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Educational attainment is one of the most prominent political cleavages in society, and a key determinant of anti-system party support. To what extent this is a result of one's own educational attainment, one's parents' educational attainment, or the status loss or gain from educational mobility is unclear. I analyse the European Social Survey with diagonal reference models, which separate origin and destination effects from mobility effects. My findings show that one's parental educational origins are an important predictor of anti-system right support. There is an additional mobility effect, upward educational mobility reduces support for the anti-system right whereas downward mobility increases support. Contrastingly, anti-system left support does not appear to derive from parental educational origin or educational mobility experience, perhaps suggesting that it derives instead from a wider cross-section of society. Finally, I show that origin effects on anti-system right support are consistent across Western European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daylight redirecting systems with vertical windows have the potential to offset lighting energy use in deep perimeter zones. A microstructured prismatic film designed for such use was characterized using goniophotometric measurements and ray tracing simulations. The synthetically-generated bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF) data were shown to have good agreement with limited measured data for normal incident angles (0–60°). Measured data indicated that the prismatic film was most efficient when vertical angles of incidence were between 18 and 35° and within ±45° of normal incidence to the plane of the window so maximum energy savings across the full depth of the zone occurred over the equinox to winter solstice period. Annual lighting energy use and visual comfort in a deep open plan office zone were evaluated using the Radiance three-phase method in several climates and for south and east-facing window orientations. Lighting energy savings were 39–43% for a 12 m (40 ft) deep south-facing perimeter zone compared to the same zone with no lighting controls. The prismatic film with and without a diffuser controlled glare for views parallel to the window but produced glare for seated viewpoints looking toward the window. At mature market costs, the system was projected to have a simple payback of 2–6 years. Technical challenges encountered throughout the evaluation led to improvements in measurement and modeling tools and stressed the importance of having accurate input data for product development.

Exterior shades are the most effective way to control solar load in buildings. Twelve different coplanar shades with different geometry, material properties, and cut-off angles were investigated for two California climates: the moderate San Francisco Bay Area climate and a hot and dry Southern California climate. The presented results distinguish themselves from other simulation studies by a newly developed method that combines three research-grade software programs (Radiance, EnergyPlus, and Window 7) to calculate heat transfer, daylight, and glare resulting from optically-complex fenestration systems more accurately. Simulations were run for a case with constant electric lighting and a case with daylighting controls for a prototypical, internal load dominated office building. In the case of daylighting controls, the choice of slat angle and solar cut-off angle of a fixed exterior slat shading system is non trivial. An optimum slat angle was identified for the considered cases. Material properties (e.g., solar and visible reflectance) did not affect energy use if constant electric lighting was assumed, but they did have a significant influence on energy use intensity (EUI) when daylighting controls were assumed. Energy use increased substantially when an additional interior shade was used for glare control.

Glare is a frequent issue in highly glazed buildings. A modelling approach is presented that uses discomfort glare probability and discomfort glare index as metrics to determine occupants’ behaviour. A glare control algorithm that actuated an interior shade for glare protection based on the predicted perception was implemented in a building simulation program. A reference case with a state-of-the-art base glazing was compared to the same glazing but with five different complex fenestration systems, i.e., exterior shades. The windows with exterior shades showed significant variations in glare frequencies. Energy use intensity in a prototypical office building with daylighting controls was greatly influenced for the systems with frequent glare occurrence. While the base glazing could benefit from glare control, some of the exterior shades showed significantly greater energy use when discomfort glare-based operation of interior shades was considered.

As rapid growth in the construction industry continues to occur in China, the increased demand for a higherstandard living is driving significant growth in energy use and demand across the country. Building codesand standards have been implemented to head off this trend, tightening prescriptive requirements forfenestration component measures using methods similar to the US model energy code American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1. The objective of this study is to(a) provide an overview of applicable code requirements and current efforts within China to enablecharacterization and comparison of window and shading products, and (b) quantify the load reduction andenergy savings potential of several key advanced window and shading systems, given the divergent viewson how space conditioning requirements will be met in the future.System-level heating and cooling loads and energy use performance were evaluated for a code-compliantlarge office building using the EnergyPlus building energy simulation program. Commercially-available,highly-insulating, low-emittance windows were found to produce 24-66% lower perimeter zone HVACelectricity use compared to the mandated energy-efficiency standard in force (GB 50189-2005) in coldclimates like Beijing. Low-e windows with operable exterior shading produced up to 30-80% reductions inperimeter zone HVAC electricity use in Beijing and 18-38% reductions in Shanghai compared to thestandard. The economic context of China is unique since the cost of labor and materials for the buildingindustry is so low. Broad deployment of these commercially available technologies with the propersupporting infrastructure for design, specification, and verification in the field would enable significantreductions in energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in the near term.

The High Performance Building Façade Solutions–Phase II project was initiated through the California Energy Commission’s Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program in July 2010 to support industry’s development and deployment of both incremental and breakthrough façade technologies in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The objective of this three-year project was to develop, or support the development and deployment of, promising near-term and emerging zero net energy building façade technologies for solar control and daylighting, addressing two of the largest end uses in California commercial buildings: cooling and lighting. In partnership with industry (such as manufacturers), three classes of technologies were investigated: daylighting systems, angular-selective shading systems, and dynamic façade systems. Commercially available and emerging prototype technologies were developed and evaluated using laboratory tests. Simulations, full-scale outdoor tests in the Advanced Window Testbed, and demonstration projects quantified energy and peak electric demand reductions and occupant satisfaction, acceptance, and comfort associated with the resultant indoor environment. Several new technologies were developed using virtual prototyping tools. Integrated control systems were developed using model predictive controls. Simulation tools were developed to model operable complex fenestration systems such as shades and microprismatic films. A schematic design tool called COMFEN was developed to facilitate evaluation of these advanced technologies in the early design phase. All three classes of technologies resulted in significant reductions in perimeter zone energy use and peak electric demand, providing viable options that can support California’s long-term goal of achieving zero net energy use in the next decade.

The primary goal of this research is to devise a system that produces controllers for complex fenestration systems that perform nearlyas well as Model Predictive Control but at a level of cost and implementation complexity that rivals simple heuristic controls. Tothis end, a cloud-based automated controller production system has been set up for a motorized external Venetian blind device,with a simple web interface that can be used by non-experts. The computation cost per controller is in the range of a few dollars,and the control logic is simple enough to be implemented on small and cheap distributed controllers. The web interface allowsthe user to specify some details of their particular building and window configuration, including orientation, latitude, interiorgeometries, and lighting and HVAC system parameters. Upon submittal, a cloud-based system configures the necessary files andcommands, and then runs thousands of optimizations with them. Once the calculations are finished, the system produces a lookuptable and interpolation-based controller scripts that can be used on a simple and cheap distributed controller. This paper describesthe underlying models and optimization processes. It also describes the resulting control logics for two cases tested at LawrenceBerkeley National Laboratory’s Advanced Windows Testbed Facility: illuminance maximization subject to glare constraints; andlighting + HVAC energy minimization. The performance of the model-based controllers produced by the automated web-basedsystem are compared to a heuristic ‘block beam’ controller in physical experiments at the Testbed. The experimental results aresupplemented by simulation experiments with the same configuration as the Testbed. The results show the illuminance maximizingcontroller significantly outperforms the heuristic controller in terms of glare avoidance, and also outperforms it in terms of hoursof daylight autonomy. The energy minimizing controller also outperforms the heuristic controller. This paper also discusses howthe web-based system may be extended to consider other configurations, such as electrochromic windows and thermally massiveHVAC systems. Potential roles for this type of system within the building design and construction industry are discussed.

The article presents a study which examined the Myoton's ability to assess cutaneous systemic sclerosis (SSc) and compared the results to modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) and high-frequency ultrasound thickness measurements. Topics discussed include description of Myoton, the use of Myoton to measure the skin stiffness of three SSc patients, and details of the case of each patient.

To explain political divisions within British society, the current scholarship highlights the importance of the 'winners' and 'left‐behind' of political economic transformations. Yet, the impact of widespread absolute intergenerational social mobility in the past half century, which resulted in socio‐economic gains or losses for many, has not been systematically addressed. Our paper assesses how intergenerationally mobile voters' positions in the Brexit referendum differ from their non‐mobile counterparts. We differentiate between the effects of social origins, social mobility and destination position. To do so, we model data from Understanding Society with a diagonal reference model. We show that origins are nearly as important as current socio‐economic positions for predicting the probability of voting to 'leave' or 'remain' in the Brexit referendum. We find that a first‐generation graduate would be up to 10 percentage points less likely to vote 'Remain' than a graduate whose parents also went to university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]