y., Simonetti, F., Sineshaw, T., Siuta, J., Smith, P. B., Trapnell, P. D., Trobst, K. K., Wang, L., Yik, M., Zupančič, A., and McCrae, R. R.

Published
2005

4. Breaking ground in cross-cultural research on the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia): A multi-national study involving 73 countries

Author

Proyer, R. T., Ruch, W., Ali, N. S., Al-Olimat, H. S., Amemiya, T., Adal, T. A., Ansari, S. A., Arhar, P., Asem, G., Baudin, N., Bawab, S., Bergen, D., Brdar, I., Brites, R., Brunner-Sciarra, M., Carrell, A., Dios, H. C., Celik, M., Ceschi, G., Chang, K., Guo-Hai, C., Cheryomukhin, A., Chik, M. P. Y., Chlopicki, W., Cranney, J., Dahourou, D., Doosje, S., Dore, M., El-Arousy, N., Fickova, E., Führ, M., Gallivan, J., Geling, H., Germikova, L., Giedraityte, M., Goh, A., González, R. D., Ho, S. K., Hrebícková, M., Jaime, B., Kaare, B. H., Kamble, S., Kazarian, S., Kerkkänen, P., Klementová, M., Kobozeva, I. M., Kovjanic, S., Kumaraswamy, N., Lamport, Mark A., Liao, C. -C, Levesque, M., Loizou, Eleni, Díaz Loving, R., Lyttle, J., MacHline, V. C., McGoldrick, S., McRorie, M., Min, L., Mõttus, R., Munyae, M. M., Navia, C. E., Nkhalamba, M., Pedrini, P. P., Petkova, M., Platt, T., Popa, D. -E, Radomska, A., Rashid, T., Rawlings, D., Rubio, V. J., Sander, Angelle M., Sarid, O., Shams, S., Sisokohm, S., Smári, J., Sneddon, I., Snikhovska, I., Stephanenko, E. A., Stokenberga, I., Stuer, H., Tanoto, Y. S. R., Tapia, L., Taylor, J., Thibault, P., Thompson, A., Thörn, H., Toyota, H., Ujlaky, J., Vanno, V., Wang, J., Van Der Westhuizen, B., Wijayathilake, D., Wong, P. S. O., Wycoff, E. B., Yeun, E. J., and Loizou, Eleni [0000-0002-9805-241X]

Subjects
Linguistics and Language, Humor, Sociology and Political Science, media_common.quotation_subject, Gelotophobia, Single item, Language and Linguistics, Laughter, ddc:150, Multidimensional scaling analysis, medicine, Local language, General Psychology, media_common, Cross-cultural comparisons, Katagelasticism, medicine.disease, Cross-cultural studies, ddc:128.37, Multi-national study, Multi national, cross-cultural comparisons Gelotophobia, humor, laughter, multi-national study, Psychology, Social psychology
Abstract

The current study examines whether the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia) can be assessed reliably and validly by means of a self-report instrument in different countries of the world. All items of the GELOPH (Ruch and Titze, GELOPH〈46〉, University of Düsseldorf, 1998; Ruch and Proyer, Swiss Journal of Psychology 67:19–27, 2008b) were translated to the local language of the collaborator (42 languages in total). In total, 22,610 participants in 93 samples from 73 countries completed the GELOPH. Across all samples the reliability of the 15-item questionnaire was high (mean alpha of .85) and in all samples the scales appeared to be unidimensional. The endorsement rates for the items ranged from 1.31% through 80.00% to a single item. Variations in the mean scores of the items were more strongly related to the culture in a country and not to the language in which the data were collected. This was also supported by a multidimensional scaling analysis with standardized mean scores of the items from the GELOPH〈15〉. This analysis identified two dimensions that further helped explaining the data (i.e., insecure vs. intense avoidant-restrictive and low vs. high suspicious tendencies towards the laughter of others). Furthermore, multiple samples derived from one country tended to be (with a few exceptions) highly similar. The study shows that gelotophobia can be assessed reliably by means of a self-report instrument in cross-cultural research. This study enables further studies of the fear of being laughed at with regard to differences in the prevalence and putative causes of gelotophobia in comparisons to different cultures.

Published
2009

5. National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures

Author

Terracciano, Antonio, Abdel Khalek, A.M., Adam, N, Adamovova, L, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Angleitner, A, Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Beer, A, Borg Cunen, M.A., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, Filip, de Lima, Margarida P., del Pilar, GEH, Diener, E, Falzon, R., Fernando, K, Fickova, Emilia, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, MA, Gulgoz, Sami, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, Jamin, Halim, M.S., Hrebickova, Martina, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, HH, Jocić, DD, Jonsson, FH, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Lauri, MA, Leibovich, N, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, EL, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, AO, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, DL, Pelevin, S, Petot, JM, Podobnik, N, Porrata, Jose, Pramila, V.S., Prentice, G, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Ruch, W, Rus, VS, Sánchez-Bernardos, M.L., Schmidt, Vanina, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Trapnell, PD, Trobst, K.K., Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Zupančić, A, McCrae, RR, Terracciano, Antonio, Abdel Khalek, A.M., Adam, N, Adamovova, L, Ahn, Chang-Kyu, Ahn, Hyun-nie, Alansari, B.M., Alcalay, Lidia, Allik, Jueri, Angleitner, A, Avia, M.D., Ayearst, L.E., Barbaranelli, Claudio, Beer, A, Borg Cunen, M.A., Bratko, Denis, Brunner-Sciarra, Marina, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, Filip, de Lima, Margarida P., del Pilar, GEH, Diener, E, Falzon, R., Fernando, K, Fickova, Emilia, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, MA, Gulgoz, Sami, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, Jamin, Halim, M.S., Hrebickova, Martina, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, HH, Jocić, DD, Jonsson, FH, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, Waldemar, Knežević, Goran, Lauri, MA, Leibovich, N, Martin, Thomas A., Marušić, Iris, Mastor, Khairul Anwar, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, EL, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, Katsuharu, Nansubuga, Florence, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, AO, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, DL, Pelevin, S, Petot, JM, Podobnik, N, Porrata, Jose, Pramila, V.S., Prentice, G, Realo, Anu, Reategui, Norma, Rolland, Jean-Pierre, Rossier, Jerome, Ruch, W, Rus, VS, Sánchez-Bernardos, M.L., Schmidt, Vanina, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, Andrzej, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Shimonaka, Yoshiko, Simonetti, Franco, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, Jerzy, Smith, Peter B., Trapnell, PD, Trobst, K.K., Wang, Lei, Yik, Michelle, Zupančić, A, and McCrae, RR

Abstract

Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.

Published
2005

6. National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures

Author

Terracciano, A, Abdel-Khalek, A M, Adám, N, Adamovová, L, Ahn, C-k, Ahn, H-n, Alansari, B M, Alcalay, L, Allik, J, Angleitner, A, Avia, M D, Ayearst, L E, Barbaranelli, C, Beer, A, Borg-Cunen, M A, Bratko, D, Brunner-Sciarra, M, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, F, de Lima, M P, del Pilar, G E H, Diener, E, Falzon, R, Fernando, K, Ficková, E, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, M A, Gülgöz, S, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, J, Halim, M S, Hrebícková, M, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, Hans Henrik, Jocic, D D, Jónsson, F H, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, W, Knezevic, G, Lauri, M A, Leibovich, N, Martin, T A, Marusic, I, Mastor, K A, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, K, Nansubuga, F, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, A O, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, D L, Pelevin, S, Petot, J-M, Podobnik, N, Porrata, J L, Pramila, V S, Prentice, G, Realo, A, Reátegui, N, Rolland, J-P, Rossier, J, Ruch, W, Rus, V S, Sánchez-Bernardos, M L, Schmidt, V, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, A, Shakespeare-Finch, J, Shimonaka, Y, Simonetti, F, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, J, Smith, P B, Trapnell, P D, Trobst, K K, Wang, L, Yik, M, Zupancic, A, McCrae, R R, Terracciano, A, Abdel-Khalek, A M, Adám, N, Adamovová, L, Ahn, C-k, Ahn, H-n, Alansari, B M, Alcalay, L, Allik, J, Angleitner, A, Avia, M D, Ayearst, L E, Barbaranelli, C, Beer, A, Borg-Cunen, M A, Bratko, D, Brunner-Sciarra, M, Budzinski, L, Camart, N, Dahourou, D, De Fruyt, F, de Lima, M P, del Pilar, G E H, Diener, E, Falzon, R, Fernando, K, Ficková, E, Fischer, R, Flores-Mendoza, C, Ghayur, M A, Gülgöz, S, Hagberg, B, Halberstadt, J, Halim, M S, Hrebícková, M, Humrichouse, J, Jensen, Hans Henrik, Jocic, D D, Jónsson, F H, Khoury, B, Klinkosz, W, Knezevic, G, Lauri, M A, Leibovich, N, Martin, T A, Marusic, I, Mastor, K A, Matsumoto, D, McRorie, M, Meshcheriakov, B, Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Munyae, M, Nagy, J, Nakazato, K, Nansubuga, F, Oishi, S, Ojedokun, A O, Ostendorf, F, Paulhus, D L, Pelevin, S, Petot, J-M, Podobnik, N, Porrata, J L, Pramila, V S, Prentice, G, Realo, A, Reátegui, N, Rolland, J-P, Rossier, J, Ruch, W, Rus, V S, Sánchez-Bernardos, M L, Schmidt, V, Sciculna-Calleja, S, Sekowski, A, Shakespeare-Finch, J, Shimonaka, Y, Simonetti, F, Sineshaw, T, Siuta, J, Smith, P B, Trapnell, P D, Trobst, K K, Wang, L, Yik, M, Zupancic, A, and McCrae, R R

Abstract

Udgivelsesdato: 2005-Oct-7, Most people hold beliefs about personality characteristics typical of members of their own and others' cultures. These perceptions of national character may be generalizations from personal experience, stereotypes with a "kernel of truth," or inaccurate stereotypes. We obtained national character ratings of 3989 people from 49 cultures and compared them with the average personality scores of culture members assessed by observer ratings and self-reports. National character ratings were reliable but did not converge with assessed traits. Perceptions of national character thus appear to be unfounded stereotypes that may serve the function of maintaining a national identity.

Published
2005

9. Gender differences in the role of emotional intelligence during the primary-secondary school transition.

Author

Jordan J, McRorie M, and Ewing C

Subjects
*EMOTIONAL intelligence, *ACADEMIC achievement research, *SELF-talk, *STRESS management, *CURRICULUM, *PERSONALITY in children, *EMOTION regulation, *ACHIEVEMENT, SEX differences (Biology)
Abstract

The relationship between components of emotional intelligence (EI) (interpersonal ability, intrapersonal ability, adaptability and stress management) and academic performance in English, maths and science was examined in a sample of 86 children (49 males and 37 females) aged 11-12 years during the primary-secondary school transition period. Results indicated that for both males and females, intrapersonal ability had little relationship with academic achievement, while adaptability had the strongest relationship with achievement in all subjects. Gender differences were particularly pronounced for science, for which stronger relationships were observed with all EI components for males. In addition, apparent only for males was a negative relationship between stress management and science. These findings offer support for the current inclusion of a personal and emotional element in the primary school curriculum, and indicate that such training is likely to help males more than females to make a successful transition from primary to secondary school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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10. Cross-cultural patterns in dynamic ratings of positive and negative natural emotional behaviour.

Author

Sneddon I, McKeown G, McRorie M, and Vukicevic T

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Culture, Facial Expression, Female, Guatemala, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Biological, Northern Ireland, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Peru, Research Design, Serbia, United Kingdom, Young Adult, Behavior physiology, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Emotions physiology, Perception physiology
Abstract

Background: Studies of cross-cultural variations in the perception of emotion have typically compared rates of recognition of static posed stimulus photographs. That research has provided evidence for universality in the recognition of a range of emotions but also for some systematic cross-cultural variation in the interpretation of emotional expression. However, questions remain about how widely such findings can be generalised to real life emotional situations. The present study provides the first evidence that the previously reported interplay between universal and cultural influences extends to ratings of natural, dynamic emotional stimuli., Methodology/principal Findings: Participants from Northern Ireland, Serbia, Guatemala and Peru used a computer based tool to continuously rate the strength of positive and negative emotion being displayed in twelve short video sequences by people from the United Kingdom engaged in emotional conversations. Generalized additive mixed models were developed to assess the differences in perception of emotion between countries and sexes. Our results indicate that the temporal pattern of ratings is similar across cultures for a range of emotions and social contexts. However, there are systematic differences in intensity ratings between the countries, with participants from Northern Ireland making the most extreme ratings in the majority of the clips., Conclusions/significance: The results indicate that there is strong agreement across cultures in the valence and patterns of ratings of natural emotional situations but that participants from different cultures show systematic variation in the intensity with which they rate emotion. Results are discussed in terms of both 'in-group advantage' and 'display rules' approaches. This study indicates that examples of natural spontaneous emotional behaviour can be used to study cross-cultural variations in the perception of emotion.

Published
2011
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11. Suggested limits to the use of the hot tub and sauna by pregnant women.

Author

Harvey MA, McRorie MM, and Smith DW

Subjects
Adult, Body Temperature, Female, Humans, Time Factors, Congenital Abnormalities etiology, Fever complications, Hot Temperature adverse effects, Pregnancy, Steam Bath
Abstract

Because of reports of the potential risk of maternal hyperthermia to a developing embryo or fetus, studies were done to determine the length of time a woman must stay in a hot tub or sauna before her temperature reaches 38.9 degrees C. The vaginal temperatures of 20 nonpregnant women of childbearing age were recorded while they sat in hot tubs set at 39.0 degrees C or 41.1 degrees C and in a sauna with an average temperature of 81.4 degrees C. Five women were able to remain in the 39.0 degrees C tub and six in the 41.1 degrees C tub until their temperature reached 38.9 degrees C, but in none did their temperature reach that level before 15 minutes in the 39.0 degrees C tub or 10 minutes in the 41.1 degrees C tub. The remainder left in discomfort while their body temperatures were lower. This indicates that the usual use of hot tubs is unlikely to raise a woman's body temperature to potentially teratogenic levels, although prolonged use may. None of the women were able to remain in the sauna long enough for their temperature to reach 39.9 degrees C.

Published
1981

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