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10. Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 Countries

Author

Olsson, Maria IT, Olsson, Maria IT, Van Grootel, Sanne, Block, Katharina, Schuster, Karolin, Meeussen, Loes, Van Laar, Collete, Schmader, Toni, Croft, Alyssa, Shuyi Sun, Molly, Ainsaar, Mare, Aarntzen, Lianne, Adamus, Magdalena, Anderson, Joel, Atkinson, Ciara, Avicenna, Mohamed, Bąbel, Przemysław, Barth, Markus, Benson‐Greenwald, Tessa M, Maloku, Edona, Berent, Jacques, Bergsieker, Hilary B, Biernat, Monica, Bîrneanu, Andreea G, Bodinaku, Blerta, Bosak, Janine, Bosson, Jennifer, Branković, Marija, Burkauska, Julius, Čavojová, Vladimíra, Cheryan, Sapna, Choi, Eunsoo, Choi, Incheol, Contreras‐Ibáñez, Carlos C, Coogan, Andrew, Danyliuk, Ivan, Dar‐Nimrod, Ilan, Dasgupta, Nilanjana, de Lemus, Soledad, Devos, Thierry, Diab, Marwan, Diekman, Amanda B, Efremova, Maria, Eisner, Léïla, Eller, Anja, Erentaite, Rasa, Fedáková, Denisa, Franc, Renata, Gartzia, Leire, Gavreliuc, Alin, Gavreliuc, Dana, Gecaite‐Stonciene, Julija, Germano, Adriana L, Giovannelli, Ilaria, Gismondi Diaz, Renzo, Gitikhmayeva, Lyudmila, Menkir Gizaw, Abiy, Gjoneska, Biljana, Martínez González, Omar, González, Roberto, Grijalva, Isaac David, Güngör, Derya, Gustafsson Sendén, Marie, Hall, William, Harb, Charles, Hassan, Bushra, Hässler, Tabea, Hawi, Diala R, Henningsen, Levke, Hoppe, Annedore, Ishii, Keiko, Jasini, Alba, Jurkevičienė, Jurgita, Kelmendi, Kaltrina, Kirby, Teri A, Kitakaji, Yoko, Kosakowska‐Berezecka, Natasza, Kozytska, Inna, Kulich, Klara, Kundtová‐Klocová, Eva, Kunuroglu, Filiz, Lapytskaia Aidy, Christina, Lee, Albert, Lindqvist, Anna, López‐López, Wilson, Luzvinda, Liany, Maricchiolo, Fridanna, Martinot, Delphine, McNamara, Rita Anne, Meister, Alyson, Lemma Melka, Tizita, Mickuviene, Narseta, Miranda‐Orrego, María Isabel, Mkamwa, Thadeus, Morandini, James, Morton, Thomas, Mrisho, David, Nikitin, Jana, Otten, Sabine, Giuseppina Pacilli, Maria, Page‐Gould, Elizabeth, Perandrés, Ana, Pizarro, Jon, Pop-Jordanova, Nada, Pyrkosz‐Pacyna, Joanna, Quta, Sameir, Ravis, TamilSelvan, Rani, Nitya, Redersdorff, Sandrine, Régner, Isabelle, Renström, Emma A, Rivera‐Rodriguez, Adrian, Rocha, Sánchez Tania Esmeralda, Ryabichenko, Tatiana, Saab, Rim, Sakata, Kiriko, Samekin, Adil, Sánchez‐Pachecho, Tracy, Scheifele, Carolin, Schulmeyer, Marion K, Sczesny, Sabine, Sirlopú, David, Smith‐Castro, Vanessa, Soo, Kadri, Spaccatini, Federica, Steele, Jennifer R, Steffens, Melanie C, Sucic, Ines, Vandello, Joseph, Velásquez‐Díaz, Laura Maria, Vink, Melissa, Vives, Eva, Zalalam Warkineh, Turuwark, Žeželj, Iris, Zhang, Xiaoxiao, Zhao, Xian, Martiny, Sarah E, Jakšić, Ivana M., Olsson, Maria IT, Olsson, Maria IT, Van Grootel, Sanne, Block, Katharina, Schuster, Karolin, Meeussen, Loes, Van Laar, Collete, Schmader, Toni, Croft, Alyssa, Shuyi Sun, Molly, Ainsaar, Mare, Aarntzen, Lianne, Adamus, Magdalena, Anderson, Joel, Atkinson, Ciara, Avicenna, Mohamed, Bąbel, Przemysław, Barth, Markus, Benson‐Greenwald, Tessa M, Maloku, Edona, Berent, Jacques, Bergsieker, Hilary B, Biernat, Monica, Bîrneanu, Andreea G, Bodinaku, Blerta, Bosak, Janine, Bosson, Jennifer, Branković, Marija, Burkauska, Julius, Čavojová, Vladimíra, Cheryan, Sapna, Choi, Eunsoo, Choi, Incheol, Contreras‐Ibáñez, Carlos C, Coogan, Andrew, Danyliuk, Ivan, Dar‐Nimrod, Ilan, Dasgupta, Nilanjana, de Lemus, Soledad, Devos, Thierry, Diab, Marwan, Diekman, Amanda B, Efremova, Maria, Eisner, Léïla, Eller, Anja, Erentaite, Rasa, Fedáková, Denisa, Franc, Renata, Gartzia, Leire, Gavreliuc, Alin, Gavreliuc, Dana, Gecaite‐Stonciene, Julija, Germano, Adriana L, Giovannelli, Ilaria, Gismondi Diaz, Renzo, Gitikhmayeva, Lyudmila, Menkir Gizaw, Abiy, Gjoneska, Biljana, Martínez González, Omar, González, Roberto, Grijalva, Isaac David, Güngör, Derya, Gustafsson Sendén, Marie, Hall, William, Harb, Charles, Hassan, Bushra, Hässler, Tabea, Hawi, Diala R, Henningsen, Levke, Hoppe, Annedore, Ishii, Keiko, Jasini, Alba, Jurkevičienė, Jurgita, Kelmendi, Kaltrina, Kirby, Teri A, Kitakaji, Yoko, Kosakowska‐Berezecka, Natasza, Kozytska, Inna, Kulich, Klara, Kundtová‐Klocová, Eva, Kunuroglu, Filiz, Lapytskaia Aidy, Christina, Lee, Albert, Lindqvist, Anna, López‐López, Wilson, Luzvinda, Liany, Maricchiolo, Fridanna, Martinot, Delphine, McNamara, Rita Anne, Meister, Alyson, Lemma Melka, Tizita, Mickuviene, Narseta, Miranda‐Orrego, María Isabel, Mkamwa, Thadeus, Morandini, James, Morton, Thomas, Mrisho, David, Nikitin, Jana, Otten, Sabine, Giuseppina Pacilli, Maria, Page‐Gould, Elizabeth, Perandrés, Ana, Pizarro, Jon, Pop-Jordanova, Nada, Pyrkosz‐Pacyna, Joanna, Quta, Sameir, Ravis, TamilSelvan, Rani, Nitya, Redersdorff, Sandrine, Régner, Isabelle, Renström, Emma A, Rivera‐Rodriguez, Adrian, Rocha, Sánchez Tania Esmeralda, Ryabichenko, Tatiana, Saab, Rim, Sakata, Kiriko, Samekin, Adil, Sánchez‐Pachecho, Tracy, Scheifele, Carolin, Schulmeyer, Marion K, Sczesny, Sabine, Sirlopú, David, Smith‐Castro, Vanessa, Soo, Kadri, Spaccatini, Federica, Steele, Jennifer R, Steffens, Melanie C, Sucic, Ines, Vandello, Joseph, Velásquez‐Díaz, Laura Maria, Vink, Melissa, Vives, Eva, Zalalam Warkineh, Turuwark, Žeželj, Iris, Zhang, Xiaoxiao, Zhao, Xian, Martiny, Sarah E, and Jakšić, Ivana M.

Abstract

Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender-based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental-leave intentions in young adults (18–30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental-leave policies and societal gender equality. In all countries, women intended to take longer leave than men. National parental-leave policies and women's political representation partially explained cross-national variations in the gender gap. Gender gaps in leave intentions were paradoxically larger in countries with more gender-egalitarian parental-leave policies (i.e., longer leave available to both fathers and mothers). Interestingly, this cross-national variation in the gender gap was driven by cross-national variations in women's (rather than men's) leave intentions. Financially generous leave and gender-egalitarian policies (linked to men's higher uptake in prior research) were not associated with leave intentions in men. Rather, men's leave intentions were related to their individual gender attitudes. Leave intentions were inversely related to career ambitions. The potential for existing policies to foster gender equality in paid and unpaid work is discussed.

Published
2023

12. Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 Countries

Author

Olsson, Maria I. T., primary, van Grootel, Sanne, additional, Block, Katharina, additional, Schuster, Carolin, additional, Meeussen, Loes, additional, Van Laar, Colette, additional, Schmader, Toni, additional, Croft, Alyssa, additional, Sun, Molly Shuyi, additional, Ainsaar, Mare, additional, Aarntzen, Lianne, additional, Adamus, Magdalena, additional, Anderson, Joel, additional, Atkinson, Ciara, additional, Avicenna, Mohamad, additional, Bąbel, Przemysław, additional, Barth, Markus, additional, Benson‐Greenwald, Tessa M., additional, Maloku, Edona, additional, Berent, Jacques, additional, Bergsieker, Hilary B., additional, Biernat, Monica, additional, Bîrneanu, Andreea G., additional, Bodinaku, Blerta, additional, Bosak, Janine, additional, Bosson, Jennifer, additional, Branković, Marija, additional, Burkauskas, Julius, additional, Čavojová, Vladimíra, additional, Cheryan, Sapna, additional, Choi, Eunsoo, additional, Choi, Incheol, additional, Contreras‐Ibáñez, Carlos C., additional, Coogan, Andrew, additional, Danyliuk, Ivan, additional, Dar‐Nimrod, Ilan, additional, Dasgupta, Nilanjana, additional, de Lemus, Soledad, additional, Devos, Thierry, additional, Diab, Marwan, additional, Diekman, Amanda B., additional, Efremova, Maria, additional, Eisner, Léïla, additional, Eller, Anja, additional, Erentaite, Rasa, additional, Fedáková, Denisa, additional, Franc, Renata, additional, Gartzia, Leire, additional, Gavreliuc, Alin, additional, Gavreliuc, Dana, additional, Gecaite‐Stonciene, Julija, additional, Germano, Adriana L., additional, Giovannelli, Ilaria, additional, Diaz, Renzo Gismondi, additional, Gitikhmayeva, Lyudmila, additional, Gizaw, Abiy Menkir, additional, Gjoneska, Biljana, additional, González, Omar Martínez, additional, González, Roberto, additional, Grijalva, Isaac David, additional, Güngör, Derya, additional, Sendén, Marie Gustafsson, additional, Hall, William, additional, Harb, Charles, additional, Hassan, Bushra, additional, Hässler, Tabea, additional, Hawi, Diala R., additional, Henningsen, Levke, additional, Hoppe, Annedore, additional, Ishii, Keiko, additional, Jakšić, Ivana, additional, Jasini, Alba, additional, Jurkevičienė, Jurgita, additional, Kelmendi, Kaltrina, additional, Kirby, Teri A., additional, Kitakaji, Yoko, additional, Kosakowska‐Berezecka, Natasza, additional, Kozytska, Inna, additional, Kulich, Clara, additional, Kundtová‐Klocová, Eva, additional, Kunuroglu, Filiz, additional, Aidy, Christina Lapytskaia, additional, Lee, Albert, additional, Lindqvist, Anna, additional, López‐López, Wilson, additional, Luzvinda, Liany, additional, Maricchiolo, Fridanna, additional, Martinot, Delphine, additional, McNamara, Rita Anne, additional, Meister, Alyson, additional, Melka, Tizita Lemma, additional, Mickuviene, Narseta, additional, Miranda‐Orrego, María Isabel, additional, Mkamwa, Thadeus, additional, Morandini, James, additional, Morton, Thomas, additional, Mrisho, David, additional, Nikitin, Jana, additional, Otten, Sabine, additional, Pacilli, Maria Giuseppina, additional, Page‐Gould, Elizabeth, additional, Perandrés, Ana, additional, Pizarro, Jon, additional, Pop‐Jordanova, Nada, additional, Pyrkosz‐Pacyna, Joanna, additional, Quta, Sameir, additional, Ramis, TamilSelvan, additional, Rani, Nitya, additional, Redersdorff, Sandrine, additional, Régner, Isabelle, additional, Renström, Emma A., additional, Rivera‐Rodriguez, Adrian, additional, Rocha, Sánchez Tania Esmeralda, additional, Ryabichenko, Tatiana, additional, Saab, Rim, additional, Sakata, Kiriko, additional, Samekin, Adil, additional, Sánchez‐Pachecho, Tracy, additional, Scheifele, Carolin, additional, Schulmeyer, Marion K., additional, Sczesny, Sabine, additional, Sirlopú, David, additional, Smith‐Castro, Vanessa, additional, Soo, Kadri, additional, Spaccatini, Federica, additional, Steele, Jennifer R., additional, Steffens, Melanie C., additional, Sucic, Ines, additional, Vandello, Joseph, additional, Velásquez‐Díaz, Laura Maria, additional, Vink, Melissa, additional, Vives, Eva, additional, Warkineh, Turuwark Zalalam, additional, Žeželj, Iris, additional, Zhang, Xiaoxiao, additional, Zhao, Xian, additional, and Martiny, Sarah E., additional

Published
2023
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13. Is all Harm Judged Equally?

Author

Altemus, Melanie Kea and McNamara, Rita Anne

Abstract

This project explores varying patterns of moral judgment across four cultures with unique social norms. By manipulating harm domains and intent conditions of each moral violation vignette, we were able to examine the variation of judgment in Māori, Pasifika, Pākehā, and iTaukei Fijian groups. This is significant because existing academic moral judgment theories are suggesting morality is universal. However, our data suggests societal norms, including Opacity of the Mind norms, may influence judgment of various violation types.

Published
2023
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14. Moralistic gods, supernatural punishment and the expansion of human sociality

Author

Purzycki, Benjamin Grant, Apicella, Coren, Atkinson, Quentin D., Cohen, Emma, McNamara, Rita Anne, Willard, Aiyana K., Xygalatas, Dimitris, Norenzayan, Ara, and Henrich, Joseph

Subjects
Socialization -- Analysis, Social norms -- Social aspects, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Since the origins of agriculture, the scale of human cooperation and societal complexity has dramatically expanded (1,2). This fact challenges standard evolutionary explanations of prosociality because well-studied mechanisms of cooperation [...]

Published
2016

17. Building sustainable global collaborative networks: Recommendations from music studies and the social sciences

Author

Savage, Patrick E., primary, Jacoby, Nori, additional, Margulis, Elizabeth Hellmuth, additional, Daikoku, Hideo, additional, Anglada-Tort, Manuel, additional, Castelo-Branco, Salwa El-Sawan, additional, Nweke, Florence Ewomazino, additional, Fujii, Shinya, additional, Hegde, Shantala, additional, Chuan-Peng, Hu, additional, Jabbour, Jason, additional, Lew-Williams, Casey, additional, Mangalagiu, Diana, additional, McNamara, Rita Anne, additional, Müllensiefen, Daniel, additional, Opondo, Patricia, additional, Patel, Aniruddh D., additional, and Schippers, Huib, additional

Published
2021
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18. God's mind on morality

Author

McNamara, Rita Anne, primary, Senanayake, Rebekah, additional, Willard, Aiyana K., additional, and Henrich, Joseph, additional

Published
2021
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19. God's Mind on Morality

Author

McNamara, Rita Anne, primary, Senanayake, Rebekah, additional, Willard, Aiyana Koka, additional, and Henrich, Joseph, additional

Published
2020
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23. Weathering the Storm: Supernatural Belief and Cooperation in an Insecure World.

Author

McNamara, Rita Anne

Subjects
*TRADITIONAL ecological knowledge, *INTERNATIONAL cooperation, *SOCIAL support, *SOCIAL problems, *NATURAL disasters
Abstract

Religious and supernatural beliefs may facilitate social life by promoting and sustaining cooperation, but the specific cooperation problems each society faces may lead to unique belief systems adapted to local socioecological conditions. As societies mix and belief systems spread, local and introduced belief systems may present conflicting solutions to the same social problem. How do we choose among these different solutions? The present study recruits participation from villagers living on Yasawa Island, Fiji (n = 179) who espouse both Christian and Traditional beliefs that promote different expectations about local and distant others. This study focuses on the relationships among existential/resource insecurity and supernatural beliefs across these belief systems using an experimental priming procedure and a dictator game to allocate food resources. Though reminders of insecurity had no impact on allocations, the effects of being reminded of Christian or Traditional belief depended on (was moderated by) how worried participants were about resource availability and beliefs about the Christian God's tendency toward punishment or forgiveness. Analyses of interview data suggest Christian and Traditional imagery may evoke different conceptions of gods as either supportive (Christian) or authoritarian (Traditional). Results highlight belief content as key for sustaining different social support networks and traditional belief/knowledge systems as a source of community resilience against threats like natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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34. When does it matter that God is watching? : differential effects of large and small gods on cheating as a function of material insecurity in Yasawa, Fiji

Author

McNamara, Rita Anne

Abstract

Previous work on religion’s potential to suppress behaviours that threaten sustained cooperation is extended to villagers in Yasawa, Fiji. Yasawans’ co-existing Christian (Bible God) and local, deified ancestor spirit (Kalou-vu) beliefs provide comparisons of different kinds of deities’ impact on prosocial behaviour in a small-scale society. If religion promotes prosociality through the threat of supernatural punishment (the ‘supernatural monitor’) in this context, then villagers should cheat less when they believe a deity is more punitive and more when they think the deity is more forgiving. Prosociality was measured in this study using a die rolling game to assess covert cheating in favour of self or in-group vs. out-group. Perceptions of the Bible God and Kalou-vu are as forgiving or punitive significantly predicted cheating as a function of material insecurity. Specifically, perceptions of a punishing Bible God predicted fewer coins to the self or in-group (thus less cheating) when material insecurity was low or at average levels, but more coins (more cheating) when material insecurity was high. Punishing Kalou-vu showed a similar effect that was showed more statistically significant relationships with probable cheating. These effects are more strongly driven by expected food insecurity for years (long-term) to come than by expected insecurity in the coming months (short-term). Additional analysis using perceptions of national secular authority as represented by police showed that a more punishing view of police predicted more cheating, though this effect dropped out of significance when police negativity was considered in separate analyses. This suggests that, unlike urban contexts, secular authority may have little psychological impact on sustaining cooperation in this relatively isolated social context. Further, the results of this study suggest the impact of perceptions about supernatural agents may depend upon both the kind of deity involved and the individual’s sense of resource availability. Implications for the evolution of religion and its place in the evolution of large-scale societies are discussed.

Published
2012
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37. Do minds switch bodies? Dualist interpretations across ages and societies

Author

Chudek, Maciej, McNamara, Rita Anne, Birch, Susan, Bloom, Paul, and Henrich, Joseph

Abstract

ABSTRACTResearchers explain cultural phenomena ranging from cognitive biases to widespread religious beliefs by assuming intuitive dualism: humans imagine minds and bodies as distinct and separable. We examine dualist intuition development across two societies that differ in normative focus on thinking about minds. We use a new method that measures people’s tendency to interpret ambiguous stimuli using mind-body dualist thinking. We recruited 180 Canadian children (2–10 yrs) along with 42 Indigenous iTaukei Fijian children (5–13 yrs) and 38 Indigenous iTaukei Fijian adults (27–79 yrs) from a remote island community. Participants tracked a named character within ambiguous animations that could be interpreted as a mind-body switch. Animations vary “agency cues” that participants might rely on for dualistic interpretations. Results indicate early emerging dualistic inclinations across populations and reliance on “agency cues” of body proximity and appearance of eyes. “Agency cues” increase dualist interpretations from 10% to 70%, though eyes mattered more for Westernized participants. Overall, statistical models positing that dualist interpretations “emerge early and everywhere” fit our data better than models positing that dualism “develops gradually with exposure to Western cultural traditions.” Fijian participants, who normatively avoid focus on minds, offered even more dualistic interpretations when they had less Western cultural exposure (via formal education).

Published
2018
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38. The evolution of religion and morality: a synthesis of ethnographic and experimental evidence from eight societies

Author

Purzycki, Benjamin Grant, Henrich, Joseph, Apicella, Coren, Atkinson, Quentin D., Baimel, Adam, Cohen, Emma, McNamara, Rita Anne, Willard, Aiyana K., Xygalatas, Dimitris, and Norenzayan, Ara

Abstract

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the expansion of human sociality and cooperation beyond kith and kin remains an important evolutionary puzzle. There is likely a complex web of processes including institutions, norms, and practices that contributes to this phenomenon. Considerable evidence suggests that one such process involves certain components of religious systems that may have fostered the expansion of human cooperation in a variety of ways, including both certain forms of rituals and commitment to particular types of gods. Using an experimental economic game, our team specifically tested whether or not individually held mental models of moralistic, punishing, and knowledgeable gods curb biases in favor of the self and the local community, and increase impartiality toward geographically distant anonymous co-religionists. Our sample includes 591 participants from eight diverse societies – iTaukei (indigenous) Fijians who practice both Christianity and ancestor worship, the animist Hadza of Tanzania, Hindu Indo-Fijians, Hindu Mauritians, shamanist-Buddhist Tyvans of southern Siberia, traditional Inland and Christian Coastal Vanuatuans from Tanna, and Christian Brazilians from Pesqueiro. In this article, we present cross-cultural evidence that addresses this question and discuss the implications and limitations of our project. This volume also offers detailed, site-specific reports to provide further contextualization at the local level.

Published
2018
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39. Temporal Dynamics of the Integration of Intention and Outcome in Harmful and Helpful Moral Judgment.

Author

Tian Gan, Xiaping Lu, Wanqing Li, Danyang Gui, Honghong Tang, Xiaoqin Mai, Chao Liu, Yue-Jia Luo, Hughes, Gethin, Phillips, Jonathan Scott, and McNamara, Rita Anne

Subjects
MORAL judgment, FUNCTIONAL magnetic resonance imaging, EVOKED potentials (Electrophysiology), HEALTH outcome assessment, BRAIN physiology
Abstract

The ability to integrate the moral intention information with the outcome of an action plays a crucial role in mature moral judgment. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies implicated that both prefrontal and temporo-parietal cortices are involved in moral intention and outcome processing. Here, we used the event-related potentials (ERPs) technique to investigate the temporal dynamics of the processing of the integration between intention and outcome information in harmful and helpful moral judgment. In two experiments, participants were asked to make moral judgments for agents who produced either negative/neutral outcomes with harmful/neutral intentions (harmful judgment) or positive/neutral outcomes with helpful/neutral intentions (helpful judgment). Significant ERP differences between attempted and successful actions over prefrontal and bilateral temporo-parietal regions were found in both harmful and helpful moral judgment, which suggest a possible time course of the integration processing in the brain, starting from the right temporo-parietal area (N180) to the left temporo-parietal area (N250), then the prefrontal area (FSW) and the right temporo-parietal area (TP450 and TPSW) again. These results highlighted the fast moral intuition reaction and the late integration processing over the right temporo-parietal area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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40. Supernatural punishment, in-group biases, and material insecurity: experiments and ethnography from Yasawa, Fiji

Author

McNamara, Rita Anne, Norenzayan, Ara, and Henrich, Joseph

Abstract

Threat of supernatural punishment can promote prosociality in large-scale societies; however, its impact in smaller societies with less powerful deities is less understood. Also, while perceived material insecurity has been associated with increasing religious belief, the relationships between insecurity, supernatural punishment beliefs, and prosocial behavior are unclear. In this study, we explore how material insecurity moderates the supernatural punishment beliefs that promote different expectations about distant, anonymous strangers among a sample of villagers living in Yasawa, Fiji. We examined this relationship by employing an economic game designed to measure local recipient favoritism vs. egalitarian, rule-following behavior. Using indices of three different “punishing” agents – the Christian God (“Bible God”), the deified ancestors (Kalou-vu), and the police – we find that increased belief in Bible God punishment predicts less local recipient favoritism at low and moderate but not high material insecurity. Punishing Kalou-vualso predicts less favoritism at low and moderate insecurity, but more favoritism at high insecurity. Police punishment poorly predicts favoritism, suggesting that secular authority has less impact on isolated communities. We discuss implications for understanding how different kinds of supernatural and secular agent beliefs impact prosocial behavior.

Published
2016
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42. Policy as normative influence? On the relationship between parental leave policy and social norms in gender division of childcare across 48 countries.

Author

Schindler S, Schuster C, Olsson MIT, Froehlich L, Hübner AK, Block K, Van Laar C, Schmader T, Meeussen L, van Grootel S, Croft A, Sun MS, Ainsaar M, Aarntzen L, Adamus M, Anderson J, Atkinson C, Avicenna M, Bąbel P, Barth M, Benson-Greenwald T, Maloku E, Berent J, Bergsieker HB, Biernat M, Birneanu A, Bodinaku B, Bosak J, Bosson J, Branković M, Burkauskas J, Čavojová V, Cheryan S, Choi E, Choi I, Contreras-Ibáñez CC, Coogan A, Danyliuk I, Dar-Nimrod I, Dasgupta N, de Lemus S, Devos T, Diab M, Diekman AB, Efremova M, Eisner L, Eller A, Erentaite R, Fedáková D, Franc R, Gartzia L, Gavreliuc A, Gavreliuc D, Gecaite-Stonciene J, Germano AL, Giovannelli I, Gismondi Diaz R, Gitikhmayeva L, Gizaw AM, Gjoneska B, González OM, González R, Grijalva ID, Güngör D, Gustafsson Sendén M, Hall W, Harb C, Hassan B, Hässler T, Hawi DR, Henningsen L, Hoppe A, Ishii K, Jakšić I, Jasini A, Jurkevičienė J, Kelmendi K, Kirby TA, Kitakaji Y, Kosakowska-Berezecka N, Kozytska I, Kulich C, Kundtová-Klocová E, Kunuroglu F, Aidy CL, Lee A, Lindqvist A, López-López W, Luzvinda L, Maricchiolo F, Martinot D, McNamara RA, Meister A, Melka TL, Mickuviene N, Miranda-Orrego MI, Mkamwa T, Morandini J, Morton T, Mrisho D, Nikitin J, Otten S, Pacilli MG, Page-Gould E, Perandrés-Gómez A, Pizarro J, Pop-Jordanova N, Pyrkosz-Pacyna J, Quta S, Ramis T, Rani N, Redersdorff S, Régner I, Renström EA, Rivera-Rodriguez A, Esmeralda RT, Ryabichenko T, Saab R, Sakata K, Samekin A, Sánchez-Pacheco T, Scheifele C, Schulmeyer MK, Sczesny S, Sirlopú D, Smith-Castro V, Soo K, Spaccatini F, Steele JR, Steffens MC, Sucic I, Vandello J, Velásquez-Díaz LM, Vink M, Vives E, Warkineh TZ, Žeželj I, Zhang X, Zhao X, Koc Y, Kocak ÖE, and Martiny SE

Abstract

In the present work, we addressed the relationship between parental leave policies and social norms. Using a pre-registered, cross-national approach, we examined the relationship between parental leave policies and the perception of social norms for the gender division of childcare. In this study, 19,259 students (11,924 women) from 48 countries indicated the degree to which they believe childcare is (descriptive norm) and should be (prescriptive norm) equally divided among mothers and fathers. Policies were primarily operationalized as the existence of parental leave options in the respective country. The descriptive and prescriptive norms of equal division of childcare were stronger when parental leave was available in a country - also when controlling for potential confounding variables. Moreover, analyses of time since policy change suggested that policy change may initially affect prescriptive norms and then descriptive norms at a later point. However, due to the cross-sectional nature of the data, drawing causal inferences is difficult., (© 2024 British Psychological Society.)

Published
2024
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